| 词条 | Cloxacillin |
| 释义 |
| verifiedrevid = 460045783 | IUPAC_name = (2S,5R,6R)-6[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl- oxazole-4-carbonyl]amino3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo- 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid | image = Cloxacillin.svg | image2 = Cloxacillin ball-and-stick.png | tradename = Cloxapen, others | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|CONS|cloxacillin}} | pregnancy_US = B | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = by mouth, IM | bioavailability = 37 to 90% | protein_bound = 95% | metabolism = | elimination_half-life = 30 minutes to 1 hour | excretion = kidney and biliary | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 61-72-3 | ATC_prefix = J01 | ATC_suffix = CF02 | ATC_supplemental = {{ATCvet|J51|CF02}} {{ATCvet|S01|AA90}} | PubChem = 6098 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB01147 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 5873 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = O6X5QGC2VB | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D07733 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 49566 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 891 | C=19 | H=18 | Cl=1 | N=3 | O=5 | S=1 | molecular_weight = 435.88 g/mol | smiles = O=C(O)[C@@H]3N4C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)c2c(onc2c1ccccc1Cl)C)[C@H]4SC3(C)C | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C19H18ClN3O5S/c1-8-11(12(22-28-8)9-6-4-5-7-10(9)20)15(24)21-13-16(25)23-14(18(26)27)19(2,3)29-17(13)23/h4-7,13-14,17H,1-3H3,(H,21,24)(H,26,27)/t13-,14+,17-/m1/s1 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = LQOLIRLGBULYKD-JKIFEVAISA-N }}Cloxacillin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.[1] This includes impetigo, cellulitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, and otitis externa.[1] It is not effective for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).[3] It is used by mouth and by injection.[1] Side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis.[1] Clostridium difficile diarrhea may also occur.[3] It is not recommended in people who have previously had a penicillin allergy.[1] Use during pregnancy appears to be relatively safe.[1] Cloxacillin is in the penicillin family of medications.[3] Cloxacillin was patented in 1960 and approved for medical use in 1965.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[3] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.16 per day for the pills.[4] It is not commercially available in the United States.[5] Mechanism of actionIt is semisynthetic and in the same class as penicillin. Cloxacillin is used against staphylococci that produce beta-lactamase, due to its large R chain, which does not allow the beta-lactamases to bind. This drug has a weaker antibacterial activity than benzylpenicillin, and is devoid of serious toxicity except for allergic reactions. Society and cultureCloxacillin was discovered and developed by Beecham.[6] It is sold under a number of trade names, including Cloxapen, Cloxacap, Tegopen and Orbenin. See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|date=2009|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9789241547659|pages=110, 586|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf|accessdate=8 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213060118/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=}} {{PenicillinAntiBiotics}}{{antibiotic-stub}}{{portal bar|Pharmacy and pharmacology|Medicine}}2. ^{{cite book|last1=Fischer|first1=Janos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=490|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA490|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081307/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA490|archivedate=2016-12-20|df=}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052708/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Cloxacillin Sodium|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=204&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=8 December 2016}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Cloxacillin (Professional Patient Advice)|url=https://www.drugs.com/ppa/cloxacillin.html|website=www.drugs.com|accessdate=10 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220224426/https://www.drugs.com/ppa/cloxacillin.html|archivedate=20 December 2016|df=}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=David Greenwood|title=Antimicrobial drugs: chronicle of a twentieth century medical triumph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4_FZHmzjzwC&pg=PA124|accessdate=18 November 2010|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=978-0-19-953484-5|pages=124–|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606115416/http://books.google.com/books?id=i4_FZHmzjzwC&pg=PA124|archivedate=6 June 2013|df=}} 6 : Penicillins|World Health Organization essential medicines|Isoxazoles|Enantiopure drugs|Chloroarenes|RTT |
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