词条 | Black Widow (Chechnya) |
释义 |
|name = Black Widow Shahidka |logo = |caption = |dates = 2000–present |leader = |motives = |area = Chechnya, Russia |ideology = Nationalist/Separatist, Religious |crimes = Numerous suicide attacks |attacks = |status = Active |size = Unknown number of members |revenue = Unknown |financing = Unknown }}Black Widow ({{lang-ru|чёрная вдова}}, chyornaya vdova) or shahidka ({{lang-ru|шахидка}}—Russian feminine gender derivation from shahid), is a term for Islamist Chechen female suicide bombers, willing to be a manifestation of violent jihad.[1] They became known at the Moscow theater hostage crisis of October 2002.[2] The commander Shamil Basayev referred to the shahidkas as a part of force of his suicide bombers called the Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs.[3] Basayev also stated that he himself trained at least fifty of the black widows.[3] The term of "Black Widows" probably originates from the fact that many of these women are widows of men killed by the Russian forces in Chechnya. (The connotation of black widow spider is intended.) In 2003, the Russian journalist Julia Jusik coined the phrase "Brides of Allah" (Невесты Аллаха) when she described the process by which Chechen women were recruited by Basayev and his associates;[3] the phrase was also used again after the Beslan attack, as the title of an installment of the Russian NTV programme Top Secret (Совершенно секретно). Background and motivesThere have been claims{{by whom|date=September 2017}} that many of the women have been sold by their parents to be used as shahidkas, others have been kidnapped or tricked.[6] She{{who|date=September 2017}} also claims that many have been prepared for the suicide by way of narcotics and rape. Several were pregnant at the time.[6] Independent journalists like Robert W. Kurz and Charles K. Bartles reject this view, stating that in most cases female Chechen suicide bombers do not fit this model.[3] Mostly they are given no training at all in preparation for the suicides as no weapon skill is needed to strap on the explosives.[6] Many do not even blow themselves up, but are blown up by remote control.[4][5][6] On the other hand, Besayev, as stated above, reported that the women are trained for their mission.[3] Michael Radu argued that these women are specifically trained for suicide attacks.[7] Additionally, some black widows have brothers or close relatives who were killed in one of the two Chechen wars between Russia and Islamist rebels since 1994 or in clashes with Russian-backed forces.[1] Kurz and Bartles offer another view of their motives, arguing that these women are much more motivated by revenge, despair, and their drive for an independent state than by religious fundamentalism or individual honor.[8] Notable attacks
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite news |last=Osborne |first=Andrew |title=Moscow bombing: who are the Black Widows |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/7534464/Moscow-bombing-who-are-the-Black-Widows.html |accessdate=30 August 2012 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=29 March 2012 |location=Moscow}} 2. ^{{cite news |last=Elder |first=Miriam |title=Moscow bombings blamed on Chechnya's Black Widows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/29/black-widows-women-moscow-bombings |accessdate=30 August 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=29 March 2010 |location=London}} 3. ^Interview with Yulia Yuzik at RFE/RL 4. ^1 2 3 Julia Jusik: The brides Allahs. Suicide assassin inside from Chechnya 5. ^{{de icon}} Sie explodierten per Fernzündung {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506082603/http://www.facts.ch/dyn/magazin/ausland/442372.html |date=6 May 2007 }} 6. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.kulturmeglerne.no/kulturmeglerne/views/3955 |title=Allahs sorte enker |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009210826/http://www.kulturmeglerne.no/kulturmeglerne/views/3955 |archivedate=9 October 2007 |date=29 March 2005 |publisher=Kulturmeglerne |language=Norwegian |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 7. ^{{cite journal|last=Radu|first=Michael|title=Russia's Problem: The Chechens or Islamic Terrorists?|journal=Society|date=November–December 2004|pages=10–11|url=http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=00082b18-f337-4c67-9cd8-9e04329baa2b%40sessionmgr110&vid=2&hid=102|accessdate=7 September 2012|doi=10.1007/bf02687293|volume=42}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|last=Kurz|first=Robert W.|author2=Charles K. Bartles |title=Chechen suicide bombers|journal=Journal of Slavic Military Studies|year=2007|volume=20|issue=4|pages=529–547|doi=10.1080/13518040701703070|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a477845.pdf|accessdate=30 August 2012|format=PDF}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Black Widows|url=http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=3971|publisher=START|accessdate=30 August 2012}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last=Nivat|first=Anne|authorlink=Anne Nivat|title=The Black Widows: Chechen Women Join the Fight for Independence—and Allah|journal=Studies in Conflict and Terrorism|year=2005|volume=28|issue=5|pages=413–419|doi=10.1080/10576100500180394}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=Moscow airport attack: timeline of attacks in Russia|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8279043/Moscow-airport-attack-timeline-of-attacks-in-Russia.html|accessdate=30 August 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=24 January 2011|location=London, UK}} 12. ^{{cite news|first=Aleksey|last=Sokovnin|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=465081|title=Now we all are going to be blown up|work=Kommersant|date=9 April 2004|accessdate=20 July 2015|language=Russian}} 13. ^{{cite news|first=Zaur|last=Farniev|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=638055|title=Zarema, whom should we kill now?|work=Kommersant|date=23 December 2005|accessdate=12 April 2009|language=Russian}} 14. ^1 {{cite news|last=Faulconbridge|first=Guy|title=Russia says Moscow bomber was teenage "Black Widow"|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/04/02/us-russia-bombings-idUSTRE6311FK20100402|accessdate=30 April 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=2 April 2012|location=Moscow}} 15. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8592190.stm|title=Moscow hit by deadly suicide bombings|work=BBC|date=29 March 2010|accessdate=20 July 2015}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/12007/Metro-massacre-brings-terror-back.6189276.jp|title=Metro massacre brings terror back to Russian capital|work=The Scotsman|date=30 March 2010|accessdate=30 March 2010|location=Edinburgh|first1=Aydar|last1=Buribayev|first2=David|last2=Nowak}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20110126/162308035.html|title=Over 100 remain in hospital after Moscow airport blast|date=24 January 2011|accessdate=25 January 2011}} 18. ^{{cite news|title=Dagestan 'black widow' bomber kills Russian police|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17284554|accessdate=30 August 2012|newspaper=BBC|date=7 March 2012}} 19. ^{{cite news|last=Roggio|first=Bill|title='Black Widow' assassinates moderate Muslim cleric in Russia's Caucasus|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/08/black_widow_assassin.php|accessdate=29 August 2012|newspaper=Long War Journal|date=29 August 2012}} 20. ^{{cite news|title=Female suicide bomber injures 18 in southern Russia|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/05/25/suicide-bomber-dagestan.html|accessdate=28 May 2013|newspaper=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=25 May 2013}} 21. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/black-widow-kills-at-least-16-in-russian-train-station-bombing/story-e6frg6so-1226791724702|work=The Australian|title=Volgograd bombs: Second blast kills 14 a day after first attack|date=31 December 2013|accessdate=20 July 2015}} External links
4 : Female suicide bombers|Islamic terrorism in Russia|Suicide bombing in the Chechen wars|Women in the Chechen wars |
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