| 词条 | City Hall, London |
| 释义 |
| name = City Hall | former_names = | alternate_names = | image = London City Hall.jpg | alt = | caption = City Hall | map_type = Central London | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of City Hall in Central London | altitude = | building_type = Town hall | architectural_style = Neo-futurism | structural_system = | cost = | ren_cost = | address = The Queen's Walk London, {{postcode|SE|1}} United Kingdom | client = | owner = More London Development Ltd. | current_tenants = Greater London Authority | landlord = | coordinates = {{Coord|51|30|17.26|N|0|4|43.13|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}} | start_date = | completion_date = {{Start date and age|2002|df=yes}} | inauguration_date = | renovation_date = | demolition_date = | destruction_date = | height = 45 m[1] | diameter = | other_dimensions = | floor_count = | floor_area = | main_contractor = | architect = Norman Foster | architecture_firm = Foster and Partners | structural_engineer = Arup | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | awards = | ren_architect = | ren_firm = | ren_str_engineer = | ren_serv_engineer = | ren_civ_engineer = | ren_oth_designers = | ren_qty_surveyor = | ren_awards = | website = {{URL|http://www.london.gov.uk/city-hall}} | references = }} City Hall is the headquarters of the Greater London Authority (GLA), which comprises the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. It is located in Southwark, on the south bank of the River Thames near Tower Bridge. It was designed by Norman Foster and opened in July 2002, two years after the Greater London Authority was created. BackgroundFor the first two years of its existence, the Greater London Authority was based at Romney House, Marsham Street in Westminster.[2] Meetings of the London Assembly took place at Emmanuel Centre, also on Marsham Street.[3] City Hall was constructed at a cost of £43 million[4] on a site formerly occupied by wharves serving the Pool of London. The building does not belong to the GLA but is leased under a 25-year rent.[5] Despite its name, City Hall is not in and does not serve a city (according to UK law), which often adds to the confusion of Greater London with the City of London, which has its headquarters at Guildhall. In June 2011, Mayor Boris Johnson announced that for the duration of the London 2012 Olympic Games, the building would be called London House.[6] The predecessors of the Greater London Authority, the Greater London Council and the London County Council, had their headquarters at County Hall, upstream on the South Bank. Although County Hall's old council chamber is still intact, the building is unavailable for use by the GLA because of its conversion into, among other things, a luxury hotel, amusement arcade and aquarium. DesignThe building has an unusual, bulbous shape, purportedly intended to reduce its surface area and thus improve energy efficiency, although the excess energy consumption caused by the exclusive use of glass (in a double facade) overwhelms the benefit of shape. Despite claiming the building "demonstrates the potential for a sustainable, virtually non-polluting public building",[7] energy use measurements have shown this building to be fairly inefficient in terms of energy use (375 kWh/m2/yr), with a 2012 Display Energy Performance Certificate rating of "E".[8] It has been compared variously to a helmet (either Darth Vader's or simply a motorcyclist's), a misshapen egg, and a woodlouse. Former mayor Ken Livingstone referred to it as a "glass testicle",[9][10] while his successor, Boris Johnson, made the same comparison using a different word, "The Glass Gonad"[11] and more politely as "The Onion". Its designers reportedly saw it as a giant sphere hanging over the Thames, but opted for a more conventionally rooted building instead. It has no front or back in conventional terms but derives its shape from a modified sphere. A 500-metre (1,640 ft) helical walkway ascends the full ten stories. At the top is an exhibition and meeting space called "London's Living Room", with an open viewing deck which is occasionally open to the public. The walkway provides views of the interior of the building, and is intended to symbolise transparency; a similar device was used by Foster in his design for the rebuilt Reichstag (parliament), when Germany's capital was moved back to Berlin. In 2006 it was announced that photovoltaic cells would be fitted to the building by the London Climate Change Agency. The council chamber is located at the bottom of the helical stairway. The seats and desks for Assembly Members are arranged in a circular form (like the Round Table) with no clearly defined "head", podium, or chair where a speaker, council chairperson, or mayor might be seated. Raised tiers of seats for visitors or observers are located to one side. LocationThe building is located on the River Thames in the London Borough of Southwark, as part of the extended pedestrianised South Bank. It forms part of a larger development called More London, including offices and shops. Next to City Hall is a sunken amphitheatre called The Scoop, which is used in the summer months for open-air performances; it is not, however, part of the GLA's jurisdiction. The Scoop and surrounding landscape were designed by Townshend Landscape Architects. The nearest London Underground and National Rail station is London Bridge. References1. ^City Hall on Emporis.com 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/view_press_release_a.jsp?releaseid=118 |title=Greater London Authority – Press Release |publisher=Legacy.london.gov.uk |date=15 March 2001 |accessdate=2012-08-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821125800/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/view_press_release_a.jsp?releaseid=118 |archivedate=21 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/assembly/assemmtgs/2000/assem24may/agenda_24-05_2.jsp |title=London Assembly meeting – 24 May 2000 |publisher=Legacy.london.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-08-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817034524/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/assembly/assemmtgs/2000/assem24may/agenda_24-05_2.jsp |archivedate=17 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 4. ^[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Ijw0_MjOtlMJ:www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/briefings-04/sb04-60.pdf+construction+cost+of+GLA+city+hall&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi4vu_Sk2l-MlW8fgbTuCZEj "SPICe Briefing" Retrieved on 2010-03-01] 5. ^"Inside City Hall" Retrieved 2010-03-01 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604132134/http://www.london.gov.uk/learning/docs/inside_city_hall.pdf |date=4 June 2011 }} 6. ^{{cite web|author=London SE1 website team London SE1 community website |url=http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/5238 |title=City Hall to be renamed ‘London House’ during 2012 Olympics [15 April 2011] |publisher=London-se1.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-08-15}} 7. ^http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/1027/default.aspx 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2008/oct/02/energyefficiency.carbonemissions?intcmp=239#/?picture=338198107&index=5|title=Public building CO2 footprints revealed|author=Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images|work=the Guardian|accessdate=14 September 2015}} 9. ^{{cite news | url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,518246,00.html | author=Deyan Sudjic | title=A thoroughly modernising mayor | publisher=The Observer | date=8 July 2001 | accessdate=23 January 2010}} 10. ^{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm | title=Inside London's new 'glass egg' | publisher=BBC News| date=16 July 2002 | accessdate=23 January 2010}} 11. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article5394230.ece | author= Stephen Robinson | publisher=The Sunday Times |title=Is Boris on an upward spiral at last? | date=28 December 2008 | accessdate=23 January 2010}} External links{{commons category|City Hall, London}}
11 : Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Southwark|Lattice shell structures|Buildings and structures completed in 2002|Norman Foster buildings|High-tech architecture|City and town halls in London|Greater London Authority|Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Southwark|Privately owned public spaces|Neo-futurism architecture|2002 establishments in England |
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