| 词条 | Daugavpils | ||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Daugavpils | native_name = | settlement_type = City | other_name = | nickname = | motto = | image_skyline = How Daugavpils look like.jpg | imagesize = 275px | image_caption = City from different points of view | image_flag = Flag of Daugavpils.png | flag_size = 150px |image_shield = Coat of arms of Daugavpils.svg | shield_link = | map_caption = Location of Daugavpils in Latvia | pushpin_map = Latvia | pushpin_relief = | coordinates = {{coord|55|52|30|N|26|32|8|E|region:LV-025|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{LAT}} | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | established_title = Established | established_date = 1275 | established_title1 = Town rights | established_date1 = 1582 | government_type = | leader_title = Chairman of the City Council | leader_name = Andrejs Elksniņš | leader_title1 = Number of city council members | leader_name1 = 15 | area_total_km2 = 72.48 | area_water_km2 = 9.75 | elevation_max_m = 139 | elevation_min_m = 86 | population_footnotes = [1] | population_total = 91913 | population_as_of = {{date|January 1, 2019}} | population_rank = 2 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = LV-54(01–65) | area_code_type = Calling code | area_code = (+371) 654 | website = {{url|http://www.daugavpils.lv/}} | footnotes = }} Daugavpils ({{IPA-all|ˈdaʊɡaʊpils|Latvian pronunciation:|Lv-Daugavpils.ogg}}; {{lang-ltg|Daugpiļs}} {{IPA-all|ˈdaʊkʲpʲilʲsʲ|}}; {{lang-ru|Даугавпилс}} {{IPA-all|ˈdaʊɡəfpʲɪls|}}; {{lang-pl|Dyneburg}}; see other names) is a city in southeastern Latvia, located on the banks of the Daugava River, from which the city gets its name. It is the second largest city in the country after the capital Riga, which is located some {{convert|230|km|0|abbr=off}} to its north-west. {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=325|frame-height=325|zoom=12|frame-lat=55.87|frame-long=26.54|type=shape-inverse|id=Q208113|title=Latgale}}Daugavpils is located relatively close to Belarus and Lithuania (distances of {{convert|33|km|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|25|km|0|abbr=on}} respectively), and some {{convert|120|km|0|abbr=on}} from the Latvian border with Russia. Daugavpils is a major railway junction and industrial centre and lies approximately midway between Riga and Minsk, and between Warsaw and Saint Petersburg. Daugavpils, then Dyneburg, was the capital of Polish Livonia while in Poland. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, the city became part of the Russian Empire. To this day it maintains an overwhelmingly Russian-speaking population, with Latvians and Poles being significant minorities. NamesHistorically, several names in various languages have identified Daugavpils. Some are still in use today.
Chronology of name changes
GeographyClimateThe city has a moderate continental climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Daugavpils features a humid continental climate (Dfb). {{Weather box|location = Daugavpils |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 7.5 |Feb record high C = 13.1 |Mar record high C = 18.4 |Apr record high C = 24.4 |May record high C = 30.4 |Jun record high C = 31.8 |Jul record high C = 33.6 |Aug record high C = 31.6 |Sep record high C = 28.8 |Oct record high C = 23.6 |Nov record high C = 16.3 |Dec record high C = 10.2 |year record high C = 33.6 |Jan high C = -3.8 |Feb high C = -2.5 |Mar high C = 2.4 |Apr high C = 10.4 |May high C = 18.1 |Jun high C = 21.4 |Jul high C = 22.4 |Aug high C = 21.5 |Sep high C = 16.1 |Oct high C = 9.9 |Nov high C = 3.2 |Dec high C = -1.3 |year high C = 9.8 |Jan mean C = -6.7 |Feb mean C = -5.9 |Mar mean C = -1.8 |Apr mean C = 5.2 |May mean C = 12.1 |Jun mean C = 15.7 |Jul mean C = 16.9 |Aug mean C = 15.9 |Sep mean C = 11.2 |Oct mean C = 6.1 |Nov mean C = 1.0 |Dec mean C = -3.8 |year mean C = 5.5 |Jan low C = -10.0 |Feb low C = -9.4 |Mar low C = -5.7 |Apr low C = 0.7 |May low C = 6.3 |Jun low C = 10.1 |Jul low C = 11.7 |Aug low C = 10.9 |Sep low C = 7.2 |Oct low C = 2.9 |Nov low C = -1.3 |Dec low C = -6.7 |year low C = 1.4 |Jan record low C = -36.0 |Feb record low C = -34.5 |Mar record low C = -32.0 |Apr record low C = -18.6 |May record low C = -5.5 |Jun record low C = -0.6 |Jul record low C = 3.6 |Aug record low C = -1.5 |Sep record low C = -5.0 |Oct record low C = -11.2 |Nov record low C = -22.0 |Dec record low C = -38.7 |year record low C = -38.7 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 36 |Feb precipitation mm = 27 |Mar precipitation mm = 34 |Apr precipitation mm = 40 |May precipitation mm = 51 |Jun precipitation mm = 73 |Jul precipitation mm = 83 |Aug precipitation mm = 74 |Sep precipitation mm = 66 |Oct precipitation mm = 52 |Nov precipitation mm = 52 |Dec precipitation mm = 46 |year precipitation mm = 634 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 9.6 |Feb precipitation days = 7.7 |Mar precipitation days = 8.5 |Apr precipitation days = 8.0 |May precipitation days = 9.2 |Jun precipitation days = 9.9 |Jul precipitation days = 11.1 |Aug precipitation days = 10.2 |Sep precipitation days = 11.7 |Oct precipitation days = 9.8 |Nov precipitation days = 11.4 |Dec precipitation days = 11.9 |year precipitation days = 119.0 |Jan sun = 34 |Feb sun = 61 |Mar sun = 123 |Apr sun = 170 |May sun = 250 |Jun sun = 259 |Jul sun = 255 |Aug sun = 226 |Sep sun = 151 |Oct sun = 90 |Nov sun = 33 |Dec sun = 22 |year sun = 1674 |source 1 = NOAA[3] |date=August 2010}} DemographicsAs of 1 January 2011, the city had a population of 94,196. In Daugavpils 85% of the voters supported the proposal to make Russian the second state language in the 2012 referendum.[4] {{bar box|width = 300px |float = middle |title = Demographics of Daugavpils 2011 Census data[5] |titlebar = #ddd |bars ={{bar percent|Russians|Yellow|53.6}}{{bar percent|Latvians|Green|19.8}}{{bar percent|Poles|Red|14.2}}{{bar percent|Belarusians|Black|7.2}}{{bar percent|Ukrainians|Gray|1.9}}{{bar percent|Lithuanians|Pink|1.0}}{{bar percent|Others|Blue|2.3}} }} Religion
Before the Second World War there were more than 40 synagogues in the city.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} History{{Quote box |width=21em |align=left|title=Historical affiliations |fontsize=90% |quote=Livonian Order 1275–1561 {{flagicon image|Grand Duchy of Lithuania banner.svg}} Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1561–1569 {{flagicon image|Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg}} Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1772 {{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} Russian Empire 1772–1917 {{flagicon|LVA}} Republic of Latvia 1920−1940 {{flag|Soviet Union}} 1940–1941 {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} {{lang|de|Reichskommissariat Ostland}} 1941–1944 {{flag|Soviet Union}} 1944–1991 {{flag|Latvia}} 1991–present }} The town's history began in 1275 when the Livonian Order built Dünaburg Castle {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} up the Daugava river from where Daugavpils is now situated. In 1561 it became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, subsequently, of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569 (see Duchy of Livonia). In 1621 Daugavpils became the capital of the newly formed Inflanty Voivodeship, which existed until the First Partition of Poland (1772). In 1577 the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible captured and destroyed Dünaburg castle. That same year, a new castle was built {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} downriver. In 1582 Daugavpils was granted Magdeburg town rights. In the 17th century, during the Russo–Swedish War initiated by Tsar Alexis of Russia, the Russians captured Daugavpils, renamed the town Borisoglebsk and controlled the region for 11 years, between 1656 and 1667. Russia returned the area to Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth following the Treaty of Andrusovo (1667). It became part of the Russian Empire after First Partition of Poland in 1772. It was an uyezd center firstly in Pskov Governorate between 1772 and 1776, Polotsk one between 1776 and 1796, Belarus one between 1796 and 1802 and finally Vitebsk between 1802 and 1917 as Dinaburg firstly, as Dvinsk later during Russian rule. From 1784 onwards the city had a large and active Jewish population[6] among them a number of prominent figures. According to the Russian census of 1897, out of a total population of 69,700, Jews numbered 32,400 (ca. 44% percent).[7] As part of the Russian Empire the city was called Dvinsk from 1893 to 1920. The newly independent Latvian state renamed it Daugavpils in 1920. Latvians, Poles and Soviet troops fought the Battle of Daugavpils in the area from 1919 to 1920. Daugavpils and the whole of Latvia was under the Soviet Union rule between 1940–41 and 1944–1991, while Germany occupied it between 1941 and 1944. The Nazis established the Daugavpils Ghetto where the town's Jews were forced to live. Most were murdered. During the Cold War the Lociki air-base operated {{convert|12|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of Daugavpils itself. In the late Soviet era there was a proposal to build a hydroelectric power station on the Daugava river that was successfully opposed by the nascent environmental movement in Latvia. On 16 April 2010 an assassin shot vice-mayor Grigorijs Ņemcovs in the center of the city. He died almost immediately and the crime remains unsolved.[8] Jewish history{{Unsourced section|date=October 2018}}{{Original research section|date=October 2018}}Prior to the Holocaust, Daugavpils, (called by its Jewish inhabitants Dvinsk), was home to the most prominent Jewish community in eastern Latvia. The city was already a Jewish center as early as the 1780s and by the time of the 1897 census they numbered 32,400- 44% of the overall population of the city. By 1911 they had increased to 50,000. The Jews of the town were very prosperous and ran 32 factories and there were 4000 artisans among them. The city not only boasted a large Jewish population but a rich religious culture including 40 synagogues. The city was home to two of the most prominent rabbis of their time: Joseph Rosen (1858-1936), known as the Rogatchover Gaon (genius from Rahachow), was famed for his commentaries on the works of Maimonides and on the Talmud. Famed for his acidic wit and penetrating genius, he led the towns Hasidic Jews. His 'competitor', the leader of the local Misnagdim (non-Hasidic Jews) was the Rabbi Meir Simcha of Dvinsk (1843-1926). Rabbi Meir Simcha was also renowned for his work on Maimonides (Or Somayach) as well as Bible commentary Meshech Chochma. In one famous comment he predicted that since some Jews had assimilated and viewed Berlin as their 'Jerusalem' they would suffer persecution originating in Berlin. Another famous Jewish resident was the abstract expressionist painter Mark Rothko. Born in Daugavpils in 1903 he immigrated at the age of 10 to the United States where he painted over 800 paintings in his unique style. Jewish Daugavpils came to an end following the Nazi German invasion on June 26th, 1941. Falsely claiming that the Jews had conspired to set fire to the town and that they were assisting the Soviet army, the Germans and their Latvian collaborators carried out large executions on June 28th-29th. During July the Jews were enslaved and forced to cut down timber. On July 7-11 Einsatzkommando 1b under Erich Ehrlinger executed many of the remaining Jews. Later in July the 14,000 remaining Jews were forced into a Ghetto along with those from nearby towns. By the end of August an additional 7000 Jews had died at the hands of the Nazis and the Latvian populace. The largest execution took place in November 1941 and was followed by plagues that decimated the few survivors. Only about 1500 Jews remained in the city. These were murdered (again with the aid of the Latvians) on May 1st, 1942. When the town was liberated in 1944 only 100 survivors remained of a community of 16,000. For more on the Holocaust in Daugavpils see Daugavpils Ghetto. Art, architecture, and cultureDaugavpils is an important cultural centre in eastern Latvia. There are 22 primary and secondary schools, four vocational schools, and the Saules College of Art. More than 1,000 teachers and engineers graduate from the University of Daugavpils (formerly Daugavpils Pedagogical University) and the local branch of Riga Technical University annually. There is also one Polish school, the only in the city, on Varšavas iela (Warsaw Street). Daugavpils Theatre was restored a couple of years ago.{{when?|date=October 2018}} There is also one cinema as well as other cultural institutions. The city exhibition center offers many cultural activities. There are also several architectural, historical, and cultural monuments in Daugavpils. The most prominent is the Daugavpils fortress dating mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries. In April 2013 the Mark Rothko Art centre was opened in fortress. Historical centreThe historical centre of Daugavpils city is an architectural heritage of national importance (the construction work was carried out in the 19th century according to the project endorsed in St Petersburg in 1826). The historical centre is the greatest attraction of the city and one of the most successful examples of balancing the aspects of ancient and modern times. Daugavpils is one of the few cities in Latvia which can pride itself on a unified ensemble of both classic and eclectic styles. The cultural heritage of architectural, artistic, industrial, and historical monuments combined with the picturesque surroundings create the essence of Daugavpils’ image and endow it with a special charm. Red brick buildingsDaugavpils is exceptionally rich in red brick buildings. This style was developed by many outstanding architects. In Daugavpils this variety of eclecticism is most widely represented in the buildings designed by Wilhelm Neumann, an architect of German origin who was the chief architect of the city from 1878 to 1895. Bright examples of brick architecture are the buildings at 1/3 Saules Street and at 8 Muzeja Street. The shape-forming techniques typical of eclecticism that were applied in the façades of these buildings even many decades later make one appreciate and admire the striking accuracy of detail. Transport{{See also|Daugavpils Satiksme}}Daugavpils satiksme AS oversees the city's autobus and tram networks. The city's railway station is the terminus of the Riga–Daugavpils Railway. There is a train connection to Vilnius during the weekends. Daugavpils International Airport is located {{convert|12|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of Daugavpils, near the village of Lociki. The airport was denationalized in 1993 and since 2005 there exists an ongoing project to redevelop the former military facility to allow both international and domestic passenger traffic, as well as international and domestic cargo transport and charter flights.[9][10] Government{{Main article|Daugavpils City Council}}The head of the city government is the mayor of Daugavpils or, literally, 'Council Chairman' (domes priekšsēdētājs). The incumbent since January 2019 is Andrejs Elksniņš from Harmony, albeit coalition talks are still ongoing. It is his second term in office, after his initial term was ended after the coalition broke apart in September 2017 less than a month following the 2017 municipal elections and he was succeded by {{Interlanguage link multi|Rihards Eigims|lv|3=Rihards Eigims}} of the Latvian Green Party (elected on the "Our Party" electoral list). "Our Party" governed in coalition with the {{Interlanguage link multi|Latgale Party|lv|3=Latgales partija}} of the previous mayor Jānis Lāčplēsis. Eigims was previously mayor from 2001-2003 as leader of the Light of Latgale party and briefly in 2009 as a member of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party. The Council consists of 15 members who are elected every four years. The most recent election was in 2017. EconomyDuring the Soviet time city was well industrialised with a number of prominent large manufacturing units. However, nowadays only a few of those have remained still working. The city council is trying to attract new investments and thus created a number of free industiral zones around the whole city that might be interesting due to the strategically efficient geographical position of the city close to the Russian, Belarusian and Lithuanian borders. Sports{{See also|Speedway Grand Prix of Latvia}}The football clubs FC Daugava and BFC Daugavpils play at Celtnieks Stadium in Daugavpils. Both teams plays in the Latvian Higher League. There is also a hockey team called DHK Latgale, which currently plays in the Latvian Hockey League. The Speedway Grand Prix of Latvia is currently held at the Latvijas Spīdveja Centrs with America's triple World Champion Greg Hancock being the most successful rider in Latvia winning the GP in 2009, 2009 and 2013. Lokomotiv Daugavpils is a Motorcycle speedway team based in Daugavpils who currently race in the Polish First League (2nd division). In 2008 the construction of the Daugavpils Multifunctional Sports Complex was started and was completed in October 2009. Notable residents
International relations{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Latvia}}Twin towns – Sister citiesDaugavpils is twinned with:
GallerySee also
Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/statistika/dokuments/2012/ISPV_Pasvaldibas_iedzivotaju_skaits_pagasti.pdf |title=Latvijas iedzīvotāju skaits pašvaldībās 01.01.2012. (PDF)|publisher=PMLP.gov.lv|accessdate=April 29, 2012|language=lv}} 2. ^In Taraškievica it is spelled {{lang|be|Дзьвінск}} ({{lang|be-Latn|Dźvinsk}}). 3. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/LV/26544.TXT| title = Daugavpils Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = November 28, 2015}} 4. ^cvk.lv, , 18.02.2012 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://data.csb.gov.lv/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=TSG11-061&ti=TSG11%2D061%2E+PAST%C2V%CEGIE+IEDZ%CEVOT%C2JI+PA+STATISTISKAJIEM+RE%CCIONIEM%2C+REPUBLIKAS+PILS%C7T%C2M++UN+NOVADIEM+P%C7C+TAUT%CEBAS%2C+DZIMUMA+UN+PA+DZIM%D0ANAS+VALST%CEM+2011%2EGADA+1%2EMART%C2&path=../DATABASE/tautassk_11/2011.gada%20tautas%20skait%EE%F0anas%20gal%EEgie%20rezult%E2ti/&lang=16 |title=Tabula: TSG11-061. PASTĀVĪGIE IEDZĪVOTĀJI PA STATISTISKAJIEM REĢIONIEM, REPUBLIKAS PILSĒTĀM UN NOVADIEM PĒC TAUTĪBAS, DZIMUMA UN PA DZIMŠANAS VALSTĪM 2011.GADA 1.MARTĀ |publisher=Data.csb.gov.lv |date= |accessdate=2013-03-12 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/latvia/DvinskFamilies.htm |title=Jewish families of Dvinsk |publisher=jewishgen.org |accessdate=2008-07-12}} 7. ^Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-299-19464-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&pg=PA16&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=HS_3SZ2-NITyzQSUtaWtBQ Google Print, p.16] 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tvnet.lv/zinas/kriminalzinas/327287-nosauts_daugavpils_vicemers_grigorijs_nemcovs |title=Nošauts Daugavpils vicemērs Grigorijs Ņemcovs |publisher=tvnet.lv |language=Latvian |date=2010-04-16 |access-date=2010-04-30}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.daugavpils.lv/index.php?load=780&set_lang=en |title=Daugavpils | |publisher=Daugavpils.lv |date= |accessdate=2011-09-15}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.daugavpils.lv/?load=1&newsId=7858 |title=Daugavpils | |publisher=Daugavpils.lv |date= |accessdate=2011-09-15}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radom.pl/page/192,miasta-partnerskie.html |title=Radom - Miasta partnerskie |accessdate=2013-08-07 |work=Miasto Radom [City of Radom] |language=Polish |trans-title=Radom - Partnership cities |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403215958/http://www.radom.pl/page/192%2Cmiasta-partnerskie.html |archivedate=2013-04-03 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://radom.naszestrony.pl/?info=miasta_partnerskie|title=Radom - miasta partnerskie|accessdate=2013-08-07|publisher=radom.naszestrony.pl|language=Polish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726160718/http://radom.naszestrony.pl/?info=miasta_partnerskie|archive-date=2007-07-26|dead-url=yes|df=}} ReferencesExternal links{{Sister project links|commons=Category:Daugavpils|wikt=Daugavpils|b=no|q=no|s=no|n=no|v=no|species=no}}
7 : Daugavpils|Cities in Latvia|Republican cities of Latvia|Populated places established in the 13th century|Vitebsk Governorate|Shtetls|Holocaust locations in Latvia |
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