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词条 Creighton Abrams
释义

  1. Military career

     Early career  World War II  Interbellum and Korean War  Staff assignments and division command  Vietnam War  Chief of Staff 

  2. Personal life

  3. Awards and decorations

  4. Dates of rank

  5. Notes

  6. Citations

  7. References

  8. External links

{{short description|United States Army General}}{{sources|date=February 2017}}{{Infobox military person
|name= Creighton Abrams Jr.
|image= GEN Creighton W Abrams.JPG
|image_size= 230
|alt=
|caption= General Creighton W. Abrams
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1914|9|15}}
|birth_place= Springfield, Massachusetts
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1974|9|4|1914|9|14}}
|death_place= Walter Reed General Hospital, Washington, D.C.
|placeofburial= Arlington National Cemetery
|allegiance= United States
|branch= United States Army
|serviceyears= 1936–1974
|rank= General
|unit=
|commands= Chief of Staff of the United States Army
Military Assistance Command, Vietnam
V Corps
3rd Armored Division
2d Armored Cavalry Regiment
63rd Armor Regiment
Combat Command B, 4th Armored Division
37th Tank Battalion
|battles= World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
|awards= Distinguished Service Cross (2)
Defense Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Army Distinguished Service Medal (5)
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Silver Star (2)
Legion of Merit (2)
Bronze Star Medal
Joint Service Commendation Medal
|relations= Brigadier General Creighton W. Abrams III (son)
General John N. Abrams (son)
General Robert B. Abrams (son)
|laterwork=
}}Creighton Williams Abrams Jr. (September 15, 1914 – September 4, 1974) was a United States Army general who commanded military operations in the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972,[1][2] which saw United States troop strength in South Vietnam reduced from a peak of 543,000 to 49,000. He was then Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1972 until his death.[1][2]

In 1980, the United States Army named its then new main battle tank, the M1 Abrams, after him. The IG Farben building in Germany was also named after Abrams from 1975 to 1995.

Military career

Early career

Abrams graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1936 (ranked 185th of 276 in the class),[3][4] and served with the 1st Cavalry Division from 1936 to 1940, being promoted to first lieutenant in 1939 and temporary captain in 1940.

Abrams became an armor officer early in the development of that branch and served as a tank company commander in the 1st Armored Division in 1940.

World War II

During World War II, Abrams served in the 4th Armored Division, initially as regimental adjutant (June 1941 – June 1942), battalion commander (July 1942 – March 1943), and regiment executive officer (March 1943 – September 1943) with the 37th Armor Regiment. In September 1943, a reorganization of the division redesignated the 37th Armor Regiment to the 37th Tank Battalion, which Abrams commanded; he also commanded Combat Command B of the division during the Battle of the Bulge.

During this time Abrams was promoted to the temporary ranks of major (February 1942), lieutenant colonel (September 1942), and colonel (April 1945). Abrams was promoted to lieutenant colonel only 11 days before his 28th birthday.

During much of this time, the 4th Armored Division (led by the 37th Tank Battalion) was the spearhead for General George S. Patton's Third Army, and he was consequently well known as an aggressive armor commander. By using his qualities as a leader and by consistently exploiting the relatively small advantages of speed and reliability of his vehicles, he managed to defeat German forces that had the advantage of superior armor and superior guns. He was twice decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism on September 20 and December 26, 1944. General George Patton said of him: "I'm supposed to be the best tank commander in the Army, but I have one peer — Abe Abrams. He's the world champion."[5] Frequently the spearhead of the Third Army during World War II, Abrams was one of the leaders in the relief effort that broke up the German entrenchments surrounding Bastogne and the 101st Airborne Division during the Battle of the Bulge. In April 1945, he was promoted to (temporary (brevet)) colonel but reverted to lieutenant colonel during the post-war demobilization. On April 23, 1945, Will Lang Jr. wrote a biography of Abrams called "Colonel Abe" for Life.

Interbellum and Korean War

Following the war, Abrams served on the Army General Staff (1945–46), as head of the department of tactics at the Armored School, Fort Knox (1946–48), and graduated from the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth (1949).

Abrams commanded the 63rd Tank Battalion, part of the 1st Infantry Division, in Europe (1949–51). He was again promoted to colonel and commanded the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (1951–52). These units were important assignments due to the Cold War concern for potential invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union. He then attended and graduated from the Army War College in 1953.

Due to Abrams' service in Europe and his War College tour, he joined the Korean War late in the conflict. He successively served as chief of staff of the I, X, and IX Corps in Korea (1953–1954).

Staff assignments and division command

Upon Abrams' return from Korea, he served as Chief of Staff of the Armor Center, Fort Knox (1954–56). He was promoted to brigadier general and appointed deputy chief of staff for reserve components at the Pentagon (1956–59). He was assistant division commander of 3rd Armored Division (1959–60) and then commanded the division (1960–62) upon his promotion to major general. He was transferred to the Pentagon as deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (1962–63), then was promoted to lieutenant general and commanded V Corps in Europe (1963–1964).

Abrams was on the cover of Time magazine three times in ten years: 1961 (October 13),[6] 1968 (April 19),[7] and 1971 (February 15).[8]

Vietnam War

Abrams was promoted to general in 1964 and appointed Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army, but not before being seriously considered as a candidate for Chief of Staff. Due to concerns about the conduct of the Vietnam War, he was appointed as deputy to his West Point classmate, General William Westmoreland, commander of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, in May 1967.

Abrams succeeded Westmoreland as commander on June 10, 1968, although his tenure of command was not marked by the public optimism of his predecessors, who were prone to press conferences and public statements. While Westmoreland had for years run the war using search-and-destroy tactics, these gave way to the clear-and-hold strategies that Abrams was keen to implement. Under his authority, American forces were broken up into small units that would live with and train the South Vietnamese civilians to defend their villages from guerrilla or conventional Northern incursions with heavy weapons. Abrams also devoted vastly more time than his predecessor had to expanding, training, and equipping the ARVN.

In contrast to Westmoreland, Abrams implemented counterinsurgency tactics that focused on winning the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese rural population. A joint military-civilian organization named Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support under CIA official William Colby carried out the hearts and minds programs. According to a colonel cited in Men's Journal, there was more continuity than change in Vietnam after Abrams succeeded Westmoreland.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|'That claim touches a nerve when put to Gentile. "We don't know how Iraq is going to turn out", he snaps. With that, the colonel returns to his binders. They hold reams of cable communiqués from Vietnam war commander General William Westmoreland and his successor, General Creighton Abrams. Westmoreland embodied the traditional approach: a hard-charging, hammer-swinging leader who used search-and-destroy tactics that focused on the enemy. Abrams favored counterinsurgency methods, and focused on winning the hearts and minds of the population.

History remembers Westmoreland poorly for his role in Vietnam, and Abrams as the general who would have rescued victory if he hadn't run out of time. Gentile feels otherwise. "People think we were losing in Vietnam, and oh, a better general with better tactics came in and saved the day," he says, waving his arms for emphasis. "Nonsense." That's what led Gentile to dig through antique war correspondence from two dead generals. "There was more continuity than change in Vietnam after Abrams arrived," he says — people have it backward. And in a way he's right: Westmoreland once declared that the jungles of Vietnam were "no place for either tank or mechanized infantry units." And Abrams — well, the Army named a tank after the guy." Abrams, Gentile feels, showed up just in time to snatch the scraps of glory.'- quoted from Matthew Teague in Men's Journal[9]}}

This hearts and minds strategy was successful in reducing the influence of the guerrilla forces in South Vietnam, but the Vietnam War increasingly became a conventional war between the military forces of South Vietnam and North Vietnam. Following the election of President Richard Nixon, Abrams began implementing the Nixon Doctrine referred to as Vietnamization. The doctrine aimed to decrease United States involvement in Vietnam. With this new goal, Abrams had decreased American troop strength from a peak of 543,000 in early 1969 to 49,000 in June 1972. The South Vietnamese forces with aerial support from the United States repelled a full-scale NVA Easter Offensive in 1972.

That same year, Abrams stepped down from the Military Assistance Command. However, while Abrams was changing the way the war was fought, the prolonged efforts and expense of the war had by then exhausted much of the American public and political support. Abrams disdained most of the politicians with whom he was forced to deal, in particular Robert McNamara and McGeorge Bundy, and had an even lower opinion of defense contractors whom he accused of war profiteering.

Abrams was also in charge of the Cambodian Incursion in 1970. President Nixon seemed to hold Abrams in high regard, and often relied on his advice. In a tape-recorded conversation between Nixon and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger on December 9, 1970, Nixon told Kissinger about Abrams' thoughts on intervention in Cambodia that: "If Abrams strongly recommends it we will do it."[10] Troop levels in Vietnam eventually reached 25,000 in January 1973, at the time of the four power Paris Peace Accords. Although it occurred before he assumed total command, Abrams bore the brunt of fallout from the My Lai massacre in March 1968.

Chief of Staff

Abrams was appointed Chief of Staff of the United States Army by Nixon in June 1972.[11] However, he was not confirmed by the United States Senate until October, due to political repercussions involving accusations of unauthorized bombings. It has also been reported that Congress had delayed the confirmation to question the administration's war in Cambodia. During this time, Abrams began the transition to the all-volunteer army, also known as Project VOLAR.

In January 1974, Abrams directed the formation of a Ranger battalion. The 1st Battalion (Ranger), 75th Infantry, was activated and parachuted into Fort Stewart, Georgia, on July 1; the 2nd Battalion (Ranger), 75th Infantry followed with activation on October 1. The 3rd Battalion, 75th Infantry (Ranger), and Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 75th Infantry (Ranger), received their colors a decade later on October 3, 1984, at Fort Benning, Georgia. The 75th Ranger Regiment was designated in February 1986.[12] The modern Ranger battalions owe their existence to Abrams and his charter:

{{quote|The battalion is to be an elite, light, and the most proficient infantry in the world. A battalion that can do things with its hands and weapons better than anyone. The battalion will contain no 'hoodlums or brigands' and if the battalion is formed from such persons, it will be disbanded. Wherever the battalion goes, it must be apparent that it is the best.}}

Abrams served as Chief of Staff until his death on September 4, 1974.

Personal life

Born and raised in Springfield, Massachusetts, he was the son of Nellie Louise (Randall) and Creighton Abrams, a railroad worker.[13] Abrams married Julia Berthe Harvey {{nowrap|(1915–2003)}} in 1936. She founded the army group of Arlington Ladies and devoted time to humanitarian causes.[14]

The Abramses had three sons and three daughters. All three sons became Army general officers: retired Brigadier General Creighton Williams Abrams III, General John Nelson Abrams, and General Robert Bruce Abrams. Daughters Noel Bradley, Jeanne Daley, and Elizabeth Doyle all married army officers.

Abrams converted to Catholicism during his time in Vietnam; he was raised as Methodist Protestant.[15][16]

A heavy cigar smoker, Abrams died at age 59 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., from complications of surgery to remove a cancerous lung.[2] He is buried with his wife Julia in Section 21 of Arlington National Cemetery. She died at age 87 on January 31, 2003, also at Walter Reed.

Awards and decorations

His awards and decorations include:

number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg|width=106}}Distinguished Service Cross with bronze oak leaf cluster
number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}Defense Distinguished Service Medal with bronze oak leaf cluster
number=4|type=oak|ribbon=Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}Army Distinguished Service Medal with four bronze oak leaf clusters
number=|type=oak|ribbon=Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_ribbon.svg|width=106}}Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Silver_Star_ribbon.svg|width=106}}Silver Star with bronze oak leaf cluster
number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=106}}Legion of Merit with bronze oak leaf cluster
number=0|type=oak|other_device=v|ribbon=Bronze Star ribbon.svg|width=106}}Bronze Star Medal with V device
number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Joint_Service_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}Joint Service Commendation Medal
number=|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}American Defense Service Medal
number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}American Campaign Medal
number=4|type=service-star|ribbon=European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg|width=106}}European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with four bronze campaign stars
number=|type=service-star|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}World War II Victory Medal
number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg|width=106}}Army of Occupation Medal
number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}National Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star
number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=Korean_Service_Medal_-_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}Korean Service Medal with bronze campaign star
number=10|type=service-star|ribbon=Vietnam_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}Vietnam Service Medal with two silver campaign stars
number=|type=oak|ribbon=United_Nations_Korea_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}United Nations Korea Medal
number=|type=service-star|ribbon=Republic of Korea War Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}Korean War Service Medal

  Army Presidential Unit Citation

  Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation (Army Version)

Dates of rank

Insignia Rank Component Date
Cadet United States Military Academy {{Start date|1932|07|01}}
Second lieutenant Regular Army {{Start date|1936|06|12}}
 First lieutenant Regular Army {{Start date|1939|06|12}}
 Captain Army of the United States {{Start date|1940|09|09}}
 Major Army of the United States {{Start date|1942|02|01}}
 Lieutenant colonel Army of the United States 1942|09|03}}
 Colonel Army of the United States {{Start date|1945|04|21}}
 Lieutenant colonel Army of the United States {{Start date|1946|06|01}}
 Captain Regular Army {{Start date|1946|06|12}}
 Major Regular Army {{Start date|1948|07|01}}[17]
 Colonel Army of the United States {{Start date|1951|06|29}}
 Lieutenant colonel Regular Army {{Start date|1953|07|07}}
 Brigadier general Army of the United States {{Start date|1956|02|07}}
USAO8-2015|133}}  Major general Army of the United States {{Start date|1960|11|28}}
USAO6-2015|133}}  Colonel Regular Army {{Start date|1961|06|12}}
USAO7-2015|133}}  Brigadier general Regular Army {{Start date|1962|07|19}}
USAO8-2015|133}}  Major general Regular Army {{Start date|1963|05|23}}
USAO9-2015|133}}  Lieutenant general Army of the United States {{Start date|1963|08|01}}
USAO10-2015|133}}  General Army of the United States {{Start date|1964|09|04}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

Citations

1. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/04/archives/army-chief-abrams-dies-at-59-directed-us-forces-in-vietnam-tough.html |work=New York Times |agency=Associated Press |title=Army Chief Abrams dies at 59, directed U.S. forces in Vietnam |date=September 4, 1974 |page=1}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vB5OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NO0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6785%2C1397051 |work=Spokesman-Review |location=(Spokane, Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title=Gen. Abrams dead at 59 |date=September 4, 1974 |page=1}}
3. ^Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography; Trevor N. Dupuy, Curt Johnson, David L. Bongard; HarperCollins 1992
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/18/us/bruce-palmer-jr-87-led-forces-in-vietnam.html|last=Stout|first=David|title=Bruce Palmer Jr., 87; Led Forces in Vietnam|date=2000-10-18|newspaper=The New York Times}}
5. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836935,00.html | work=Time | title=Nation: Pattern's Peer | date=April 14, 1967}}
6. ^{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19611013,00.html |magazine=Time |title=Third Armored's General Abrams |date=October 13, 1961|page=(cover)}}
7. ^{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19680419,00.html |magazine=Time |title=General Creighton Abrams |date=April 19, 1968|page=(cover)}}
8. ^{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19710215,00.html |magazine=Time |title=General Creighton Abrams |date=February 15, 1971 |page=(cover)}}
9. ^{{Cite web|title=Is This Any Way to Fight a War?|url=http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/print-view/is-this-any-way-to-fight-a-war-20131108|website=Men's Journal|last=Teague|first=Matthew|date=December 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311025404/http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/print-view/is-this-any-way-to-fight-a-war-20131108|archivedate=2014-03-11|df=}}
10. ^Mr. Kissinger/The President (tape)
11. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YO9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Fu0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6864%2C1902645 |work=Spokesman-Review |location=(Spokane, Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title=Army's top job goes to Abrams |date=June 21, 1972 |page=1}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/ranger/heritage.html|title=Heritage – United States Army Rangers|work=United States Army|accessdate=12 May 2016}} {{PD-notice}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://3ad.com/history/cold.war/abrams.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-02-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140218050756/http://3ad.com/history/cold.war/abrams.htm |archivedate=2014-02-18 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|last=O'Neill|first=Helen|title=Special lady for each Arlington soldier-Volunteers honor troops and make sure none is buried alone|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37416579/ns/us_news-life/|publisher=MSNBC.com|accessdate=30 May 2010}}
15. ^fpri.org
16. ^scout.com
17. ^{{Cite book|title=Official Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Army, 1948|volume=I|date=1948|page=7}}

References

{{Portal|Biography|United States Army|World War II}}{{Refbegin}}
  • Sorley, Lewis. Thunderbolt: General Creighton Abrams and the army of his time. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992. {{ISBN|0-671-70115-0}}
  • Sorely, Lewis. "A better war. The unexamined victories and final tragedy of America's last years in Vietnam". Orlando: Harcourt, 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-15-100266-5}}
{{Refend}}

External links

{{Commons category}}
  • Arlington Cemetery website
  • Interview with Lewis Sorley on Vietnam Chronicles: The Abrams Tapes 1968–1972 at the Pritzker Military Library
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20040206222121/http://www.bartleby.com/63/8/1208.html Source of quotes]
  • HistoryNet – Nixon-Abrams clash
  • {{Find a Grave|2}}
{{s-start}}{{S-mil}}{{s-bef|before=Barksdale Hamlett}}{{s-ttl|title=Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army|years=1964–1967}}{{s-aft|after=Ralph E. Haines Jr.}}
|-{{s-bef|before=William Westmoreland}}{{s-ttl|title=Commander, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam|years=1968–1972}}{{s-aft|after=Frederick C. Weyand|rows=2}}
|-{{s-bef|before=Bruce Palmer Jr.}}{{s-ttl|title=Chief of Staff of the United States Army|years=1972–1974}}{{S-end}}{{US Army Chiefs of Staff}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Abrams, Creighton}}

23 : 1914 births|1974 deaths|American army personnel of the Korean War|American army personnel of the Vietnam War|American army personnel of World War II|Burials at Arlington National Cemetery|Joint Chiefs of Staff|Military personnel from Massachusetts|People from Springfield, Massachusetts|Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal|Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)|Recipients of the Legion of Merit|Recipients of the Silver Star|Tank commanders|United States Army Chiefs of Staff|United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni|United States Army generals|United States Army Vice Chiefs of Staff|United States Military Academy alumni|United States Army War College alumni|Converts to Roman Catholicism from Methodism|Catholics from Massachusetts
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