| 词条 | Bristol Freighter | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Bristol Type 170 Freighter was a British twin-engine aircraft designed and built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company as both a freighter and airliner. Its best known use was as an air ferry to carry cars and their passengers over relatively short distances. A passenger-only version was also produced, known as the Wayfarer. The Freighter was developed during the Second World War, having attracted official attention from the British Air Ministry, which sought the development of a rugged vehicle capable of carrying various cargoes, including a 3-ton truck. Various changes to the design were made to accommodate their requirements, but being completed too late to participate in the conflict, the majority of sales of the Freighter were to commercial operators. In response to customer demand, an enlarged version to maximise vehicle-carrying capacity, known as the Bristol Superfreighter, was developed. {{TOC limit|2}}DevelopmentThe Bristol Type 170 was designed as a stop-gap project to provide work for the Bristol Aeroplane Company while the Bristol Brabazon was under development. Subsequently, the British Air Ministry expressed interest in the project, believing that it would provide a rugged transport aircraft capable of using unimproved airstrips; accordingly, a pair of prototypes were ordered on the condition that the design was modified so that it would be compatible with the air-transporting of a British Army 3-ton truck. For this requirement, the Air Ministry formulated and issued Specification 22/44 (which was later revised as C.9/45) around the envisioned design.[1] As proposed, the aircraft was an all-metal, twin-engine high-wing monoplane based on the pre-war Bristol Bombay, having wings of the same section and taper but with a swept leading edge and straight trailing edge with two spars in place of the seven used in the Bombay.[2] The square-section fuselage was clear of internal obstructions; in the original design this was to be loaded via a trapdoor in the nose, but the Air Ministry requirements necessitated a change to clamshell doors in the nose. Considerable effort was made to maximise the usable internal volume of the aircraft in order to readily accommodate the carriage of bulky cargoes.[4] The flight deck was elevated above the load space on the nose as to not obstruct access; the crew would enter the flight deck via a fixed vertical ladder on the side of the cargo bay.[5] Power was to have been provided by a pair of a development of the Bristol Perseus using nine Bristol Centaurus cylinders, each engine rated at {{convert|1150|hp|kW|abbr=on}}.[6] Early on, it had been envisioned that the Freighter would play a logistical role in the South-East Asian theatre of the war, being operated by British Far East Command.[1] However, as it was becoming clear that the conflict would be over before the aircraft could enter service, an increasing emphasis was placed on suiting the aircraft to meet the demands of civilian operators. A cost analysis demonstrated that for civil use, it would be more economic to increase the all-up weight of the design from 30,000 to 35,000 lbs and to adopt the more powerful Bristol Hercules engine to power the Freighter. It was also considered that there would be a market for a passenger aircraft suitable for use from basic airstrips, and so a version without the nose doors and capable of carrying up to 36 passengers, to be known as the Wayfarer, was proposed.[4] On 2 December 1945, the first prototype, registered G-AGPV, was first flown at Filton by Cyril Uwins.[3] Cyril found the aircraft to be generally satisfactory, but requested that the tailplane be lowered and increased in span as to enable the aircraft be trimmed to fly "hands off" over a wide range of centre of gravity positions.[4] DesignThe Bristol Type 170 Freighter was a twin-engine, high-mounted wing monoplane that was developed specifically for the purpose of the economic carriage of freight by air.[5] It was a visually distinctive aircraft, possessing a 'boxy' fuselage, rounded nose, and a high-set flight deck.[3] In order to maximise the economical performance of the Freighter, compromises were implemented on other aspects of performance, resulting in a relatively low cruising speed; this was not viewed as being of importance to the role of a freighter and thus not a major diminishing factor.[6] According to aviation publication Flight, the economics of the Freighter were judged to be a major factor of its market appeal, as well as the wider economic situation of the United Kingdom at this time.[14][7] Operationally, the Freighter was intended to be employed upon high-frequency short distance routes as opposed to long-haul routes.[8] Being flown at the low speeds and short ranges for which the aircraft was intended, the fuel economy improvements that would be provided by a retractable undercarriage was outweighed by the increase in structural weight; therefore, it was decided that a fixed undercarriage would be used, which also had the benefits of reduced production and maintenance costs.[2][9] The combination of a high-mounted wing and fixed undercarriage was considered to be atypical for the era, and resulted in greater drag than a low-mounted counterpart would have.[14] The main gear legs, which featured Dowty-built shock absorbers, were supported by an arrangement of strengthened vertical struts, positioned beneath the aircraft's engines and horizontally from the lower edge of the fuselage.[9] The lower nose of the Freighter was covered by a pair of large clamshell doors, which facilitated easy access to the main hold for loading/unloading payloads; as a direct consequence of this arrangement, the unpressurised fuselage was somewhat breezy during flight.[10] The doors, which are hinged outwards, led into a main hold that had an internal volume of 2,020 cu ft; it was capable of being loaded with heavy payloads, up to a maximum of 350 cu ft per ton.[14][23] To better facilitate loading operations, a built-in hoist is installed upon the fixed upper surface of the nose, which lowered the requirement for the use of airport-based infrastructure. Fixed restraining points are present throughout the internal space in order to secure payloads.[14] On the passenger-carrying Wayfarer variant, the nose-mounted doors was substituted for by a fixed shell and the internal volume immediately behind would be used either as a cargo hold or galley area.[8] The flight deck of the Freighter was positioned in an elevated position, directly above the clamshell doors.[26] In addition to providing a good all-round view for the flight crew, this placement kept the flight deck clear of the loading activity below. Flight stated of the cockpit: "The control and instrument layout is quite the best we have seen in any Bristol aircraft".[11] The major controls are typically comfortable and smooth, while each pilot is provided with a standard blind-flying panel. Instrumentation fittings differed dependent upon customer specification, but a Sperry Corporation-built autopilot would typically be installed.[26] The flight deck was typically operated by a two-man crew, a first pilot and second pilot or radio operator; in addition, space was provided at the rear for a third crew member.[26] The Bristol Hercules 734 radial engines that powered the type, along with all of its major subsystems such as the cowling, oil tank, cooler and control cables, could also be easily detached for servicing; an entire engine replacement could be performed within 90 minutes.[2][12] The fuel system is uncomplicated, being contained within a pair of 300-gallon fuel tanks positioned in the interspar bays of the wings; neither fuel tanks or hydraulic pipelines were present in the outer wings.[9] The only elements that necessitated the use of the hydraulic systems were the clamshell doors and flaps.[13] The electrically controlled carburation system had three different intakes, each suited to starting the engine under different conditions - these being hot, sub-zero, and temperate climates.[14] The airframe itself is deliberately simple in its construction, while the use of maintenance intensive components was kept to an absolute minimum and, where necessary, these were made as accessible and readily serviceable as possible.[15][13] Manufacturing of the Freighter was eased by many components being consciously designed to standardised and identical where feasible; this ideology was also applied to elements of the internal structure, such as the longerons, frames, and skin.[16] The floor of the main hold is covered by wooden panels, designed to be easily replicable in the event of damage being sustained; these were supported by a floor structure of deep transverse beams with a pair of longitudinal strips, strengthened by a support beam.[16] Another ease-of-maintenance decision was to use cables for the control system where practical, while all flight control surfaces had fabric coverings, which was both light and easy to replace.[9] Operational historyOn 30 April 1946, the second prototype, which was also the first 34-seat Wayfarer, registered G-AGVB, made its first flight. It quickly commenced proving flights in the colours of Channel Islands Airways, where it carried in excess of 10,000 passengers across the span of six months.[3] The third aircraft, registered G-AGVC, was the first Freighter I and had fully operational nose doors. After a number of demonstration flights around the world, the Bristol 170 entered full production. One of the first sales was to the Argentine Air Force, which ordered 15 aircraft.[17] The managing director of Silver City Airways was Wing Commander Griffith James Powell, who realised that he could adapt the Bristol Freighter to fly passengers with their cars from Britain to Continental Europe and Jersey. As an "air ferry", it would allow people going on holiday to avoid the lengthy waits and travel times involved in traditional sea ferries. On 14 July 1948, the airline made the first flight with a car, from Lympne Airport in Kent to Le Touquet on the northern coast of France.[18] Silver City Airways' use of the type would become one of the most iconic uses of the Freighter, as well as one of its most prolific operators; during 1954, each Freighter in the company's fleet averaged 2,970 landings and take offs — in excess of eight sectors per day for every day of the year.[3] In 1953, production of the freighter was moved to Whitney Straight's Western Airways factory at Weston-super-Mare airport. A lengthened version, the Freighter 32, which featured movable wooden partitions in the cargo compartment, was introduced; it could be configured to carry either three 14 ft (3.3m) cars and 20 passengers or two larger vehicles and 12 passengers, the passenger seats being in the rear section of the fuselage.[19] Silver City Airways dubbed this variant the Superfreighter and subsequently built an airport named "Ferryfield" at Lydd in Kent, beginning air ferry services in 1955. In the same year, Channel Air Bridge started operations from Southend, with four Bristol Freighters flying to Calais. The last two freighters of the 214 built were delivered in 1958, one to New Zealand in February and the last aircraft to Dan-Air in March 1958. The New Zealand aircraft was delivered to Straits Air Freight Express (SAFE), which eventually operated one of the largest fleets of Freighters. One of the lengthened aircraft, registered G-AMWA, had 60 seats fitted and was known as a Super Wayfarer. Other civil usesIn New Zealand SAFE Air moved rail freight from Wellington (the North Island) across the Cook Strait to Blenheim (the South Island) and back, using Bristol Freighters, starting in 1951. The airline later reconfigured its aircraft to accept palletised cargo loaded on patented "cargons". This was a first anywhere in the aviation world.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} Cargons were loaded near the rail yards and their load was calculated and arranged to remain within the aircraft's load and centre of gravity limits. They were then trucked to the airport and placed on the Freighter using a mechanical loading device. The loader accepted cargons from horizontal-tray road vehicles and then raised them to the level of the aircraft's cargo deck on electrically powered screw-jacks. The pallets could then be rolled into the nose of the aircraft. Other adaptations allowed the carrying of horses and other high-value large animals. Freighters were the major link between the Chatham Islands and mainland New Zealand until Armstrong Whitworth Argosy aircraft replaced them. SAFE Air developed a soundproofed "container" for the half of the aircraft given over to passengers on these flights. Bristol 170s were still in commercial use with SAFE until the late 1970s. Military usesIn military service, Bristol Freighters were operated by the air forces of Argentina, Australia, Burma, Canada, Iraq, Pakistan and New Zealand.[3] Bristol Freighters were operated briefly by the Pakistan Air Force. After withdrawal, some of the Pakistan aircraft were bought by SAFE Air and used in New Zealand. The Royal Canadian Air Force used five Freighters to carry spares and supplies between the United Kingdom and their bases in France and West Germany. The Royal New Zealand Air Force ordered 12 Mk 31M Freighters in the late 1940s. RNZAF Freighters ranged as far as supplying the New Zealand Army in Malaya, the British High Commissions (and other support staff) in the Maldives, Ceylon, India and Nepal, performing Far East Air Force tasks in Malaya (often when other aircraft types were unserviceable owing to maintenance problems) and Hong Kong. They ran a highly reliable military shuttle service for allies in Thailand during the Vietnam War and served several other roles, being adapted for—amongst other things—aerial top dressing experiments, although to avoid competition with private enterprise, the New Zealand government did not use them in that role. Final daysThe New Zealand Freighters were retired from military use when replaced by Hawker Siddeley Andovers in the 1970s. After retirement, a number of smaller local operators briefly flew Freighters. Some were exported to Canada. A SAFE Air Freighter is preserved in taxiable condition at Blenheim and another at the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum in Christchurch. A third is on display at Founders Historical Park in Nelson, and a fourth, the only one of its kind in Europe[20], is in storage in Bristol, United Kingdom after being transported from Ardmore Airport (New Zealand) by Aerospace Bristol. Other Freighter airframes around New Zealand now serve as novelty tea-rooms, backpacker hostels, and motel rooms, such as one in Otorohanga.[21] One Freighter was in service in turn with British Ministry of Supply, the Royal Australian Air Force and subsequently went into commercial use in Australia until 1978 after which it went on to become a museum exhibit and was given over to the RAAF Museum at Point Cook, Victoria, Australia in 1988. Bristol freighter Mk 31M G-BISU was operated by Instone Airline at Stansted, Essex, UK, for a number of years. This was an ex-RNZAF aircraft and left Ardmore on 2 March 1981 for its 86-hour ferry flight to the UK. It subsequently flew its first charter flight on 3 August 1981 delivering two racehorses to Deauville. This role of flying livestock was to take up half a year, while other work included carriage of oil drilling machinery, car parts, newspapers and mail. Re-registered as C-FDFC, in 1996 it crashed on takeoff with the crew escaping, but was essentially a write-off. The captain, John Duncan, and co-pilot Malcolm Cutter reported that the aircraft entered a severe yaw after takeoff, which was uncontrollable despite use of full opposite aileron and rudder control.[22] The last Freighter in service, which flew for Instone Airline then later returned to New Zealand, was bought from surplus by Hawkair in Terrace, British Columbia, Canada. In 2004, this aircraft undertook its final ferry flight to the Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta.[3] Variants{{div col}}
Utility transport Series I or Freighter with a strengthened floor and hydraulically operated nose doors.[3]
Mixed-traffic variant with 16-passenger seats
Variant of Mk I for British European Airways
Variant of Mk IA for British European Airways
Variant of Mk IA for British South American Airways
Airliner (passenger variant) Series II or Wayfarer. The Nose doors were omitted and additional windows were added.[3]
Variant of Mk II with 32 seats
Variant of Mk IIA for British European Airways
Variant of Mk II with 20 seats and baggage hold
Variant of Mk I with 108 ft (32.92 m) wing and extra tankage.[3]
Mixed-traffic version of Mk IX
More powerful engined version.[3]
Convertible version of Mk 21 with 32 removable seats
Variant of Mk 21 with larger tailfin.[3]
Convertible version of Mk 31
Military version of Mk 31 with provision for supply dropping
Higher-capacity version with fuselage lengthened by 5 ft (1.52 m).[3]
Unbuilt project. Twin-boom version. Not built
Unbuilt project. The aircraft was intended to have an unswept tail and a ramp-loading door.
Unbuilt project. Car ferry version. It was intended to be powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engines.{{div col end}} OperatorsCivil operators{{div col}}
Military operators{{div col}}
SurvivorsArgentina
Australia
Canada
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Accidents and incidents{{Main|List of accidents and incidents involving the Bristol Freighter}}Sixty-eight of the 214 Freighters built were destroyed or damaged beyond economical repair in accidents. At least 45 of these were fatal, resulting in the deaths of at least 385 passengers and crew.[27] Specifications (Freighter Mk.31){{Aircraft specs|ref=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1953–54[28] |prime units?=imp
Mk.31 payload plus fuel{{cvt|16184|lb}} Mk.31E cargo/passenger payload plus fuel {{cvt|114219|lb}} (4 crew, 12 pax plus cars) Mk.31E passenger payload plus fuel {{cvt|13783|lb}} (4 crew, 44-56 pax) Mk.32 cargo/passenger payload plus fuel {{cvt|13659|lb}} (3 crew, 20 pax plus cars) |length ft=68 |length in=4 |length note= Mk.32 length {{cvt|73|ft|6|in|m}} |span ft=108 |span in=0 |span note= |height ft=21 |height in=8 |height note=[29] Mk.32 height: {{cvt|25|ft|m}}[30] |wing area sqft=1487 |wing area note= |aspect ratio= |airfoil=RAF 28 (modified)[31] |empty weight lb=26910 |empty weight note= Mk.31E cargo/passenger empty weight {{cvt|28075|lb}} Mk.31E passenger empty weight {{cvt|29141|lb}} Mk.32 cargo/passenger empty weight {{cvt|29435|lb}} |gross weight lb=44000 |gross weight note= all marks |max takeoff weight lb= |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity= {{cvt|1170|impgal|USgal l}} total (2 x {{cvt|350|impgal|USgal l}} + 2 x {{cvt|135|impgal|USgal l}} + 2 x {{cvt|100|impgal|USgal l}} |more general=
Mk.31 range: {{cvt|1250|mi|nmi km}} with {{cvt|10000|lb}} payload Mk.31 range: {{cvt|1670|mi|nmi km}} with {{cvt|8000|lb}} payload Mk.31E cargo/passenger range: {{cvt|780|mi|nmi km}} with 16 pax plus {{cvt|7000|lb}} freight Mk.31E cargo/passenger range: {{cvt|650|mi|nmi km}} with 32 pax plus {{cvt|2000|lb}} freight Mk.31E cargo/passenger range: {{cvt|1080|mi|nmi km}} with 32 pax plus {{cvt|4000|lb}} freight |ferry range miles= |ferry range note= |endurance= |ceiling ft=23000 |ceiling note=at max. continuous power and {{cvt|38000|lb}}
|g limits= |roll rate= |glide ratio= |climb rate ftmin=250 |climb rate note=On one engine at fully loaded weight |time to altitude= {{cvt|10000|ft}} in 10 minutes at max. continuous power |wing loading lb/sqft= |wing loading note= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass={{cvt|11|lb/hp}} |thrust/weight= |more performance=
}} In popular cultureThis aircraft, with registration G-AIFV, plays as central role in the 1957 film The Man in the Sky. See also{{External media|topic= |width=22% |align=right |video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFXn5JzGljc Video of the First Taxi Run of Bristol Freighter in 20 Years] |video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKH_-WD75Lw Extended footage of a Bristol Freight in a film] |video3=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roQOcqAlY5M Documentary of Freighter operations in New Zealand]}}{{aircontent|related= |similar aircraft=
|see also= |lists= }} ReferencesCitations1. ^Barnes 1970, p. 330. 2. ^1 2 Barnes 1970, p. 331. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "Bristol 170 Freighter." BAE Systems, Retrieved: 14 May 2017. 4. ^Barnes 1970, p. 332. 5. ^Flight 23 November 1944, p. 555. 6. ^Flight 23 November 1944, pp. 555-556. 7. ^Flight 7 March 1946, p. 240. 8. ^1 2 3 Flight 7 March 1946, p. 235. 9. ^1 2 3 Flight 7 March 1946, p. 237. 10. ^Donovan, Don. "Life and Times at RAAF Butterworth 1967–1970." RAF Butterworth/Penang Association, Autumn 2006. 11. ^1 Flight 7 March 1946, pp. 235, 239. 12. ^Flight 7 March 1946, p. 236, 238-239. 13. ^1 2 Flight 7 March 1946, p. 238. 14. ^1 2 3 Flight 7 March 1946, p. 239. 15. ^1 2 3 4 Flight 23 November 1944, p. 556. 16. ^1 2 Flight 7 March 1946, p. 236. 17. ^{{cite web |title=Bristol Type 170 Freighter, Wayfarer and Superfreighter versions |url=http://glostransporthistory.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/JetAgeRMC_Bristol170.htm |publisher=Gloucestershire Transport History |accessdate=27 August 2018}} 18. ^Francis, Devon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA104&dq=popular+science+1950+ferry+hops&hl=en&ei=Rjq9TIjOJYyhnQf01-2JDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=true "World's First Air Ferry For Cars".] Popular Science, July 1950, pp. 103–106. 19. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=AeADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CFMiT_23OIGvgwf68vjqCA&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=true "British Air Ferry Takes Cars Across English Channel."] Popular Mechanics, August 1954, p. 94. 20. ^http://www.aerospacebristol.org/freighter 21. ^"Woodlyn Park, Otorohanga, New Zealand." {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615170817/http://www.woodlynpark.co.nz/planemotel.html |date=15 June 2009 }} woodlynpark.co.nz. Retrieved: 13 November 2010. 22. ^"AAIB Accident Report: C-FDFC." {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814034548/http://www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/publications/bulletins/october_1996/bristol_502112.cfm |date=14 August 2007 }} aaib.dft.gov.uk. Retrieved: 13 November 2010. 23. ^Eastwood and Roach 1991, p. 40. 24. ^http://www.aarg.com.au/bristol-freighter.html 25. ^ [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-42566093 "Bristol Freighter aeroplane to be restored in city"] BBC 4 January 2018 26. ^{{cite web|title=Support the Bristol Type 170 Freighter|url=http://aerospacebristol.org/freighter/|website=aerospacebristol.org|access-date=17 January 2018}} 27. ^"Bristol 170." Aviation Safety Net. Retrieved: 12 January 2013. 28. ^{{cite book |title=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1953–54 |editor1-last=Bridgman |editor1-first=Leonard |year=1953 |location=London |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd |pages=55-57}} 29. ^{{cite book |last=Barnes |first=C.H. |title=Bristol Aircraft since 1910 |year=1964 |edition=1st |publisher=Putnam & Company Ltd. |location=London |pages=330-343}} 30. ^{{cite book |last=Barnes |first=C.H. |title=Bristol Aircraft since 1910 |year=1964 |edition=1st |publisher=Putnam & Company Ltd. |location=London |pages=330-343}} 31. ^{{cite web |title=UIUC Airfoil Data Site |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/coord_database.html#R |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |accessdate=29 March 2019}} Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
External links{{Commons category|Bristol Freighter}}
6 : Bristol Aeroplane Company aircraft|British airliners 1940–1949|British cargo aircraft 1940–1949|Aircraft first flown in 1945|High-wing aircraft|Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft |
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