“Bee hummingbird”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The bee hummingbird, zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) is a species of hummingbird which is the world's smallest bird.^[2]^[3] It is endemic to Cuba and the Isle of Pines.

Description

The bee hummingbird is the smallest living bird.^[2] Females weigh {{convert|2.6|g|oz|abbr=on}} and are {{convert|6.1|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, and are slightly larger than males, with an average weight of {{convert|1.95|g|oz|abbr=on}} and length of {{convert|5.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}.^[4] As its name suggests, it is scarcely larger than a bee. Like all hummingbirds, it is a swift, strong flier.

The male has a green pileum and bright red throat, iridescent gorget with elongated lateral plumes, bluish upper parts, and the rest of the underparts mostly greyish white.^[2]^[5] The male is smaller than the female. The female is green above, whitish below, with white tips to the outer tail feathers. Compared to other small hummingbirds, which often have a slender appearance, the bee hummingbird looks rounded and plump.

Female bee hummingbirds are bluish green with a pale gray underside. The tips of their tail feathers have white spots. During the mating season, males have a reddish to pink head, chin, and throat. The female lays only two eggs at a time, each about the size of a coffee bean.^[2]

The brilliant, iridescent colors of the bee hummingbird's feathers make the bird seem like a tiny jewel. The iridescence is not always noticeable, but depends on the viewing angle. The bird's slender, pointed bill is adapted for probing deep into flowers. The bee hummingbird feeds mainly on nectar, and an occasional insect or spider, by moving its tongue rapidly in and out of its mouth. In the process of feeding, the bird picks up pollen on its bill and head. When it flies from flower to flower, it transfers the pollen. In this way, it plays an important role in plant reproduction. In one day, the bee hummingbird may visit 1,500 flowers.^[6]{{page needed|date=May 2017}}

Using bits of cobwebs, bark, and lichen, the female bee hummingbird builds a cup-shaped nest that is only about {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. Nests have been built on single clothespins. She lines the nest with soft plant fibers. In this nest she lays her eggs, which are no bigger than peas. She alone incubates the eggs and raises the young.

Diet

The bee hummingbird has been reported to visit 10 plant species; nine of them were found to be endemic to Cuba. These flowers include Hamelia patens (Rubiaceae), Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae), Pavonia paludicola (Malvaceae), Forsteronia corymbosa (Apocynaceae), Lysiloma latisiliquum (Mimosaceae), Turnera ulmifolia (Passifloraceae), Antigonon leptopus (Polygonaceae), Clerodendrum aculeatum (Verbenaceae), Tournefortia hirsutissima (Boraginaceae), and Cissus obovata (Vitaceae).^[10]

Habitat and distribution

The bee hummingbird is endemic to the entire Cuban archipelago, including the main island of Cuba and the Isle of Pines in the West Indies.^[4] It is found mainly in Cuba's mogote area in Pinar del Rio province in western Cuba.

Breeding

The bee hummingbird's breeding season is March–June. They lay up to 2 eggs at a time.^[10]

Coevolution with flowers

The bee hummingbird interaction with the flowers that supply nectar is a notable example of bird–plant coevolution with its primary food source (flowers for nectar).^[2]^[3]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite journal | authors = BirdLife International | title = Mellisuga helenae | journal = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume= 2016 | page = e.T22688214A93187682 | year = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22688214A93187682.en }}
2. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/07/absurd-creature-of-the-week-bee-hummingbird/ |title=Absurd Creature of the Week: The World's Tiniest Bird Weighs Less Than a Dime|publisher=Wired |author=Simon, Matt|date=10 July 2015|accessdate=8 March 2017}}
3. ^¹{{cite journal|pmid=19132403|year=2009|author1=Dalsgaard|first1=B|title=Plant-hummingbird interactions in the West Indies: Floral specialisation gradients associated with environment and hummingbird size|journal=Oecologia|volume=159|issue=4|pages=757–66|last2=Martín González|first2=A. M.|last3=Olesen|first3=J. M.|last4=Ollerton|first4=J|last5=Timmermann|first5=A|last6=Andersen|first6=L. H.|last7=Tossas|first7=A. G.|doi=10.1007/s00442-008-1255-z}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|website= Animal Diversity Web|title= Mellisuga helenae|author= Adrienne Glick|url= http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mellisuga_helenae/|accessdate=2017-06-19}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=278936|title=Bee Hummingbird, Mellisuga helenae|publisher=Neotropical Birds Online, Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology |editor=T. S. Schulenber |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |date=2010|accessdate=8 March 2017}}
6. ^{{cite book |authorlink=Ross Piper |last=Piper |first=Ross |year=2007 |title=Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals' |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0313339226}}
7. ^Ibarra, Elena. "Bird Surveys In The Mogote Vegetational Complex In The Sierra Del Infierno, Pinar del Rio, Cuba, June 2000". El Pitirre: 7.
8. ^Garrido, O. H., & A. Kirkconnell. 2000. Field guide to the birds of Cuba. Cornell University Press, New York
9. ^¹Dalsgaard, Bo, et al. "Floral traits of plants visited by the bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae)". Ornitologia Neotropical 23.1 (2012): 143–149.
10. ^{{cite journal |last1=Martínez García |first1=Orestes |first2=Loraiza |last2=Bacallao Mesa |first3=Elio |last3=Nieves Lorenzo |year=1998 |title=Estudio preliminar de la conducta reproductiva de Mellisuga helenae (Aves, Apodiformes) en condiciones naturales |language=es |trans-title=Preliminary study on the reproductive behaviour of Mellisuga helenae (Aves, Apodiformes) in natural conditions |journal=El Pitirre |issue=Winter |pages=102–106 |url=https://eurekamag.com/research/038/567/038567451.php}}