| 词条 | Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven |
| 释义 |
|name=Bernd Freiherr Freytag von Loringhoven |birth_date={{birth date|1914|2|6|df=y}} |death_date={{death date and age|2007|2|27|1914|2|6|df=y}} |birth_place=Arensburg/Kuressaare, Oesel/Saaremaa, Estonia |death_place=Munich, Germany |placeofburial=Munich Northern Cemetery |image= Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven.jpg |caption= |nickname= |allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}} {{flag|West Germany}} |branch=German Army (Wehrmacht) German Army (Bundeswehr) |serviceyears=1933–45 1956–73 |rank= Generalleutnant |commands=CS Armed Forces Staff |unit= |battles= World War II |awards= |laterwork= }} Bernd Freiherr Freytag von Loringhoven (6 February 1914 – 27 February 2007), was an officer in the German Army during World War II. In 1956, he joined the German Federal Armed Forces, the Bundeswehr and rose to the rank of Generalleutnant. Early lifeLoringhoven was a Baltic-German descended from an ancient and illustrious family first ennobled in the 12th century (Baron: Livonia, Courland 1198; Master of the Teutonic Order 1485, Gotha Register 1896, 1934 1942). He was born in Arensburg (Kuressaare), Governorate of Livonia. The family left their ancestorial home after Estonia proclaimed independence in 1918 and the German land titles and assets were confiscated. After one year of law studies at the University of Königsberg, he joined the Reichswehr in 1933. He was promoted to Leutnant in 1937.{{sfn|Joachimsthaler|1999|p=288}} World War IIIn late 1942, the tank battalion under Loringhoven's command was encircled during the Soviet counter-offensive at the Battle of Stalingrad. On 23 January 1943, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold ({{Lang|de|Deutsches Kreuz in Gold}}) as Hauptmann (captain) in the 2./Panzer-Regiment 2.[1] That same month, he was flown out of the pocket and later transferred to the staff of 111th Infantry Division on 2 March 1943.{{sfn|Joachimsthaler|1999|p=288}} In November 1943, Loringhoven was promoted to major. From July 1944 to April 1945, he served as an adjutant to the Chief of Army General Staff (first, General Heinz Guderian and then General Hans Krebs).{{sfn|Joachimsthaler|1999|p=288}} Berlin 1945Loringhoven's last assignment was as a staff officer responsible for the preparation of reports for Adolf Hitler. This work required a constant presence in Hitler's entourage. After 23 April 1945, when Hitler's communications staff began to desert, he had to improvise and he based his intelligence reports on information he was able to gather from the Allied news agencies Reuters and the BBC. Fortunately, Hitler was not aware of this. In the evening of 29 April, he left the Führerbunker with Gerhard Boldt and Lieutenant-Colonel Rudolf Weiss. That morning, Loringhoven had approached Krebs and asked if he and Boldt could leave Berlin and "return to the fighting troops". Krebs talked to Burgdorf to get his advice. Burgdorf approved but indicated that they should take his assistant, Weiss. Hitler was approached for his approval at midday. Surprisingly, he asked many questions and offered his advice. Hitler asked, "How are you going to get out of Berlin?" When Loringhoven mentioned finding a boat, Hitler became enthusiastic and advised, "You must get an electric boat, because that does not make any noise and you can get through the Russian lines." When he agreed that an electric boat would be best but added that, if necessary, they might have to use a different craft, Hitler was suddenly exhausted. He shook hands limply with each of them and quickly dismissed the group.{{sfn|Beevor|2002|p=351}} Post-warCaptured by the British Army on 3 May 1945, Loringhoven spent two and a half years as a prisoner of war. He was not charged with war crimes. After being repatriated in January 1948, he lived in Munich, where he became a publisher. He joined the German Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr) in 1956 after West Germany joined NATO. He served in various army and NATO positions; his highest rank was lieutenant-general.[2] He was later appointed Deputy Inspector General of the Armed Forces and retired from the army in 1973, with full honours. Late in life, Loringhoven, long a knight of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg), actively served the Order as its chancellor and governor.[3] At the time of his death at the age of 93, he was one of the last three known living witnesses (along with bunker telephone operator Rochus Misch and Hitler Youth courier Armin Lehmann) to the events in the Führerbunker at the end of World War II. NotesFreiherr is a title, translated as Baron, not a first or middle name. The female forms are Freifrau (the wife of a Freiherr) and Freiin (the daughter of a Freiherr). Although he had left the bunker complex before the time of Hitler's suicide, Loringhoven was often called to testify and to co-operate in script writing. For example, he participated in this way in the film Downfall (Der Untergang). In his memoirs, published as In the Bunker with Hitler: The Last Witness Speaks, Loringhoven focussed chiefly on the final months of the Nazi regime.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} Loringhoven was the father of Arndt Freytag von Loringhoven, formerly vice president of the Bundesnachrichtendienst. Notes1. ^Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 123. 2. ^{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| last = Vat| first = Dan van der| title = Obituary: Lt Gen Baron Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven| work = The Guardian| accessdate = 2018-01-08| date = 2007-03-28| url = https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/mar/28/guardianobituaries.germany}} 3. ^Johanniter und der 20. Juli 1944 (2007); Loringhoven and Prince Wilhelm-Karl of Prussia wrote this monograph, which appeared in its first edition in 1985, p. 1: Loringhoven served as Ordenskanzler from 1979-1989 and as Ordensstatthalter from 1989 to 1992. References{{Refbegin}}
|last1=Patzwall |first1=Klaus D. |last2=Scherzer |first2=Veit |year=2001 |title=Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II |trans-title=The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2 |language=German |location=Norderstedt, Germany |publisher=Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall |isbn=978-3-931533-45-8 }}
External links{{Portal|Military of Germany}}
| before = Generalmajor Heinz Hükelheim | after = Generalmajor Hans-Joachim von Hopffgarten | title = Commander of 5. Panzer-Division (Bundeswehr) | years = 1 October 1967 – 30 April 1969 }}{{s-bef | before = Generalmajor Hans-Georg von Tempelhoff}}{{s-ttl | title = Commander of 3rd Panzer Division (Bundeswehr) | years =1 April 1967 – 21 September 1967}}{{s-aft | after = Generalmajor Walter Carganico}}{{s-end}}{{Final occupants of the Führerbunker}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Freytag von Loringhoven, Bernd Freiherr}} 10 : 1914 births|2007 deaths|People from Kuressaare|People from the Governorate of Livonia|Baltic-German people|Deputy Chief of Staff of the Federal Armed Forces|Lieutenant generals of the German Army|University of Königsberg alumni|German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom|Recipients of the Gold German Cross |
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