| 词条 | Bight of Biafra |
| 释义 |
| name= Bight of Biafra | native_name = Golfe du Biafra |native_name_lang= | image= Gulf of Guinea (English).jpg | caption = Gulf of Guinea map showing the Bight of Biafra. | coords= {{coord|2|50|N|8|0|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} | rivers= Niger | oceans=Gulf of Guinea Atlantic Ocean | countries= Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon | length = {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} | width ={{convert|600|km|abbr=on}} | area= | frozen= | islands=Bioko | cities= }} The Bight of Biafra (also known as the Bight of Bonny) is a bight off the West African coast, in the easternmost part of the Gulf of Guinea. GeographyThe Bight of Biafra, or Mafra (named after the town Mafra in southern Portugal), between Capes Formosa and Lopez, is the most eastern part of the Gulf of Guinea; it contains the islands Fernando Po [Equatorial Guinea], Prince’s and St Thomas’s. The name Biafra – as indicating the country – fell into disuse in the later part of the 19th century [1] A 1710 map indicates that the region known as "Biafar" (Biafra) was located in present-day Cameroon. The Bight of Biafra extends east of the Bight of Benin from the River Delta of the Niger in the north until it reaches Cape Lopez in Gabon.[2] Besides the Niger River, other rivers reaching the bay are the Cross River, Calabar River, Ndian, Wouri, Sanaga, Nyong River, Ntem, Mbia, Mbini, Muni and Komo River. The main islands in the Bay are Bioko and Príncipe; other important islands are Ilhéu Bom Bom, Ilhéu Caroço, Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico. Countries located at the Bight of Bonny are Nigeria (eastern coast), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island and Rio Muni), and Gabon (northern coast). HistoryThe Bight of Biafra accounted for 13% (1.6 million) of the total number of slaves exported from the Western African coast. The Bight of Benin to the west accounted for 17% while Central Africa to the south accounted for 48%.[3] By the middle of the eighteenth century, Bonny had emerged as the major slave trading port on the Bight of Biafra outpacing the earlier dominant slave ports at Elem Kalabari (also known then as New Calabar) and Old Calabar. These 3 ports together accounted for over 90% of the slave trade emanating from the Bight of Biafra.[4][5] Between 1525 and 1859, Britain dominated the slave trade from the Bight of Biafra accounting for over two-thirds of slaves exported to the New World.[6] However, in 1807, Great Britain made illegal the international trade in slaves, and the Royal Navy was deployed to forcibly prevent slavers from the United States, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland, West Africa and Arabia from plying their trade.[7] Earlier, in 1777, Portugal transferred control of Fernando Poo and Annobon to Spanish suzerainty thus introducing Spain into the early colonial history of the Bight of Biafra.[8] On 30 June 1849, Britain established its military influence over the Bight of Biafra by building a naval base and consulate on the island of Fernando Po,[9] under the authority of the British Consuls of the Bight of Benin:[10]
On 6 August 1861, the Bight of Biafra and the neighboring Bight of Benin (under its own British consuls) became a united British consulate, again under British consuls:
In 1967, the Eastern Region of Nigeria seceded from the Nigerian State and adopted the name of its coastline, the adjoining Bight of Biafra, becoming the newly independent Republic of Biafra. This independence was short-lived as the new state lost the ensuing Nigerian Civil War. In 1975, by decree, the Nigerian government changed the name of the Bight of Biafra to the Bight of Bonny.[11] References1. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=U4ZGAQAAIAAJ&q=biafra+mafra&dq=biafra+mafra&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw-Peg5v_UAhUrKMAKHaHjCeYQ6AEIMTAE|author1=Hugh Chisholm|author2=James Louis Garvin|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature & general information, Volumes 11-12|publisher=The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, ltd., 1926|isbn=|page=696|accessdate=10 July 2017}} 2. ^"Benin, Bight of." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013. 3. ^{{cite book |author1=Toyin Falola |author2=Raphael Chijioke Njoku |title=Igbo in the Atlantic World: African Origins and Diasporic Destinations |publisher=Indiana University Press, 2016 |isbn=9780253022578 |page=82 |url=}} 4. ^{{cite book |author1=Paul E. Lovejoy |title=Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2011 |isbn=9781139502771 |page=58 |accessdate=11 July 2017 |url=https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=dXVFnHqhLvcC&pg=PA58&dq=biafra+lovejoy+bonny&hl=en&sa=X&ved=#v=onepage&q=biafra%20lovejoy%20bonny&f=false}} 5. ^{{cite book |author1=Toyin Falola |author2=Raphael Chijioke Njoku |title=Igbo in the Atlantic World: African Origins and Diasporic Destinations |publisher=Indiana University Press, 2016 |isbn=9780253022578 |page=83 |accessdate=11 July 2017 |url=https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=CXQwDQAAQBAJ&pg=138&dq=biafra+portuguese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=#v=onepage&q=bonny&f=false}} 6. ^{{cite book |author1=Toyin Falola |author2=Raphael Chijioke Njoku |title=Igbo in the Atlantic World: African Origins and Diasporic Destinations |publisher=Indiana University Press, 2016 |isbn=9780253022578 |page=83 |accessdate=11 July 2017 |url=https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=CXQwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&dq=biafra+portuguese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=#v=onepage&q=biafra%20portuguese&f=false}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter2.shtml |title=African Slave Owners |publisher=BBC |accessdate=4 December 2011}} 8. ^{{cite book |author1=I. K. Sundiata |title=From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827-1930 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1996 |isbn=9780299145101 |page=19 |accessdate=11 July 2017 |url=https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=_csii76oqg4C&pg=PA12&dq=bight+of+biafra+portugal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=#v=snippet&q=annobon%20montevideo&f=false}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Stewart|first1=John|title=The British Empire: An Encyclopedia of the Crown's Holdings, 1493 Through 1995|publisher=McFarland & Company, 1996|isbn=9780786401772|page=250}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/southernnigeria/southernnigeriaadmin.htm|title=Southern Nigeria Administrators}} 11. ^{{cite book |author1=University of Ibadan. Dept. of Sociology |title=Nigerian Behavioral Sciences Journal, Volume 3, Issues 1-2 |publisher=Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, 1980 |isbn= |page=11 |accessdate=11 July 2017 |url=https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=oBHUAAAAMAAJ&q=bight+of+bonny+decree&dq=bight+of+bonny+decree&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y}} External links
16 : Bays of the Atlantic Ocean|Gulf of Guinea|Biafra|Regions of Africa|Bodies of water of Nigeria|Bodies of water of Cameroon|Bodies of water of Equatorial Guinea|Bodies of water of Gabon|Cameroon–Equatorial Guinea border|Cameroon–Nigeria border|Equatorial Guinea–Gabon border|Equatorial Guinea–São Tomé and Príncipe border|Gabon–São Tomé and Príncipe border|Nigeria–São Tomé and Príncipe border|Equatorial Guinea–Nigeria border|Bights (geography) |
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