“Bemidji, Minnesota”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Bemidji ({{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˈ|m|ɪ|dʒ|iː}} {{respell|bə|MIJ|ee}}) is a city in Beltrami County (and county seat^[4]), in north west Minnesota, United States. According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates, the United States Census Bureau estimates the total population of Bemidji as of 2016 to be 14,664, making it the largest commercial center between Grand Forks, North Dakota and Duluth, Minnesota. Bemidji houses many Native American services, including the Indian Health Service. The city is the central hub of the Red Lake Indian Reservation, White Earth Indian Reservation and the Leech Lake Indian Reservation. Bemidji lies on the south west shore of Lake Bemidji, the northernmost lake feeding the Mississippi River and as such is deemed "The First City On The Mississippi." Bemidji is also the self-proclaimed "curling capital" of the U.S. and alleged birthplace of Paul Bunyan.

Etymology

Its name derives from the Ojibwe Buh-mid-ji-ga-maug (Double-Vowel orthography: bemijigamaag),^[5] meaning "a lake with crossing waters". On occasion, in Ojibwe, the city of Bemidji is called Wabigamaang ("at the lake channel/narrows"), because part of the city is situated on the Lakes Bemidji/Irving narrows, located on the south end of Lake Bemidji, and extends to the eastern shore of Lake Irving. Some sources also credit the name to Chief Bemidji, an Ojibwe chief.^[6]

History

Bemidji Township was surveyed in 1874 and organized in 1896 twenty-four days after the village of Bemidji was chartered and is the oldest township in the county. In 1897, the county attorney declared the original Bemidji township organization illegal (no reason given) and the township reorganized June 26, 1897.^[7]

About 50 Leech Lake Indians lived along the south shore of the lake prior to the 1880s. They called the lake Bemidjigumaug, meaning “river or route flowing crosswise”.

Freeman and Besty Doud claimed 160 acres west of and including, what is present Diamond Point, and were Bemidji's first homesteaders. The Porter Nye family soon followed them.

Art Lee created the story that the folkloric figure Paul Bunyan came from the Northwoods which then led to the creation of the statues of Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} Per Discover America, the Paul and Babe statues are "the second most photographed statues in America" surpassed only by Mount Rushmore.^[8] The Statue of Paul Bunyan was commissioned by the Bemidji's Rotarians as another tourist attraction. It was unveiled January 15, 1937, to kick off a Winter Carnival that drew over ten thousand visitors.

John Steidl's sawmill was located on the east bank of the Mississippi River, close to Carson's Trading Post. Remore Hotel and Carl Carlson's blacksmith shop were on the west side of the river. Bemidji was incorporated on May 20, 1896, and by that time there were three publishing companies, Alber Kaiser, The Bemidji Pioneer, and the Beltrami County News. William Bartleson's Stage and Express Service was created to carry mail between Bemidji and Park Rapids. He was advertised by Speelman's Eagle, owned by Clarence Speelman, along with other stores. By 1898, railroads came to Bemidji and brought even more business. By 1900 the Village of Bemidji's population had grown to 2,000.

Thomas Barlow Walker, John S. and Charles Pillsbury invested millions into timber in 1874, since beaver pelts were nearing depletion by the mid-1890s. Walker owned Red River Lumber Company of Crookston that claimed almost half of Beltrami County's timber. He soon sold his sawmill and timber claim to Thomas Shevlin and Frank Hixon.

Logging was done in the winter while sawmilling was done in the summer. Crookston opened 13 logging camps, which provided jobs and homes for lumberjacks. Between 1907 and 1910 were years that brought drought and local forest fires to northern Minnesota.

Lumber production was Bemidji's major industry, but because of a fire that occurred on July 19, 1914, a sawmill burned down causing disaster for business. It was later rebuilt. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Bemidji's business profited, providing food, materials, and services for the Civilian Conservation Corps and Youth Conservation Corps programs. However, during the war years lumber business stopped, but when men came back from war lumber business was booming, since many people needed homes.

By the 1870s, timber cruisers were already making forays into the great pine forests that surrounded Bemidji. They were seeking new timberlands for T.B. Walker, the Pillsburys, Henry Akeley, Charles Ruggles and Frederick Weyerhaeuser, the barons of the wood industry. Today Bemidji stands as an important educational, governmental, trade and medical center for north central Minnesota. The wood industry is still a significant part of the local economy with Georgia-Pacific, Potlatch and Northwood Panelboard all having waferboard plants in the local area, utilizing wood species that were once thought to be waste trees.^[9]

Parks and recreation

Bemidji is near Chippewa National Forest, Itasca State Park, Lake Bemidji State Park, Big Bog State Recreation Area, and state forest areas. Bemidji has 400 lakes within {{convert|25|mi|km}}, {{convert|500|mi|abbr=on}} of snowmobile trails and {{convert|160|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} of cross country ski trails.

There is a Paul Bunyan State Trail that runs from Brainerd, MN, and Lake Bemidji State Park. The trail can be used for walking, biking, snowmobiling, and cross-country skiing.^[10] There is also a bike trail around Lake Bemidji that is about 17 miles. There is an event every year where families and individuals bike around the lake with rest stops along the way.^[11]

Art in the Park, hosted by Paul Bunyan Communications and Watermark Art Center is held every year in the Bemidji Library Park across from the Watermark Art Center. Art in the Park has been a summer highlight for the residents of Bemidji since 1967. Art in the Park features over 100 artists, food vendors, and live entertainment. They will sell anything from wood and ceramics, clothing and jewelry, photography, metalworking, greeting cards, homemade preserves, food, candles, soaps, and much more. The annual attendance rate is roughly 4,000 people.^[12]

Every year, in the first week of August, teams compete in the Dragon boat races. The races are not the only thing that people can enjoy. There are also many food vendors, kid's activities, music, cultural performances, and more. An interesting fact, dragon boat racing is currently the fastest growing water sport in the nation.^[13]

The Bemidji Polar Days, also known as Winterfest, is a week-long festival that includes many different activities such as polar plunge, sled derby, broomball, and a 5k polar walk/run. Some other activities that can be found at the festival include curling, pond hockey, and a cornhole tournament.^[14]

Bemidji is home to a couple more recreational events throughout the year. The Paul Bunyan Triathlon is the 3rd Saturday in August. The Minnesota Finlandia Ski Marathon is also held in Bemidji.^[15]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|14.14|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|12.92|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|1.22|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.^[16]

Four-lane U.S. Route 2, U.S. Route 71, and Minnesota State Highway 197 are three of the main routes in the city. Minnesota State Highways 89 and 371 are nearby.

The largest earthquake on record for the Bemidji area was recorded on September 3, 1917. It is claimed that it shook houses down in Bemidji and across northern Minnesota.^[17] The epicenter was about {{convert|95|mi|km}} away in Staples, Minnesota, and affected an area of {{convert|48,000|km2|sqmi}} with a magnitude 4.4 with a maximum intensity of VI to VII. The closest and most recent quake occurred in Walker, Minnesota, on September 27, 1982, with a magnitude of 2.0.^[18]

Climate

Bemidji has a hemiboreal humid continental climate, Dfb in the Köppen climate classification: short, warm summers, and long, severe winters. The average mean annual temperature in Bemidji is 37.3 degrees Fahrenheit. The coldest month is January with an average daily high of 16 degrees and an average daily low of −4 degrees. The warmest month is July with an average daily high of 79 degrees and an average daily low of 57 degrees. The average annual humidity is 47%. The average annual snowfall is 41.1 inches and the average annual rainfall is 23.8 inches. The average day Lake Bemidji freezes over is November 26 and the average day the ice goes off the lake is April 26.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

Annual snowfall in the Bemidji Area increased 5% in the 21st century vs. the 1930-1999 period, according to the National Weather Service.^[19]

Demographics

2010 census

As of the census^[28] of 2010, there were 13,431 people, 5,339 households, and 2,557 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|1039.6|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 5,748 housing units at an average density of {{convert|444.9|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 81.3% White, 1.2% African American, 11.3% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 5,339 households of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.7% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 52.1% were non-families. 38.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.83.

The median age in the city was 27.1 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 26.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.6% were from 25 to 44; 17.5% were from 45 to 64; and 14.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 11,917 people, 4,669 households, and 2,427 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,011.8 people per square mile (390.6/km²). There were 4,948 housing units at an average density of 420.1 per square mile (162.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 84.31% White American, 0.76% African American, 11.52% Native American, 1.12% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.20% from other races, and 2.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.14% of the population.

There were 4,669 households out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.0% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the city, the population was spread out with 21.2% under the age of 18, 24.9% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 15.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,072, and the median income for a family was $37,250. Males had a median income of $28,312 versus $20,694 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,264. About 13.2% of families and 19.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

These are the top 15 industries in Bemidji. On the United States Census Bureau American Factfinder, some industries had a range of employees, so the average number of employees were used. Also, some industries such as healthcare and social assistance, professional, scientific, and technical services, other services, arts, entertainment, and reaction, and educational services were split into three different categories. The number of employees for the three categories was combined into one category.^[29]

Government

Bemidji's government is made up of a mayor and a council, with at least 5 council wards.^[30]

Culture

Bemidji is a college city with strong arts influences. The city's streets are lined with small shops and adorned with sculptures and other forms of public art.

The Concordia Language Villages are located near Bemidji and have been influential in the existence of several language conversational groups (including French, Chinese, Norwegian, Spanish, Italian, and German) that meet weekly in local coffee houses. An article written and published in the Bemidji Pioneer in 2018 states the Concordia's Korean Language Village received a five million dollar grant. The Korean village is the newest addition to the Concordia Language Villages.^[32]

In 2011, Red Lake Ojibwe Nation Chairman Floyd Jourdain Jr. complimented the city for its Ojibwe language signage in places of business.^[33]

During the summer, the Paul Bunyan Playhouse operates a non-Equity, summer stock theater at the Chief Theater.^[34] In the same venue, Bemidji Community Theatre also provides live theatre for the Bemidji area when Paul Bunyan Playhouse is not in operation.^[35]

The statues of Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox are a popular tourist spot in Bemidji, with many people photographing themselves in front of them. The statues are right next to the Bemidji Tourist Information Center, where tourists can get information on activities, events, and attractions. The center also includes many artifacts of the lumberjack's legend. One cool thing that the information center has is a giant book that you can sign your name in; the names go back a long time. Finally, there is an ancient fireplace that was built with 900 stones from every state in the United States, most of every Canadian province, and Minnesota national parks.^[36]

Sports

The city is well known to fans of the sport of hockey. As a Division II team, Bemidji State was a hockey dynasty in the 80s and 90s. Bemidji was in the title game 8 straight years, winning 5 Div II titles. They then switched from a Division II team to a Division I team in 1999 and are still currently a Division I team. They have not won any division I titles.

Also, the city is known to fans of the sport of curling. Both men's and women's rinks from the Bemidji Curling Club won the right to represent the United States in the 2005 World Curling Championship and the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy. Pete Fenson, the skip of the U.S. curling team that took the bronze medal at the 2006 Olympics, is a native of Bemidji, as is Natalie Nicholson, who was the lead for the United States women's team at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

A city referendum for a Bemidji Regional Events Center passed by a slim majority of 43 votes out of 4,583 votes cast in November 2006.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} Opening in 2010, the center was renamed the Sanford Center and serves as home to the Bemidji State University hockey team. The men's and women's hockey teams are both members of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. Beginning in the spring of 2014, the Sanford Center is the home of the city's first-ever professional sports team, the Minnesota Axemen of the Indoor Football League. They were terminated after the 2015 season.^[37]

From January 16th to January 19th, Bemidji hosted Hockey Day Minnesota a three day event aired on Fox Sports. The Bemidji High School and Bemidji State University boys and girls hockey teams both played on outdoor rinks outside of the Sanford Center. The Minnesota Wild team also played on the outdoor rinks

Education

Bemidji is home to Bemidji State University, Northwest Technical College, and Oak Hills Christian College. Public Education is served by Bemidji Area Schools is a part of the Independent School District 31 that includes 8 elementary schools, 1 middle school, and 1 high school. The rest of their public education schools include TrekNorth Charter High School, Voyagers Charter High School and Schoolcraft Charter School. Bemidji is also home to three private schools: St. Philips Catholic School, St. Mark's Lutheran School and Heartland Christian Academy.

Regional center

The City of Bemidji acts as a regional center for shopping, arts, entertainment, education, health services, worship, and government services. The Bemidji Area includes parts or all of Beltrami (Pop. 44,442), Hubbard (Pop. 20,428), Cass (Pop. 28,567), Itasca (Pop. 45,058), Koochiching (Pop. 13,311), Lake Of The Woods (Pop. 4,045), Marshall (Pop. 9,439), Pennington (Pop. 13,930), Red Lake (Pop. 4,089), Clearwater (Pop. 8,695), and Mahnomen (Pop. 5,413) counties. The Bemidji area also includes the White Earth (Pop. 9,192) and Leech Lake (Pop. 10,660) Reservations and the Sovereign Nation of Red Lake (Pop. 5,162). Lexington Realty International places the Bemidji Area population at 131,553.^[38]

Media

Newspapers

TV stations

Most of Bemidji's TV stations primarily rebroadcast the television stations of the Twin Cities.

Radio stations

Magazines

Infrastructure

Major highways

Air service

Bemidji is served by Bemidji Airport, which has passenger services on 3 airlines, Delta Connection, Sun Country Airlines and Bemidji Airlines, the latter of which is based in the city of Bemidji. Bemidji Airlines also operates cargo flights, while Corporate Air is the only airline to operate all-cargo-only flights to the airport, on behalf of FedEx Express.

Banks

Notable people

In popular culture

The first season of the FX TV series Fargo, starring Billy Bob Thornton and Martin Freeman, is mainly set in and around Bemidji and Duluth.^[44] The series, however, was filmed in Calgary, Alberta.

In "How I Met Your Mother" S4E11 "Little Minnesota" Robin claims she's from Bemidji, so as not to get kicked out of a Minnesota themed bar to which Marshall takes her.

Gallery

References

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2. ^
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8. ^{{cite web |title=Discover America – Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox |url=http://www.discoveramerica.com/ca/minnesota/bji-paul-babe.html |website=Discover America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005082422/http://www.discoveramerica.com/ca/minnesota/bji-paul-babe.html |archive-date=5 October 2011}}
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10. ^{{cite web|title=Paul Bunyan State Trail|url=https://www.traillink.com/trail/paul-bunyan-state-trail/|website=TrailLink|publisher=Rails-to-Trails Conservancy|accessdate=26 April 2018}}
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19. ^{{cite news |last1=John Hinderaker |title=The Al Gore Effect Comes to Minnesota |url=https://www.americanexperiment.org/2019/01/al-gore-effect-comes-minnesota/ |accessdate=28 January 2019 |work=Center of the American Experiment |date=27 January 2019 |quote=The nearest weather station to Bemidji is Cass Lake, just a few miles away. The National Weather Service records show that from 1930 through 1999, the average annual snowfall at Cass Lake was 50.2 inches. From 2000 through 2018, it was 52.5 inches–more snow, not less. And the 2008-09 total of 73.7 inches was the most since 1955-56.}}
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44. ^Joe Froemming, "Bemidji is 'Fargo': From characters large and small to the town itself, a fictional Bemidji plays a large role in new, much-anticipated FX television series," Bemidji Pioneer, April 18, 2014, http://www.bemidjipioneer.com/content/bemidji-fargo-characters-large-and-small-town-itself-fictional-bemidji-plays-large-role-new, accessed March 7, 2017.