“B'nai B'rith”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Global Voice of the Jewish Community|formation = {{Start date and age|1843|10|13}}

B'nai B'rith International ({{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˌ|n|eɪ|_|ˈ|b|r|ɪ|θ}}, from {{lang-he-n|בְּנֵי בְּרִית}} b'né brit, "Children of the Covenant")^[1] is the oldest Jewish service organization in the world. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and bigotry. Its mission is to unite men of the Jewish faith and to enhance Jewish identity through strengthening Jewish family life, to provide broad-based services for the benefit of senior citizens, and to facilitate advocacy and action on behalf of Jews throughout the world.

Although the organization's historic roots stem from a system of fraternal lodges^[2] and units in the late 20th century,^[3] as fraternal organizations declined throughout the United States, the organization evolved into a dual system of both lodges and units. The membership pattern became more common to other contemporary organizations of members affiliated by contribution in addition to formal dues paying members. In recent years, the organization reported hundreds of thousands of members and supporters in countries around the world and a budget of $14,000,000. Nearly 95% of the membership is in the United States.{{cn|date=February 2018}}

History

B'nai B'rith was founded in Aaron Sinsheimer's café^[3] in New York City's Lower East Side on October 13, 1843, by 12 recent German Jewish immigrants led by Henry Jones. The new organization represented an attempt to organize Jews of the local community to confront what Isaac Rosenbourg, one of the founders, called "the deplorable condition of Jews in this, our newly adopted country".^[4] The new group's purpose, as described in its constitution, called for the traditional functions performed by Jewish societies in Europe: "Visiting and attending the sick" and "protecting and assisting the widow and the orphan." Its founders had hoped that it soon would encompass all Jews in the United States, but this did not happen, since other Jewish organizations also were forming around the same time.^[5]

With their Yiddish heritage, the founders originally named the organization Söhne des Bundes (Sons of the Covenant)^[6] to reflect their goal of a fraternal order that could provide comfort to the entire spectrum of Jewish Americans. Although early meetings were conducted in Yiddish, after a short time English emerged as the language of choice and the name was changed to B'nai B'rith. In the late 20th century, the translation was changed to the more contemporary and inclusive Children of the Covenant.

Despite its fraternal and local beginnings, B'nai B'rith spoke out for Jewish rights early in its history and used its growing national chain of lodges as a way to exercise political influence on behalf of world Jewry. In 1851, for example, it circulated petitions urging Secretary of State Daniel Webster to demand the end of Jewish disabilities in Switzerland, during on-going trade negotiations. Into the 1920s the B'nai B'rith continued in its political work by joining in Jewish delegations and lobbying efforts through which American Jews sought to influence public policy, both domestic and foreign. B'nai B'rith also played a crucial role in transnational Jewish politics. The later spread of the organization around the world made it a nerve center of intra-Jewish communication and mutual endeavor.^[7]

1843 to early 1900s

The organization's activities during the 19th and 20th centuries were dominated by mutual aid, social service and philanthropy. In keeping with their concerns for protecting their families, the organization's first concrete action was the establishment of an insurance policy awarding widows of deceased members $30 toward funeral expenses and a stipend of $1 a week for the rest of their life. To aid their children, each child would also receive a stipend and, for male children, the assurance he would be taught a trade.^[8]

In 1851, Covenant Hall was erected in New York City as the first Jewish community center in the United States, and also what is widely considered to be the first Jewish public library in the United States.^[3] One year later, B'nai B'rith established the Maimonides Library.^[9] Immediately following the Civil War—when Jews on both sides of the battle were left homeless—B'nai B'rith founded the 200-bed Cleveland Jewish Orphan Home. Over the next several years, the organization would establish numerous hospitals, orphanages and homes for the aged.^[10]

In 1868, when a devastating flood crippled Baltimore, B'nai B'rith responded with a disaster relief campaign. This act preceded the founding of the American Red Cross by 13 years and was to be the first of many domestic relief programs. That same year, B'nai B'rith sponsored its first overseas philanthropic project raising $4,522 to aid the victims of a cholera epidemic in Ottoman Palestine.^[11]

In 1875, a lodge was established in Toronto, followed soon after by another in Montreal and in 1882 by a lodge in Berlin. Membership outside of the United States grew rapidly. Soon, lodges were formed in Cairo (1887) and in Jerusalem (1888—nine years before Theodor Herzl convened the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland).^[12] The Jerusalem lodge became the first public organization to hold all of its meetings in Hebrew.^[13]^[14]

After 1881, with the mass immigration of Eastern European Jews to the United States,^[15] B'nai B'rith sponsored Americanization classes, trade schools and relief programs. This began a period of rapid membership growth, a change in the system of representation and questioning of the secret rituals common to fraternal organizations. In 1897, when the organization's U.S. membership numbered slightly more than 18,000, B'nai B'rith formed a ladies' auxiliary chapter in San Francisco. This was to become B'nai B'rith Women, which in 1988 broke away as an independent organization, Jewish Women International.^[16]

Early 20th century

In response to the Kishinev pogrom in 1903^[17] President Theodore Roosevelt and Secretary of State John Hay met with B'nai B'rith's executive committee in Washington, D.C. B'nai B'rith President Simon Wolf presented the draft of a petition to be sent to the Russian government protesting the lack of opposition to the massacre. Roosevelt readily agreed to transmit it and B'nai B'rith lodges began gathering signatures around the country.

In the first two decades of the 20th century B'nai B'rith launched three of today's major Jewish organizations: The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), Hillel and BBYO (originally B'nai B'rith Youth Organization). Later they would take on a life of their own with varying degrees of autonomy.

A growing concern in the 1920s was the preservation of Jewish values as immigration slowed and a native Jewish population of Eastern European ancestry came to maturity.^[18] In 1923, Rabbi Benjamin Frankel of Illinois established an organization on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to provide both Reform and Orthodox Sabbath services, classes in Judaism and social events for Jewish college students. Two years later, he approached B'nai B'rith about adopting this new campus organization. B'nai B'rith sponsorship of the Hillel Foundations enabled it to extend throughout the United States, eventually become international and to grow into a network of more than 500 campus student organizations.^[19]^[20]^[21]

At virtually the same time as Hillel was being established, Sam Beber of Omaha, Neb., presented a plan in 1924 to B'nai B'rith for a fraternity for Jewish men in high school. The new organization was called Aleph Zadik Aleph in imitation of the Greek-letter fraternities from which Jewish youth were excluded. In 1925, AZA became the junior auxiliary of B'nai B'rith.

In 1940, B'nai B'rith Women adopted its own junior auxiliary for young women, B'nai B'rith Girls (BBG, then a loose-knit group of organizations) and, in 1944, the two organizations became the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO).

B'nai B'rith has also been involved in Jewish camping for more than a half century. In 1953, B'nai B'rith acquired a 300-acre camp in Pennsylvania's Pocono Mountains. Originally named Camp B'nai B'rith, the facility would later be named B'nai B'rith Perlman Camp in honor of the early BBYO leader Anita Perlman and her husband, Louis. In 1976, a second camp was added near Madison, Wis. Named after the founder of AZA, the camp became known as B'nai B'rith Beber Camp. In 2010, Beber Camp became independent of B'nai B'rith. Perlman Camp functions as both a Jewish children's camp and as a leadership training facility.^[22]

In 1938 B'nai B'rith established the Vocational Service Bureau to guide young people into careers. This evolved into the B'nai B'rith Career and Counseling Service, an agency that provided vocational testing and counseling, and published career guides. In the mid-1980s, the program was dissolved or merged into other community agencies.^[23]

Educational programs and publications

Since 1886, B'nai B'rith has published B'nai B'rith Magazine, the oldest continually published Jewish periodical in the United States.^[24]^[25]

B'nai B'rith also publishes program guides for local Jewish education programs and each year sponsors "Unto Every Person There is a Name". This program includes community recitations of the names of Holocaust victims, usually on Yom Hashoah, Holocaust Remembrance Day.^[26]

In 1973, the organization turned what had formerly been an exhibit hall at its Washington, D.C. headquarters into the B'nai B'rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum. The museum featured an extensive collection of Jewish ceremonial objects and art and, for decades featured the 1790 correspondence between President George Washington and Moses Seixas, sexton of the Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island.^[27] Although the organization's move from its own building to rented offices necessitated closing of the museum to public view, select pieces of the collection are still on display at B'nai B'rith's current headquarters and are available for viewing by appointment.^[28]

Community service

From its earliest days, a hallmark of the organization's local efforts was service to the communities in which members reside. In 1852, that meant raising money for the first Jewish hospital in Philadelphia.^[29] In the 21st century, these community service efforts range from delivering Jewish holiday packages of meals and clothing to the elderly and infirm, and distributing food and medicine to the Jewish community of Cuba.

With the graying of the American Jewish population, service to seniors became a major focus with the first of what was to become a network of 36 senior residence buildings in more than 27 communities across the United States and more internationally—making B'nai B'rith the largest national Jewish sponsor of housing for seniors. The U.S. facilities—built in partnership with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)—provide quality housing to more than 6,000 men and women of limited income, age 62 and over, of all races and religions. Residents pay a federally mandated rent based upon income.^[30]

The beginning of the 21st century also saw the senior service program expand and become the Center for Senior Services,^[31] providing advocacy, publications and other services to address financial, legal, health, religious, social and family concerns for those over 50.

In recent years, B'nai B'rith has advocated for health care reform, Social Security and Medicare protection.

B'nai B'rith also includes, on its domestic agenda, tolerance issues such as advocating for hate crimes legislation as well as sponsoring a youth writing challenge, Diverse Minds. This annual writing contest asks high school students to create a children's book dedicated to the message of ending intolerance and bigotry. Winners earn college scholarships and the publication and distribution of their books to schools and libraries in their communities.^[32]

B'nai B'rith also sponsors the Enlighten America program, the centerpiece of which is a pledge that individuals can take to refrain from using slang expressions or telling jokes based on race, sexual orientation, gender, nationality or physical or mental challenges that would serve to demean another.^[33]

B'nai B'rith also produces and distributes "Smarter Kids - Safer Kids", a booklet in both English and Spanish meant to guide parents through discussions with their children about potential dangers.^[34]

International affairs

By the 1920s, B'nai B'rith membership in Europe had grown to 17,500—nearly half of the U.S. membership—and by the next decade, the formation of a lodge in Shanghai (number 1102) represented the organization's entry into the Far East.^[35] The Shanghai lodge established the B'nai B'rith Foundation Polyclinic in 1934, later renamed the Shanghai Jewish Hospital.^[36] This international expansion was to come to a close with the rise of Nazism. At the beginning of the Nazi era, there were six B'nai B'rith districts in Europe. Eventually, the Nazis seized nearly all B'nai B'rith property in Europe.

B'nai B'rith Europe was re-founded in 1948. Members of the Basel and Zurich lodges and representatives from lodges in France and Holland who had survived the Holocaust attended the inaugural meeting. In 2000, the new European B'nai B'rith district merged with the United Kingdom district to become a consolidated B'nai B'rith Europe with active involvement in all institutions of the European Union. By 2005 B'nai B'rith Europe comprised lodges in more than 20 countries including the former Communist Eastern Europe.^[37]^[38]

In response to what later become known as the Holocaust, in 1943 B'nai B'rith President Henry Monsky convened a conference in Pittsburgh of all major Jewish organizations to "find a common platform for the presentation of our case before the civilized nations of the world".^[39] During the next four years, the conference established the machinery that saved untold numbers of lives, assisted in the post-war reconstruction of European Jewish life and helped spur public opinion to support the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which recommended the partition of Mandate Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state.

Just prior to the creation of the State of Israel, President Harry S. Truman, resisting pressure by various organizations, declined meetings with Jewish leaders. B'nai B'rith President Frank Goldman convinced fellow B'nai B'rith member Eddie Jacobson, long-time friend and business partner of the president, to appeal to Truman for a favor.^[40] Jacobson convinced Truman to meet secretly with Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann in a meeting said to have resulted in turning White House support back in favor of partition, and ultimately to de facto recognition of Israeli statehood.^[41]

B'nai B'rith was present at the founding of the United Nations in San Francisco and has taken an active role in the world body ever since.^[8] In 1947, the organization was granted non-governmental organizational (NGO) status and, for many years, was the only Jewish organization with full-time representation at the United Nations. It is credited with a leading role in the U.N. reversal of its 1975 resolution equating Zionism with racism.^[42]

B'nai B'rith's NGO role is not limited to the United Nations and its agencies. B'nai B'rith also has worked extensively with officials in the State Department, in Congress, and in foreign governments to support the efforts of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to combat anti-Semitism. With members in more than 20 Latin American countries, the organization was the first Jewish group to be accorded civil society status at the Organization of American States (OAS), where it has advocated for democracy and human rights throughout the region.^[43]^[44] B'nai B'rith's role in Latin America dates to the turn of the 20th century and grew considerably with the influx of Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe.

In addition to its advocacy efforts, B'nai B'rith maintains a program of community service throughout Latin America. In 2002, in cooperation with the Brother's Brother Foundation, B'nai B'rith distributed more than $31 million worth of critically needed medicine, books and supplies to Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela following the economic disaster that struck much of Latin America. Through 2011 the program had distributed more than $100 million in medicine and supplies.^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]

In addition to founding the Jerusalem Lodge in 1888, life in Israel has been a prime focus for the organization.^[49] Among the Jerusalem lodge's most noted contributions was the city's first free public library, Midrash Abarbanel,^[50] which became the nucleus of the National and University Library; the first Hebrew kindergarten in Jerusalem; and the purchase of land for a home for new immigrants, the village Motza near Jerusalem. In 1936 B'nai B'rith donated $100,000 to the Jewish National Fund to buy 1,000 acres in what was then Mandate Palestine, followed by an additional $100,000 in 1939. Following Israel's declaration of independence, B'nai B'rith members in the United States sent several ships loaded with $4 million worth of food, clothing, medical supplies, trucks and jeeps to the port of Haifa.

In 1959, B'nai B'rith became the first major American Jewish organization to hold a convention in Israel.^[51]

Only six weeks after the signing of the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt in 1978, B'nai B'rith was the first Jewish group to visit Egypt at the invitation of President Anwar Sadat.

In 1980, nearly all nations removed their embassies from Jerusalem in response to the passage by the Knesset of the Jerusalem Law extending Israeli sovereignty over the entire city. B'nai B'rith responded with the establishment of the B'nai B'rith World Center in Jerusalem to serve as "the permanent and official presence of B'nai B'rith in Jerusalem".^[52]^[53]

1977 Hanafi siege

On March 9–11, 1977, three buildings in Washington, D.C. were seized by 12 African American Muslim gunmen, led by Hamaas Abdul Khaalis, who took 149 hostages and killed a radio journalist and a police officer. After a 39-hour standoff, all other hostages were released from the District Building (the city hall; now called the John A. Wilson Building), B'nai B'rith headquarters, and the Islamic Center of Washington.

The gunmen had several demands. They "wanted the government to hand over a group of men who had been convicted of killing seven relatives – mostly children – of takeover leader Hamaas Khaalis. They also demanded that the movie Mohammad, Messenger of God be destroyed because they considered it sacrilegious."^[54]

Disaster relief

B'nai B'rith has responded to natural and manmade disasters since 1865, when it assisted victims of a cholera epidemic in what was then Palestine.^[56] B'nai B'rith later raised funds and distributed them to those affected by the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the Galveston, Texas, flood of 1900 and the Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906.{{cn|date=February 2018}}

Recently, the B'nai B'rith Disaster Relief Fund responded to the 2010 earthquakes in Haiti and Chile, the 2011 Japan tsunami and the multiple tornadoes and subsequent flooding that hit six states in the South and Midwest in 2011. B'nai B'rith also opened a disaster relief fund following the fires that raged through Mt. Carmel in northern Israel and has opened a fund to help victims of the worst drought to hit East Africa in more than 50 years.

Much of the money B’nai B’rith raises for disaster relief is focused on long-term rebuilding, meeting needs beyond what the initial responders provide. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in the U.S. Gulf Coast-region in 2005, B’nai B’rith raised more than $1 million, distributing the money among various projects over a five-year span. The projects included rebuilding homes, houses of worship and restoring parks.

In Haiti, B’nai B’rith raised $250,000 for shoes, medicine, health supplies and other needs immediately following the January 2010 earthquake that struck the island nation.^[57] The year following the disaster, B’nai B’rith and IsraAID initiated “Haiti Grows,” a program that trained farmers in theory and in practice over a six-month period. The farmers learned new agricultural techniques that allowed them to increase the number of crops they could grow as well as the yield of those crops.

Following Hurricane Sandy in the fall of 2012, B’nai B’rith’s Young Professional Network in New York immediately began assisting in the cleanup. Members descended upon the Rockaways, and over the course of several days helped remove debris and sand from buildings, extract moldy drywall and insulation, and pull out water damaged furniture and appliances from area homes. B’nai B’rith has also held and planned several fundraisers for future rebuilding projects.^[58]

Anti-defamation activities

The American-based international B'nai B'rith organization founded the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (ADL) as a response to attacks on Jews in the United States. The announcement of the creation of the ADL mentioned the Leo Frank lynching in particular.^[59]^[60] The ADL is now an independent organization.

In Australia and New Zealand, the local B'nai B'rith has its own human rights arm, called the B'nai B'rith Anti-Defamation Commission (ADC). It is dedicated to eliminating the defamation of Jewish people, combating racism, intolerance, and prejudice. It seeks to secure justice and fair treatment for all citizens alike.^[61]

The ADC is concerned about the harm caused by people and organisations that engage in or encourage discriminatory behaviour in our society. The ADC works to promote those democratic and humane values that serve to prevent such harm.

The ADC harm prevention and control involve four major kinds of activity which include gathering relevant information, supporting victims of antisemitism and discrimination, promoting positive community relations and raising community awareness.

Awards

The Presidential Gold Medal is awarded by B'nai B'rith every few years to honor the recipient's commitment to the Jewish people and the State of Israel. Recipients have included David Ben-Gurion, John F. Kennedy, George H. W. Bush, Stephen Harper and Golda Meir. The Gold Medal has been given to former Austrian chancellor Franz Vranitzky,^[62]^[63] Australian Prime Minister John Howard,^[64]^[65]^[66] former German Chancellor Willy Brandt and former U.S. presidents Harry S. Truman, Gerald R. Ford and Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1969 Edwin Palmer "EP" Hoyt, as Editor and Publisher of the Denver Post for 25 years, was given the B'nai B'rith Man of the Year award for his tireless humanitarian work against bigotry in defense of Jewish people.

The B'nai Brith book award was established in 1970. The first recipient was Ronald Sanders for his work The Downtown Jews.^[67]

Other awards include the "Jewish Heritage Award" and "Award for Outstanding Contribution to Relations with the Jewish People".

Scholarships

B'nai B'rith International awards scholarships. The first B'nai B'rith recipient to the University of Miami was Dagmar R. Henney, who later became known for her research in theoretical mathematics.

Philatelic services

In affiliation with the United States Postal Service, the B'nai B'rith Philatelic Service was involved in releasing a series of first day of issue stamps relating to prominent Jewish entrepreneurs, philanthropists, entertainers, and various Jewish organizations throughout the country.^[68]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism |page=61 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006|author=Sara E. Karesh, Mitchell M. Hurvitz}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/about-us.html |title=About B'nai B'rith International |publisher=B'nai B'rith International}}
3. ^¹²{{cite book|title=B'nai B'rith and the Challenge of Ethnic Leadership|page=252|publisher=by State University of New York Press, Albany|year=1981|author=Deborah Dash}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/about_us/bbi_roots.cfm |title=B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date=}}
5. ^Alfred M. Lilienthal, The Changing Role of B'nai B'rith's Anti-Defamation League, WRMEA, June 1993, p.18
6. ^{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Judaism|page=61|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2006|author=Sara E. Karesh and Mitchell M. Hurvitz}}
7. ^Hasia R. Diner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JRQGybN2eboC&pg= The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000], p.191
8. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://bnaibrith.org/about_us/bbi_roots.cfm |title=B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date=}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3437-b-nai-b-rith |title=B'Nai B'Rith |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |date=}}
10. ^{{cite book|title=The Independent Orders of B'nai B'rith and True Sisters: Pioneers of a New Jewish Identity 1843-1914|page=138|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2011|author=Cornelia Wilhelm}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=B'nai B'rith International: Our History|url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/about-us.html}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Zionism/First_Cong_&_Basel_Program.html |title=The First Zionist Congress and the Basel Program |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date=}}
13. ^{{cite book|first=Hasia R.|last=Diner|title=The Jews of the United States: 1654 to 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRQGybN2eboC|accessdate=10 December 2012|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22773-6|page=191}}
14. ^{{cite book|title=The Independent Orders of B'nai B'rith and True Sisters: Pioneers of a New Jewish Identity 1843-1914|page=172|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2011|author=Cornelia Wilhelm}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/polish5.html |title=Immigration...Polish/Russian: A People at Risk - For Teachers (Library of Congress) |publisher=Loc.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jwi.org/Page.aspx?pid=272 |title=Our History - Who We Are |publisher=JWI |date=2012-07-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527065712/http://www.jwi.org/Page.aspx?pid=272 |archivedate=2011-05-27 |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yivoinstitute.org/digital_exhibitions/index.php?mcid=69&oid=10 |title=YIVO Institute for Jewish Research | The Kishinev Pogrom of 1903: On the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary |publisher=Yivoinstitute.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220233218/http://www.yivoinstitute.org/digital_exhibitions/index.php?mcid=69&oid=10 |archivedate=2011-02-20 |df= }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/cr_53.htm |title=Civic Report 53 | Measuring Immigrant Assimilation in the United States |publisher=Manhattan-institute.org |date=2015-08-24}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hillel.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5146418-3638-435A-8BB9-24592F5500F9/0/hillel_history.pdf |title=Hillel History |publisher=www.hillel.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212225658/http://www.hillel.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5146418-3638-435A-8BB9-24592F5500F9/0/hillel_history.pdf |archivedate=2012-02-12 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hillel.org/about/news/2008/sep/hillel_history_18september2008.htm |title=A Brief History |publisher=Hillel.org |date=2008-09-18}}
21. ^{{cite web|author=From the Chancellor's Desk: |url=http://illinois.edu/ |title=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |publisher=Illinois.edu |date=}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://perlmancamp.org/all/about.shtml |title=About Perlman Camp |publisher=Perlmancamp.org |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721104053/http://www.perlmancamp.org/all/about.shtml |archivedate=2011-07-21 |df= }}
23. ^{{cite journal|date=2012-01-03 | doi=10.1002/j.2164-5892.1946.tb00742.x |volume=24 | issue=5 |journal=Occupations: The Vocational Guidance Journal |pages=277–280 |title=The B'nai B'rith Vocational Service Program|last1 = Baer|first1 = MAX F.}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/magazines |title=B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date=}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3438-b-nai-b-rith-messenger |title=Periodicals |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |date=}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/remembrance/2011/every_person.asp |title=Fragments of Memory. Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Day 2011 |publisher=Yad Vashem |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505022234/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/remembrance/2011/every_person.asp |archivedate=2011-05-05 }}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm006.html |title=To Bigotry No Sanction (Memory): American Treasures of the Library of Congress |publisher=Loc.gov |date=2010-07-27 |accessdate=2012-07-23}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://bnaibrith.org/prog_serv/museum.cfm |title=B'nai B'rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum and Philip Lax Archive (B'nai B'rith Archives) |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518051019/http://www.bnaibrith.org/prog_serv/museum.cfm |archivedate=2011-05-18 |df= }}
29. ^{{cite book|title=The Independent Orders of B'nai B'rith and True Sisters: Pioneers of a New Jewish Identity 1843-1914|pages=131–133|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=2011|author=Cornelia Wilhelm}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://bnaibrith.org/prog_serv/sr_housing.cfm |title=Senior Housing, B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518051451/http://www.bnaibrith.org/prog_serv/sr_housing.cfm |archivedate=2011-05-18 |df= }}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://bnaibrith.org/centers/senior_services.cfm |title=Center for Senior Services, B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520082627/http://bnaibrith.org/centers/senior_services.cfm |archivedate=2011-05-20 |df= }}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/prog_serv/diverse_minds.cfm |title=Diverse Minds Youth Writing Challenge, B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725094101/http://bnaibrith.org/prog_serv/diverse_minds.cfm |archivedate=2012-07-25 |df= }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/prog_serv/enlighten_america.cfm |title=Enlighten America, B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713032720/http://www.bnaibrith.org/prog_serv/enlighten_america.cfm |archivedate=2012-07-13 |df= }}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://bnaibrith.org/prog_serv/saferkids.cfm |title=Smarter Kids - Safer Kids, B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713032725/http://www.bnaibrith.org/prog_serv/saferkids.cfm |archivedate=2012-07-13 |df= }}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/KhaosOdenslandArchiveDocstheMisanthropicMisogynist/EncyclopaediaJudaicaV.04blu-cof_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Khaos Odensland Archive DOCS (The Misanthropic Misogynist)" |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23}}
36. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oicxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT306|title=From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China|last=Malek|first=Roman|date=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-56628-5|page=306}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bnaibritheurope.org/bbeurope/en |title=Welcome to the B'nai B'rith Europe website |publisher=Bnaibritheurope.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbuk.org/ |title=Home |publisher=Bbuk.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23}}
39. ^{{cite book|last1=Troen|first1=S Ilan|last2=Pinkus|first2=Benjamin|title=Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idY2LUHAjFQC|accessdate=10 December 2012|year=1992|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-3413-5|page=326}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/granoff.htm |title=A. J. Granoff Papers |publisher=Truman Library |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23}}
41. ^{{cite book|title=B'nai B'rith: The Story of a Covenant|page=243|publisher=Appleton-Century|year=1966|author=Edward E. Grusd}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.jta.org/article/1985/11/05/3002598/world-jewry-mobilizing-in-effort-to-repeal-un-zionismracism-resolution |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120707132101/http://archive.jta.org/article/1985/11/05/3002598/world-jewry-mobilizing-in-effort-to-repeal-un-zionismracism-resolution |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-07-07 |title=World Jewry Mobilizing in Effort to Repeal UN Zionism-racism Resolution |publisher=Archive.jta.org |date=1985-11-05 |accessdate=2012-07-23 }}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://bnaibrith.org/world/oas.cfm |title=Organization of American States, B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713031351/http://www.bnaibrith.org/world/oas.cfm |archivedate=2012-07-13 |df= }}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.civil-society.oas.org/Permanent%20Council/CP-doc-3210-99rev1.htm |title=Civil Society List, English |publisher=Civil-society.oas.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525030708/http://www.civil-society.oas.org/Permanent%20Council/CP-doc-3210-99rev1.htm |archivedate=2013-05-25 |df= }}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brothersbrother.org/02_argentina.htm |title=Medical Shipment to Argentina |publisher=Brothersbrother.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731122945/http://www.brothersbrother.org/02_argentina.htm |archivedate=2012-07-31 |df= }}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://israaid.co.il/Story.aspx?ID=145 |title=IsraAID |publisher=IsraAID |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712110411/http://israaid.co.il/Story.aspx?ID=145 |archivedate=2012-07-12 |df= }}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brothersbrother.org/08_earlymarch.htm |title=Shipments to Kenya, Africa and Paraguay, South America |publisher=Brothersbrother.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731142551/http://www.brothersbrother.org/08_earlymarch.htm |archivedate=2012-07-31 |df= }}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/165/comm_ser.cfm |title=B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226063816/http://www.bnaibrith.org/165/comm_ser.cfm |archivedate=2012-02-26 |df= }}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/magazines/winter2008/Israeli_Embassy.cfm |title=BBI Recognizes Israeli Embassy for Public Work, Historical Link - B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423142003/http://bnaibrith.org/magazines/winter2008/Israeli_Embassy.cfm |archivedate=2012-04-23 |df= }}
50. ^{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of library and information science, Volume 39|page=222|publisher=Marcel Dekker Inc.|year=1985|author=Allen Kent and Harold Lancour}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://bnaibrith.org/unbrokencovenant/5CovntBK_pgs15_22.pdf |title=B'nai Brith Unbroken covenant pages 15 - 22 |publisher=B'nai Brith |date= |accessdate=2012-08-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201000208/http://www.bnaibrith.org/unbrokencovenant/5CovntBK_pgs15_22.pdf |archivedate=2012-02-01 |df= }}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jcpa.org/text/knesset_debates/Basic_Law_Jerusalem_Capital.pdf |title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, the Capital of Israel |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |date= |accessdate=2012-08-07}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm |title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel |publisher=Knesset.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2012-07-23}}
54. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/11/AR2007031101562.html | title='Some Things You Never Forget': Thirty years ago, gunmen stormed three D.C. buildings, taking 150 hostages and one life | author=Theresa Vargas |work=Washington Post | date=March 12, 2007 | page=B01| accessdate=March 12, 2007 }}
55. ^{{cite news | title=The 38 Hours: Trial by Terror | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946751,00.html | date=March 21, 1977 |work=Time magazine| accessdate=March 12, 2007 }}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/disaster-relief.html |title=B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |accessdate=2013-02-15}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/--haiti.html |title=B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |accessdate=2013-02-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303132649/http://www.bnaibrith.org/--haiti.html |archivedate=2013-03-03 }}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/5/post/2012/10/bnai-brith-international-opens-disaster-relief-fund-to-aid-victims-of-massive-hurricane-sandy.html |title=B'nai B'rith International - The Global Voice of the Jewish Community |publisher=Bnaibrith.org |date= |accessdate=2012-10-30}}
59. ^{{cite book|title=B'nai B'rith and the Challenge of Ethnic Leadership|last=Moore|first=Deborah Dash|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-87395-480-8|page=108}}
60. ^{{cite book|title=Jews in American Politics: Essays|author=Jerome A. Chanes|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7425-0181-2|editor1=Louis S|page=105|chapter=Who Does What?|editor2=y Maisel|editor3=Ira N. Forman|editor4=Donald Altschiller|editor5=Charles Walker Bassett}}
61. ^B'nai B'rith Anti Defamation Commission in Melbourne Australia
62. ^oe1.ORF.at / News {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306061922/http://oe1.orf.at/inforadio/58058.html?filter=1 |date=2007-03-06 }}
63. ^oe1.ORF.at / Bnai B´rith-Medaille für Altkanzler Vranitzky {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306061822/http://oe1.orf.at/inforadio/58060.html?filter=3 |date=2007-03-06 }}
64. ^B'nai B'rith Australia / NZ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819031400/http://www.bnaibrith.org.au/newsletterPopup.asp?NewsletterID=70 |date=August 19, 2006 }}
65. ^B'nai B'rith Award Ceremony Honors Australian Prime Minister John Howard {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614052050/http://bnaibrith.org/pubs/pr/05172006_johnhoward.cfm |date=June 14, 2006 }}
66. ^"PRIME Minister John Howard will be presented the prestigious B'nai B'rith international Preside..." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524231752/http://www.friendsfromasia.com/node/823 |date=2013-05-24 }}, (cache)
67. ^"Issac Babel and Ronald Sanders to Be Honored for Literary Contributions", FEBRUARY 20, 1970
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=4038353|title=B'nai B'rith Philatelic collection; I-427; American Jewish Historical Society, New York, NY, and Boston, MA.|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}