| 词条 | Cantal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Cantal | native_name = | native_name_lang = fr | type = Department of France | image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Chateau de Reghaud 13.jpg | photo3a = Fond-de-la-vallée-de-Cheylade-dpt-Cantal-DSC 2480.jpg | photo2b = Rhue D679 pont Faux Monnayeurs aval.JPG | photo2a = Truyère Grandval.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 | foot_montage = }} | image_alt = | image_caption = From top down, left to right: Château de Réghaud and surrounding landscape, Truyère river, Rhue river and Cheylade | image_flag = Drapeau fr département Cantal.svg | flag_alt = | image_shield = Blason département fr Cantal.svg | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Cantal-Position.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Cantal in France | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|45|2|N|3|6|E|region:FR_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = France | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = Prefecture | seat = Aurillac | parts_type = Subprefectures | parts_style = para | p1 = Mauriac Saint-Flour | government_footnotes = | leader_party = LR | leader_title = President of the Departmental Council | leader_name = Bruno Faure | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = {{ref|area|1}} | area_total_km2 = 5726 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 145969 | population_as_of = 2016 | population_rank = 97th | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = Department number | blank_info_sec1 = 15 | blank_name_sec2 = Arrondissements | blank_info_sec2 = 3 | blank1_name_sec2 = Cantons | blank1_info_sec2 = 15 | blank2_name_sec2 = Communes | blank2_info_sec2 = 246 | timezone1 = CET | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = CEST | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2 }} Cantal ({{IPA-fr|kɑ̃tal}}) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France, with its prefecture in Aurillac. Its other principal towns are Saint-Flour (the episcopal see) and Mauriac and its residents are known as Cantalians ({{lang-fr|Cantaliens}} or {{lang|fr|Cantalous}}). Cantal borders the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Aveyron, Lot, Lozère and Corrèze, in the Massif Central natural region. Along with Lozère and Creuse, Cantal is among the most sparsely populated and geographically isolated departments of France and Aurillac is the departmental capital farthest removed from a major motorway. It had a population of 145,969 in 2016, making it the country's 97th most populated department. EtymologyThe department is named for the Plomb du Cantal, the central peak of the bare and rugged mounts of Cantal (French: Monts du Cantal) mountain chain which traverses the area.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Geography{{hatnote|See also: Arrondissements of Cantal, Cantons of Cantal and Communes of Cantal}}Cantal lies in the middle of France's central plateau.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} The Cantal range is a group of extinct and eroded volcanic peaks. Its highest point is the Plomb du Cantal, which reaches an elevation of {{convert|1858|m|sp=us}}.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} Its neighbors are Puy Mary (elev. {{convert|1787|m|disp=or|sp=us}}) and Puy Chavaroche (elev. {{convert|5722|ft|disp=or|sp=us}}). To their north lie the {{lang|fr|Cézallier}} and Dore ranges and the arid Artense Plateau. Immediately to their east is the fertile Planèze Plateau, bound on its east by the {{lang|fr|Monts de la Margeride}}.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} The principal rivers are the Alagnon, which is tributary to the Allier; the Celle and Truyère, tributary to the Lot; and the Cère and Rhue, tributary to the Dordogne.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} At an elevation of {{convert|250|m|sp=us|0}} above sea level, the low point of the province lies in the Lot valley.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The Truyère valley skirts the Planèze on the south and divides it from the {{lang|fr|Monts d'Aubrac}}, whose foothills include the thermal springs of Chaudesaigues. The western area of the department consists of grassy plateaus and beautiful river valleys.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} At first, Cantal was divided into four arrondissements—Aurillac, Mauriac, Saint-Flour and Murat (later merged with Saint-Flour).{{sfnp|EB|1878}}{{sfnp|EB|1911}} ClimateThe climate of the department varies considerably.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Prevailing winds and mountain ranges divide Cantal into four climatic zones:
Generally, the weather is mild and dry in the alluvial plain between Murat and Saint-Flour and around Aurillac, while summer storms and winters can be long and severe in the northern and central areas.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} The west—nearer precipitation coming in from the Atlantic—is well watered.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} There is abundant snowfall which can remain up to six months on the mountaintops. Winter temperatures can fall to below {{convert|-15|°C|0|abbr=on}}, whereas in summer {{convert|25|°C|0|abbr=on}} is often reached. The southern part of the department, on its borders with Aveyron and Lot, is the hottest region. Aurillac averaged 2080 hours of sunlight per year over the period from 1991 to 2000. Fog is rare and disappears quickly. Wind is usually not very strong, but the lightning flashes in this department are among the most spectacular in France. Televised French weather forecasts often note Aurillac as the coldest city in France in the mornings. This status should be understood in light of their derivation from temperature readings by {{lang|fr|Météo-France}}. Of the 30 cities included on its maps, Aurillac is by far the one with the highest altitude, at {{convert|640|m|sp=us|abbr=on|0}} above sea level. HistoryThe area of Cantal was historically part of the southern, upper area of Auvergne ({{lang|fr|Haute-Auvergne}}).{{sfnp|EB|1878}}{{sfnp|EB|1911}} Cantal is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} Prior to the First World War, it comprised parts of the XIII. Army Corps military region and the Clermont-Ferrand educational division ({{lang|fr|académie}}).{{sfnp|EB|1911}} Diocese of CantalAfter the 1790 Constitution Civile du Clergé, the Diocese of Saint-Flour in Cantal (whose bishop refused to swear the republican oath of allegiance, constituting a schism from Rome) was among the almost half of the French sees being abolished to realign the new bishoprics to coincide with the new departments, such as Cantal, where outsider parish priest Anne-Alexandre-Marie Thibault was elected Bishop. It was formally abolished in turn after the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 (Thibault refusing to resign), in favor of the reinstated bishopric of Saint Poul, but actually retained the departemental borders. EconomyThe climate being generally too cool and damp for grain, much of Cantal is given over to pasture for Aubrac and Salers cattle, sheep, and, formerly, horses. This in turn supports a dairy industry responsible for butter and Roquefort cheese{{sfnp|EB|1878}} and the appellation-controlled cheeses Cantal, Salers, and Bleu d'Auvergne. Cantal is the French department with the greatest number of appellation-controlled cheeses,[1] although proper Roquefort is now restricted to cheese produced in the Aveyron department. The region's mineral products include coal, copper, lead, iron, antimony, granite, slate{{sfnp|EB|1878}} and lime,{{sfnp|EB|1911}} but the department's isolation and poor infrastructure long precluded their exploitation.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} Before the First World War, the primary exports were livestock, cheese, butter, and coal and the main imports were coal, wine, grain, flour, and pottery. By then, it had been connected to both the Orleans and Midi railways.{{sfnp|EB|1911}} Traditionally, many Cantalians roamed France during the year plying humble trades{{sfnp|EB|1878}}{{sfnp|EB|1911}} but now the area's relative lack of industry and development permits tourism. An area has been set aside as the Auvergne Volcanos Regional Park ({{lang|fr|Parc Regional des Volcans d’Auvergne}}). DemographicsCantal was historically dominated by the Occitan language.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The official population count for 2013 was 147,000.[2] The population peaked at 262,117 in 1836. It has been below 200,000 for the last 90 years. The department has experienced a particularly drastic level of depopulation, although the phenomenon was a feature of many of the country's rural departments throughout the twentieth century, as agricultural wages failed to keep pace with those available in the industrialising regions outside the department. TourismArchitectureThe department counts several remarkable buildings. Among them, the Romanesque religious buildings like the churches of Cheylade (eleventh century), Dieno or Massiac.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The area's Catholic cathedral—dependent on the archdiocese of Bourges—is the 15th-century St Pierre de St-Flour,{{sfnp|EB|1911}} erected in the Gothic style.
Festivals
ArtThe characteristic folk dance in Cantal is La Bourrée. In the countryside it would be danced in folk costumes with accompaniment by accordion. The dance form was long ago adapted for use in courtly music and features prominently in the Baroque dance suites of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Prominent museums in Cantal include:
Cuisine{{main|French cuisine}}The traditional articles of Cantalian cuisine were rye, buckwheat, and chestnuts,{{sfnp|EB|1878}} as well as ham, cheese, and vegetables. The area's simple recipes were designed to satisfy hill farmers and herders. Notable dishes include:{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
Outdoor activitiesIn the 19th century, the hills and valleys abounded with game and the streams with fish, the countryside producing a "vast variety" of aromatic and medicinal plants.{{sfnp|EB|1878}} At present, the most visited places are Puy Mary, the Plomb du Cantal, the village of Salers, and the gorges of the Truyère (with the Garabit viaduct, the castle of Alleuze, and the towns of Boisset, Pierrefort). The Parc Naturel des Volcans d’Auvergne features several inactive volcanoes. Cantal also has numerous castles. Puy Mary can be accessed by car easily. and is accessible to hikers. It is also possible to hike to the nearby Puy de Peyre-Arse(1806m). Le Lioran or Super-Lioran are the best places to start the hike. Le Lioran is accessible by rail or bus and Super-Lioran is just a kilometre away from Le Lioran. From Super-Lioran it is also possible to hike to Plomb du Cantal. There is also an option of taking the cable car to Plomb du Cantal from Super-Lioran. Super-Lioran tourist office has various hike routes in the region. There are also various adventure courses, dirt bikes, summer luges etc. that run in Super-Lioran. Among the various activities offered in this department, the "Massif Cantalien" can be discovered through walking, horseback riding or mountain biking excursions (tracks are especially designed for this). Aquatic sports are also popular, thanks to numerous lakes. The department also offers more classical activities such as mountaineering, canoeing and fishing. The landscape also allows the practice of free flight: base jumpers frequent the sector around the Puy Mary and the Brezon valley. Thanks to its terrain, Cantal can count on a good snow level, which allows winter sports. The station of Le Lioran, largest ski-resort of the Massif Central offers alpine skiing (with specific adaptations for snowboard) and ice-skating. Excursions in snow shoes are also possible. The department has several hundred kilometres of cross-country skiing tracks. PoliticsThis staunchly Catholic department is an old stronghold of the French Right and was the electoral base of the late Georges Pompidou. Only the area around Aurillac, historically anti-clerical and Radical, has some left-wing support. The current president of the general council is Vincent Descoeur of the Union for a Popular Movement, presently the main opposition party in France. Paul Doumer, French president from May 1931 to May 1932, was born in Aurillac in this department.
Current National Assembly Representatives
Notes1. ^{{citation |contribution-url=http://www.cantaltourisme.fr/cantal-specialites/specialites-cantal.html |contribution=Specialities |title=Cantal Tourisme |language=fr}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/pages2015/pdf/dep15.pdf|title=Populations légales 2013 - Insee|author=|date=|website=www.insee.fr|accessdate=22 March 2018}} 3. ^http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ References
External links{{Commons|Cantal}}
4 : Cantal|Massif Central|1790 establishments in France|Departments of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
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