“Culture of Georgia (country)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The culture of Georgia has evolved over the country's long history, providing it with a unique national culture and a strong literary tradition based on the Georgian language and alphabet. This has provided a strong sense of national identity that has helped to preserve Georgian distinctiveness despite repeated periods of foreign occupation.

Culture of Old Georgia

The Georgian alphabet is traditionally said to have been invented in the 3rd century BC and reformed by King Parnavaz I of Iberia in 284 BC. Most modern scholarship puts its origin date at some time in the 5th century AD, when the earliest examples can be found.

Georgia's medieval culture was greatly influenced by Eastern Orthodox Christianity and the Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church, which promoted and often sponsored the creation of many works of religious devotion. These included churches and monasteries, works of art such as icons, and hagiographies of Georgian saints. In addition, many secular works of national history, mythology, and hagiography were also written.

Ecclesiastical art

Medieval Georgian icons are renowned as being among the finest creations of Orthodox religious art. Notable examples include:

Ecclesiastical monuments

Well-known Georgian painters were Damiane (13th century), Anania (15th century), Mamuka Tavakarashvili (17th century), etc.

The works of the famous Georgian goldsmiths, Beka and Beshken Opizari (11th century), are outstanding contributions to world art.

Literary and other written works

Culture of Georgia today

Starting from the early 16th century,^[2] although certain aspects of more recent times were already incorporated since the 12th century,^[3] until the course of the 19th century, Georgian culture became significantly influenced by Persian culture.^[4] Though notably more visibly amongst the higher classes, Persian cultural aspects were incorporated amongst the already existing Georgian columns, especially painting, architecture, and literature.^[5] The French traveller Jean Chardin who visited Georgia in 1672 noted that the Georgians followed Persian customs.^[6] Since many Georgian kings, princes, and nobles were either born or raised in mainland Iran, it is not surprising that Persian cultural aspects spread in Georgia.^[7]

During the modern period, from about the 17th century onwards, Georgian culture has been greatly influenced by cultural innovations imported from elsewhere in Europe.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}{{dubious|date=May 2015}}

The first Georgian-language printing house was established in the 1620s in Italy, and the first one in Georgia itself was founded in 1709 in Tbilisi.

Georgian theatre has a long history; its oldest national form was the "Sakhioba" (extant from the 3rd century BC to the 17th century AD). The Georgian National Theatre was founded in 1791 in Tbilisi, by the writer, dramatist, and diplomat Giorgi Avalishvili (1769–1850). Its leading actors were Dimitri Aleksi-Meskhishvili, David Machabeli, David Bagrationi, Dimitri Cholokashvili, and others.

In Tbilisi, the Museum of the Caucasus was founded in 1845. In the 1920s, it became the State Museum of Georgia. The Tbilisi State Theatre of Opera and Ballet was established in 1851.

Greatest representatives of Georgian culture of the 19th century were: Nikoloz Baratashvili (poet), Alexander Orbeliani (writer), Vakhtang Orbeliani (poet), Dimitri Kipiani (writer), Grigol Orbeliani (poet), Ilia Chavchavadze (writer and poet), Akaki Tsereteli (poet), Alexander Kazbegi (writer), Rapiel Eristavi (poet), Mamia Gurieli (poet), Iakob Gogebashvili (writer), Simon Gugunava (poet), Babo Avalishvili-Kherkheulidze (actor), Nikoloz Avalishvili (actor), Nikoloz Aleksi-Meskhishvili (actor), Romanoz Gvelesiani (painter), Grigol Maisuradze (painter), Alexander Beridze (painter), Ivane Machabeli (translator), Okropir Bagrationi (translator), Sardion Aleksi-Meskhishvili (translator), Kharlampi Savaneli (opera singer), Pilimon Koridze (opera singer), Lado Agniashvili (folk singer), Alioz Mizandari (composer), etc.

The first cinema in Georgia was established in Tbilisi on November 16, 1896. The first Georgian cinema documentary ("Journey of Akaki Tsereteli in Racha-Lechkhumi") was shot in 1912 by Vasil Amashukeli (1886–1977), while the first Georgian feature film ("Kristine") was shot in 1916 by Alexandre Tsutsunava (1881–1955).

Georgian culture suffered under the rule of the Soviet Union during the 20th century, during which a policy of Russification was imposed but was strongly resisted by many Georgians. Since the independence of Georgia in 1991, a cultural resurgence has taken place, albeit somewhat hampered by the country's economic and political difficulties in the post-Soviet era.

Cuisine

Georgian cuisine is considered one of the main attractions for tourists in Georgia, and it is particularly popular throughout the former Soviet Union.{{citation needed|date=July 2007}} The Georgian cuisine is very specific to the country, but also contains some influences from the Middle Eastern and European culinary traditions. The cuisine offers a variety of dishes, rich in various herbs and spices. Each historical province of Georgia has its own distinct culinary tradition, with variations such as Megrelian, Kakhetian, and Imeretian cuisines. The food, in addition to various meat dishes, also offers a variety of vegetarian-based dishes. The cuisine is very varied with different dishes cooked daily.

The importance of both food and drink to Georgian culture is best observed during a feast, or supra, when a huge assortment of dishes are prepared, always accompanied by large amounts of wine, and dinner can last for hours. In a Georgian feast, the role of the tamada (toastmaster) is an important and honoured position.

Famous Georgian cultural figures

Actors

Ballet dancers

Composers

Filmmakers

Opera singers

Painters

Pianists

Poets

Sculptors

Theatre producers

Writers

Cultural groups

Dance troupes

Choirs

Sport

Rugby union is a popular team sport played in Georgia. Rugby union is considered the second most popular sport in Georgia, after football.

See also

References

1. ^Baramidze, Georgian literature
2. ^Willem Floor, Edmund Herzig. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=2S_DxLGKw6IC&pg=PA494&dq=georgian+culture+influenced+by+persian&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=i8VYVe3qJ4TEygPUt4CIBw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=georgian%20culture%20influenced%20by%20persian&f=false Iran and the World in the Safavid Age] I.B.Tauris, 15 sep. 2012 {{ISBN|1850439303}} p 494
3. ^{{cite book |quote="(...) Since the 12th century and under Persian cultural influence, secular literature also developed (in Georgia)"|title= Religion past and present |first=Hans Dieter |last=Betz |publisher=Brill (originally from the University of Michigan |year=2008 |page=361 }}
4. ^{{cite book |quote="(...) Iranian power and cultural influence dominated eastern Georgia until the coming of the Russians"|title= Vagabond Life: The Caucasus Journals of George Kennan |first=Hans Dieter |last=Kennan|publisher= University of Washington Press |year=2013 |page=32 |display-authors=etal}}
5. ^Willem Floor, Edmund Herzig. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=2S_DxLGKw6IC&pg=PA494&dq=georgian+culture+influenced+by+persian&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=i8VYVe3qJ4TEygPUt4CIBw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=georgian%20culture%20influenced%20by%20persian&f=false Iran and the World in the Safavid Age] I.B.Tauris, 15 sep. 2012 {{ISBN|1850439303}} p 494
6. ^Willem Floor, Edmund Herzig. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=2S_DxLGKw6IC&pg=PA494&dq=georgian+culture+influenced+by+persian&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=i8VYVe3qJ4TEygPUt4CIBw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=georgian%20culture%20influenced%20by%20persian&f=false Iran and the World in the Safavid Age] I.B.Tauris, 15 sep. 2012 {{ISBN|1850439303}} p 494
7. ^Willem Floor, Edmund Herzig. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=2S_DxLGKw6IC&pg=PA494&dq=georgian+culture+influenced+by+persian&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=i8VYVe3qJ4TEygPUt4CIBw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=georgian%20culture%20influenced%20by%20persian&f=false Iran and the World in the Safavid Age] I.B.Tauris, 15 sep. 2012 {{ISBN|1850439303}} p 494
8. ^http://www.art.gov.ge/artists.php?lang=En&artist=48