请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 DB Cargo UK
释义

  1. History

     Background  English, Welsh & Scottish Railway  DB Cargo UK 

  2. Services and rolling stock

     Rolling stock  Current Fleet in the UK  Exported Locomotive Fleet details  Carriages and Wagons  Depots  Locomotive haulage for Passenger services  Liveries 

  3. Steam Operations

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

     Sources  Further reading 

  7. External links

{{redirect|EWS}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}{{Infobox company
|name = DB Cargo UK
|logo =
|image = Class-92-db-red-92009-dollands-moor-1.jpg
|image_size = 326px
|type =
|genre =
|fate =
|predecessor = {{plainlist|
  • Loadhaul
  • Mainline Freight
  • Rail Express Systems
  • Railfreight Distribution
  • Transrail Freight}}

|successor =
| founded = 1995
|founder =
|defunct =
|location_city = Doncaster
|location_country = England
|location =
|locations =
|area_served = United Kingdom
|key_people = {{plainlist|
  • Edward Burkhardt (Chairman & CEO 1995–1999)[1]
  • Keith Heller (CEO / Co-chairman) 2004–2010[2][3]
  • Alain Thauvette CEO[4]}}

|industry = Rail freight
|products =
|services = Bulk freight and intermodal logistics
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|aum =
|assets =
|equity =
|owner = Deutsche Bahn
|num_employees =
|parent = DB Schenker
|subsid = {{plainlist|
  • Euro Cargo Rail
  • Axiom Rail}}

|homepage = www.uk.dbcargo.com
|footnotes =
}}

DB Cargo UK, formerly DB Schenker Rail UK and English, Welsh & Scottish Railway (EWS), is a British rail freight company headquartered in Doncaster, England.

The company was founded in 1995 as North & South Railways, acquiring five of the six freight companies sold during the privatisation of British Rail,[5] becoming the UK market leader in rail freight transportation. In November 2007, EWS was sold to Deutsche Bahn, and in January 2009 rebranded as DB Schenker. In March 2016 it was rebranded as DB Cargo UK.

History

Background

In 1988, British Rail's (BR) freight operations were split into two divisions Railfreight Distribution (RfD) and Trainload Freight (TLF).{{sfn|Butcher|2011|p=13}} RfD took over BR's Freightliner and Speedlink services and general wagonload and trainload services, excluding coal, petroleum, aggregates and metals.{{sfn|ECMT|2001|p=68}} BR's bulk trainload services were handled by the Trainload Freight division.[6]{{sfn|Parker|2012|p=479}} In 1991 the Rail Express Systems brand was created, to handle mail and postal services.{{sfn|ECMT|2001|p=67}}

After the passing of the Railways Act 1993, five rail freight companies were formed from RfD and TLF.{{sfn|Butcher|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Parker|2012|pp=479–480}} On 1 April 1994, TLF was split into three separate geographical businesses: Trainload Freight North East, Trainload Freight West and Trainload Freight South East, with each initially given existing contracts, based on the geographic origin of the traffic flow or in the case of power station coal the split was determined by the location of the power stations concerned. There were also some trainload services previously operated by the contract services business of RfD.[7]{{sfn|ECMT|2001|p=70}} The three new businesses were to be re-branded as Loadhaul, Mainline Freight and Transrail Freight for the short duration of their existence.{{sfn|ECMT|2001|p=70}}[8][9]

The remainder of RfD was split into two companies: Freightliner (container operations between ports), with the residual RfD company operating freight trains through the Channel Tunnel.{{sfn|Butcher|2011|p=13}} The Mail and Parcels business were sold as Rail Express Systems and Red Star Parcels.{{sfn|Parker|2012|pp=479–480}}

The companies were subsequently put up for sale by competitive tender.{{sfn|Parker|2012|pp=479–482}}

English, Welsh & Scottish Railway

To bid for the ex-BR businesses being offered for sale, North and South Railways Limited was formed.[10] It was owned by a consortium headed by Wisconsin Central,{{sfn|Butcher|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Parker|2012|p=480}} with financing provided by Berkshire Partners, Goldman Sachs and Fay Richwhite.[11]

On 9 December 1995, North and South Railways purchased Rail Express Systems for £24 million.[12][12] With this came the contract for the Royal Mail train service, including the Travelling Post Office trains, and the contract to haul the Royal Train.{{sfn|Nash|Fowkes|2004|p=67}} A fleet of 164 locomotives and 677 postal vans were included along with depots at Bristol Barton Hill, Cambridge, Crewe and London Euston.[13]

Then on 24 February 1996, British Rail's three trainload freight companies, Loadhaul, Mainline Freight and Transrail Freight were acquired for £225 million.[14][12] The sale included 914 locomotives and 19,310 wagons.[15]

All four companies were subsequently merged into North and South Railways,[16] nullifying the government's effort to create multiple competitive rail freight firms through the privatisation;{{sfn|ECMT|2001|p = 88 }} the decision to allow the creation of a rail freight company with a dominant market position was justified by the additional competition faced from other transport modes.{{sfn|Parker|2012|p=480}}[17] At the time rail had a 6% share of the freight market.[18]

Initially, the four companies continued to trade under their existing names. On 25 April 1996, the EWS brand was unveiled.[19][20]

On 10 July 1996 the holding company's name was changed to English, Welsh & Scottish Railway Holdings Limited.[10] In October 1996, Loadhaul and Mainline Freight were merged with Transrail Freight, and employees transferred to Transrail Freight, which was then renamed to English, Welsh & Scottish Railway Limited.[21][22]

One of the first actions of the enlarged company was to seek volunteers for redundancy, as it sought to reduce staff numbers by around 3,000, from 7,600.[23]

On 24 December 1996, EWS was announced as the preferred bidder for the loss-making Railfreight Distribution,[24][25] for which it received grants and subsidies estimated to amount to £242 million over eight years .[26] including subsidies for the use of the Channel Tunnel.[27] Railfreight Distribution's businesses included international containerised freight, movement of cars and automotive components by rail, and freight services for the Ministry of Defence. The sale included 157 locomotives.[25] It was concluded on 12 March 1997.[28] At this point, EWS controlled 90% of the rail freight market.[29] Railfreight Distribution was renamed English Welsh & Scottish Railway International on 1 December 1998.[16][24]

The new company had over 900 locomotives, 19,000 freight wagons, and 7,000 employees. Track access charges were renegotiated and after 1,800 job redundancies the workers involved in profit sharing and other incentivised working plans; as a result shipping rates were reduced by over 30%.[30] Many locomotives inherited on foundation were considered unreliable, and expensive to maintain;[31] the company invested heavily in modernisation of its rolling stock; by 2002 £750 million had been invested,[32] including 280 new locomotives and over 2,000 new wagons.{{sfn|Nash|Fowkes|2004|p=71}}[33]

The railway featured a logo that was colloquially known as the "Beasties", consisting of three heads: the lion of England, the dragon of Wales and the stag of Scotland. A larger version of the logo was called the "Big Beasties".[34]

Services included mail, locomotive hire, wagonload traffic (branded 'Enterprise', founded by Transrail Freight), cross channel trains via the Channel Tunnel, trainload freight including oil, aggregates, cement and traffic related to the coal, electricity generation and steel industries, and infrastructure trains for Railtrack.{{sfn|Nash|Fowkes|2004|pp=67, 69–72, 72–73}} Following privatisation EWS began to compete for Intermodal contracts,{{#tag:ref|After 2002 began intermodal services from the ports of Felixstowe, Southampton, and Tilbury.[16]|group="note"}} while it faced competition from Freightliner in its core markets.{{sfn|Nash|Fowkes|2004|p=68, 72}}[35] Turnover in 1999 was £533.7 million, an 80% market share by value.{{sfn|Nash|Fowkes|2004|p=79}}

On 1 April 1998, open access operator National Power's rail division was taken over with six Class 59 locomotives and 106 wagons.[36]{{sfn|Nash|Fowkes|2004|p=71}}

In January 2001, the Canadian National Railway announced it had agreed to purchase Wisconsin Central.[37] The deal, which included Wisconsin Central's 42.5% stake in EWS, was concluded in October 2001.[21][38]

The contract with Royal Mail was lost in 2003 to road transport.[39][40] EWS acquired the assets of wagon bogie company, Probotec Limited in 2005,[41][42]{{#tag:ref|Probotec was formed 2004 from Powell Duffryn Rail.[43] Powell Duffryn Rail originated as the Cambrian Wagon Company, registered 1905, numerous amalgamations and changes of shareholding, became part of Powell Duffryn in 1935;[44] also acquired the Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company in 1986.[45]|group="note"}} It was formed into a new subsidiary, Axiom Rail that also took over responsibility for some of the depots and leasing surplus locomotives overseas.[46]

In October 2005, a subsidiary in France trading as Euro Cargo Rail commenced operating.[47][48][49] Several Class 66 locomotives were transferred.

In November 2005, EWS acquired wagon maintenance business Marcroft.[29] As a result of the potential of the acquisition to reduce competition in the UK wagon repair market the acquisition was referred to the Competition Commission by the Office of Fair Trading, who required EWS to sell all or part of the business excluding Marcroft's works at Stoke on Trent.[50] That was incorporated into the Axiom business.

By 2006, turnover was approaching £1 billion.[51] In 2006 the Office of Rail Regulation fined the company £4.1million for anti-competitive practices in the coal haulage business, in which it had held a near monopoly, following complaints by Enron and Freightliner Heavy Haul in 2001 and 2002.[52]{{sfn|ORR|2006|pp=1–5|loc= §1–17}}{{#tag:ref|Complaints made in 2003 alleging predatory pricing in the passenger charter sector were not upheld.[53]|group="note"}}

DB Cargo UK

On 28 June 2007, Deutsche Bahn announced it had agreed to purchase EWS, subject to receiving regulatory approval.[54][55] for £309 million[56] At the time EWS had a market share of around 70% in the United Kingdom and around 5,000 employees.[57] After the transaction was approved by the European Commissioner for Competition,[58][59] the sale was completed on 13 November 2007.[60]

At the time of the sale, it was announced that EWS would not be rebranded,[61] but on 1 January 2009, EWS was rebranded as DB Schenker along with Deutsche Bahn's Railion and DB Schenker divisions.[62][63]

The first locomotive painted in DB Schenker livery was Class 59 59206 at Toton Depot in January 2009,[64] being formally unveiled at the National Railway Museum, York on 21 January 2009.[65][66] {{#tag:ref|Previously two EWS locomotives had received DB Schenker branding — including a light blue British Rail Class 60 60074 named "Teenage Cancer Trust"[67]|group="note"}}

In 2009, DB Schenker Rail began work to enable Class 92 hauled trains to operate freight services on the High Speed 1 by installing in cab TVM signalling. The project received funding from the European Commission and it was originally anticipated services would begin in early 2010.[68] On 25 March 2011, for the first time a modified class 92 locomotive travelled from Dollands Moor to Singlewell using the TVM430 signalling system.[69] The first of five planned test trains ran as a loaded container train from Hams Hall, West Midlands to Novara, Italy on 27 May 2011.[70][71][72] DB planned to upgrade an additional five Class 92 locomotives to allow them to run on High Speed 1, making a fleet of six.[73][74][75]

In July 2011, a trial run of wagons carrying curtain walled swap bodies built to a larger European loading gauge was run from Dollands Moor, Folkestone to east London.[76] From 11 November 2011 a weekly service using European sized swap bodies has run between Barking, London and Wroclaw, Poland using High Speed 1.[77][78]

On 2 March 2016, DB Schenker was rebranded as DB Cargo UK.[79] On 17 October 2016, new DB Cargo UK CEO Hans-Georg Werner announced plans to cut 893 jobs in a bid to counter 'unprecedented' market changes. This was due to a combination of:[80]

  • Changes in Government energy policy had resulted in the early closure of coal-fired power stations, hence DB Cargo UK ran 78% fewer coal trains compared to 2015.
  • UK steel volumes dropping, with the industry hit by high energy prices. This resulted in DB Cargo UK running 33% fewer steel trains from 2015. However, Werner recognised that "overall UK steel demand remains stable."

In 2017, DB Cargo UK announced a loss after tax for the financial year of £57 million against a turnover of £325 million.[81]

Services and rolling stock

Rolling stock

EWS inherited a fleet of 1,231 locomotives from its British Rail acquisitions.[13][15][25]

In May 1996, an order for 250 Class 66s and 30 Class 67s was placed.[82] These replaced all of the 20, 31, 33, 37, 47, 56, 58, 73 and 86 class locomotives.[83] Through improved utilisation, they also replaced many of the newer 60 and 90 class locomotives.

Several of these redundant locomotives saw further use on infrastructure trains in Europe with Class 37s operated in France (40), Italy (2) and Spain (14),[84][85][86] Class 56s in France (30),[87] and Class 58s in France (26), the Netherlands (3) and Spain (8).[87][88]

EWS gained the attention of the Rail Regulator for scrapping serviceable locomotives rather than making them available for sale to potential competitors.[89]

In 2018 DB Cargo sold 10 Class 66 locomotives to GBRf for an undisclosed sum, comprising 8 stored and 2 active locomotives many with significant engine defects.[90]

Current Fleet in the UK

ClassImageTypeBuiltNumberWheel ArrNumbers/Notes
Class 08Shunter195350-6-008499, 08714, 08735, 08737, 08995 (All for Sale or withdrawn)
Class 59Diesel locomotive1994 - 19956Co-Co59201 - 206 Acquired from National Power in 1998
Class 60Diesel locomotive1989 - 199370Co-CoFleet of 100 inherited from EWS with 10 sold to Colas in 2014 and 20 to Wabtec in 2017. 15 operational examples in 2018 with 55 in store at Toton depot.
Class 66Diesel locomotive2000 - 2015161Co-CoFleet of 250 inherited from EWS with 10 sold to GB Railfreight in 2018. DB Cargo UK operates 161 examples, with the remainder exported to DB Cargo operations elsewhere in Europe.
Class 67Diesel locomotive1999 - 200028Bo-Bo67001 - 022, 67024 - 26, 67028 - 30. Fleet of 30 inherited from EWS with 2 sold to Colas. 17 Operational with 11 Stored in 2018.
Class 90Electric locomotive1987 - 199024Bo-Bo90017 - 90040
Class 92Electric locomotive1993 - 199617Co-Co30 total with 17 in UK and 13 exported
Total311

Exported Locomotive Fleet details

ClassImageTypeBuiltNumberWheel ArrNumbers/Notes
Class 58Diesel locomotive1983 - 198727Co-CoEWS inherted the BR fleet of 50 locomotives, the majority subsequently being exported to work on high speed line construction in France and Spain, with 10 being sold on to Transfesa (now stored in Alicante, Spain). The 27 still in DB Cargo ownership are also in store at Metz and Rouen, France and Barcelona, Spain.
Class 66Diesel locomotive2000 - 201579Co-Co79 exported to DB Cargo operations in Europe.
Class 92Electric locomotive1993 - 199613Co-Co9 exported to DB Cargo Romania and 4 to DB Cargo Bulgaria
Total119

Carriages and Wagons

As well as an extensive fleet of freight wagons, DB Schenker Rail operate a small fleet of Mark 2 and Mark 3 carriages. Some of the former are on lease to Abellio ScotRail for use on Fife Circle services,[91] while the latter form the DB Schenker Company Train.[92][93][94]

Depots

DB Cargo's primary maintenance depot is Toton.[95] The electric fleet is maintained at Crewe. With a modern fleet requiring less maintenance, many of the depots EWS inherited have closed.[96] Some of its other facilities including Bristol Barton Hill, Cambridge, Eastleigh and Newcastle were transferred to fellow Deutsche Bahn subsidiary LNWR (now Arriva TrainCare).[97][98]

In 2001, EWS commenced a contract to service Virgin CrossCountry's Class 220/221 fleets at Bristol Barton Hill, Eastleigh, Newcastle, Old Oak Common and Three Bridges.[99]

Locomotive haulage for Passenger services

Since its inception, EWS had provided locomotives for the Caledonian Sleeper.[100] It inherited the contract from Rail Express Systems to provide Class 37 and 47s north of Edinburgh Waverley. In March 1998, it also began hauling the services south from Edinburgh Waverley and Glasgow Central to London Euston with Class 90s.[101] Class 67s replaced the Class 37s and 47s in the early 2000s.[102][103] This contract was taken over by GBRf in March 2015.[104]

In April 2003, EWS purchased the Rail Charter Services business from William McAlpine with 70 Mark 1 carriages.[105]

As of October 2014, Class 67s haul passenger services for Arriva Trains Wales,[106] Chiltern Railways[107] and First ScotRail.[103] Class 67s are also used as Thunderbird rescue locomotives for Virgin Trains East Coast.[108] EWS also provides locomotives for the Venice-Simplon Orient Express.[109]

EWS have previously hauled passenger trains for Anglia Railways,[110] Arriva Trains Northern,[111] First Great Western[112] First North Western,[113] National Express East Anglia, Valley Lines, Virgin CrossCountry[114] Virgin West Coast and Wrexham & Shropshire.[115]

Since its inception, EWS has held the contract to operate the Royal Train. Initially two Class 47s were dedicated to this work.[116] These were replaced in 2004 by two Class 67s.[117][118]

From September 2016 Virgin Trains East Coast hired class 90 locomotives from DB Cargo for use on services to Leeds, York and Newcastle. Locomotives used have varied as demand required.

Liveries

In April 1996, EWS adopted a maroon and yellow livery.[19] Initial repaints carried EW&S lettering, however this was simplified to EWS in January 1997.[119][120] In January 2009, the DB Schenker corporate red livery was adopted.[65][66] A few locomotives have been repainted in other liveries including Class 90s in GNER, First ScotRail and Direct Rail Services liveries, and Class 67s in Royal Train, Wrexham & Shropshire and unbranded Arriva Trains Wales liveries.[121][122][123][124]

Steam Operations

Alongside DB Cargo's regular work some steam charters are operated in the UK by steam locomotives on DB Cargo's operating licence. DB unlike the other company West Coast Railways however only operate steam locos which are fitted with air brakes.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Key:OperationalUnder RepairExpired Mainline Certificate/Withdrawn from Service/StoredUnder overhaul/restoration/constructionDue to be certified in futureOperational, Heritage Railway/Museum
NumberNameClassLiveryOwnerTops NoMainline untilMax SpeedAir Brk'sLocationPhotographNotes
2001Cock O' The NorthLNER P2 2-8-2N/ADoncaster P2 Locomotive Trust [125]988##-75 mphYesDoncasterStreamlined shape newbuild, replica of original
2007Prince of WalesLNER P2 2-8-2N/AA1 Steam Locomotive Trust [126]988##-75 mphYesDarlingtonOriginal shape newbuild, next member of class
5029Nunney CastleGWR "Castle" 4-6-0N/AJeremy Hosking98728-75 mphYesCrewe LNWR
6024King Edward IGWR "King" 4-6-0N/ARoyal Scot Locomotive and General Trust98824-75 mphYesMinehead
34046BrauntonSR "West Country" 4-6-2BR Green, Late CrestJeremy Hosking98746202375 mphYesCrewe LNWRCurrently outshopped as 34052 Lord Dowding.
35028Clan LineSR "Merchant Navy" 4-6-2BR Green, Late CrestMerchant Navy Locomotive Preservation Society98828202475 mphYesStewarts Lane
46100Royal ScotLMS "Royal Scot" 4-6-0BR Green, Early EmblemRoyal Scot Locomotive and General Trust98701202275 mphYesCrewe LNWR
6233Duchess of SutherlandLMS "Princess Coronation" 4-6-2LMS Crimson LakePrincess Royal Class Loco. Trust98834202575 mphYesYork NRM
60007Sir Nigel GresleyLNER A4 4-6-2BR BlueSir Nigel Gresley Locomotive Trust98898-75 mphYesYork NRM
60009Union of South AfricaLNER A4 4-6-2BR Green, Late CrestJohn Cameron98809201975 mphYesBury
4464BitternLNER A4 4-6-2LNER Garter BlueJeremy Hosking98819-75 mphYesMargateRecently moved to the Hornby Hobbies Visitor Centre for temporary display.
60103Flying ScotsmanLNER A3 4-6-2BR Green, Late CrestNational Collection98872202375 mphYesYork NRM
60163TornadoLNER A1 4-6-2BR Apple GreenA1 Steam Locomotive Trust[127]98863202290 mph[128]YesCarnforth MPD
60532Blue PeterLNER A2 4-6-2N/ARoyal Scot Locomotive and General Trust98832-75 mphNoCrewe LNWR
70000BritanniaBR Standard Class 7 4-6-2BR Green, Late CrestRoyal Scot Locomotive and General Trust98700202075 mphYesCrewe LNWR
71000Duke of GloucesterBR Standard Class 8 4-6-2BR Green, Early Emblem (on completion)Class 8 Steam Locomotive Trust98802-75 mphYesTyseley LWTo be based at Tyseley following overhaul

See also

  • DB Schenker Company Train
  • History of rail transport in Great Britain
  • List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom
  • Rail freight transport in Great Britain

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.railworld.com.ua/component/content/article/9|title=Edward A. Burkhardt|work=www.railword.com|accessdate=6 July 2011|language=Ukrainian|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211185604/http://railworld.com.ua/component/content/article/9|archivedate=11 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/business/worldbusiness/24iht-transcol25.html|title=Free Flow: Getting the French on board|first=Don |last=Phillips|date=25 August 2005|work=The New York Times}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/cmsnews/news_article.asp?guid={2D36A215-B18C-4550-82CC-E37E434F1554}%3Cbr%20/%3E|title=Keith Heller's contribution to the railway honoured with locomotive naming|date=19 January 2010|publisher=DB Schenker UK|work=www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk|access-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323153204/http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/cmsnews/news_article.asp?guid=%7B2D36A215-B18C-4550-82CC-E37E434F1554%7D%3Cbr%20%2F%3E|archive-date=23 March 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dbschenker.com/site/logistics/dbschenker/com/en/business__unit__rail/executive__board/thauvette__alain.html|work=www.dbschenker.com|title=Alain Thauvette, Member of the Management Board of DB Schenker Rail (Region West)|accessdate=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619154716/http://dbschenker.com/site/logistics/dbschenker/com/en/business__unit__rail/executive__board/thauvette__alain.html|archive-date=19 June 2011|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
5. ^The sixth rail freight company created during privatisation, Freightliner, was privatised through a management buyout.
6. ^{{cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=vWhpkyrFvjAC| title =Railways, urban development and town planning in Britain: 1948–2008 | first = Russ |last = Haywood| publisher = Ashgate Publishing| year =2009 |page = 150}}
7. ^{{citation| title = New identities for freight companies| journal = Rail| issue= 221|date= 2 March 1994| page= 13}}
8. ^{{citation| title = New freight identities revealed| journal = Rail| issue = 231| date = 20 July 1994| page= 8}}
9. ^"Bright new identies for TLF businesses" The Railway Magazine issue 1121 September 1994 page 12
10. ^1 Companies House extract company no 3116332 DB Schenker Rail (UK) Holdings Limited formerly English, Welsh & Scottish Railway Holdings Limited formerly North & South Railways Limited
11. ^{{cite news| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2811265/German-rail-giant-confirms-300m-deal-for-EWS-shares.html | title = German rail giant confirms £300m deal for EWS shares|newspaper= The Daily Telegraph|date = 29 June 2007}}
12. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1996/nov/27/rail-privatisation|work=hansard.millbanksystems.com|title=Rail Privatisation|date=27 December 1996|publisher=Hansard, House of Commons|at=volume 296, 275W}}
13. ^1 "Confirmed – Wisconsin Central buys Rail express systems" Rail issue 268 20 December 1995 page 9
14. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc9899/hc02/0280/0280.pdf|title=The Sale of Rail Freight Distribution|publisher=Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions / National Audit Office|date=26 March 1999|page=2|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320150938/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc9899/hc02/0280/0280.pdf|archivedate=20 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}
15. ^1 "BR freight is finally sold to Burkhardt" Rail issue 274 13 March 1996 page 6
16. ^1 2 {{cite book| title = The dynamics of freight transport development: a UK and Swiss comparison| first = Philippe|last = Thalmann| publisher = Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year = 2004 |pages= 34–36|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hFDrKNKmJ8UC|isbn = 0-7546-3756-5}}
17. ^{{citation|title = Competition in Regulated Industries | editor-first = Dieter|editor-last = Helm| editor-first2 = Tim|editor-last2= Jenkinson|page = 187| origyear = 1998| year = 2003|chapter = 8. The Rail Industry|first = W.P.| last = Bradshaw}}
18. ^" The end of rail freight as we know it" The Railway Magazine issue 1140 April 1996 page 7
19. ^1 {{citation| title = Wisconsin unveils its new-look livery| journal = Rail| issue = 278 |date = 8 May 1996| page= 7}}
20. ^"Wisconsin Central decides: It's the English, Welsh & Scottish Railway" The Railway Magazine issue 1142 June 1996 page 8
21. ^1 {{harvnb|ORR|2006|p=6}}
22. ^"New EW&S logo launched as company runs its first train" The Railway Magazine issue 1148 December 1996 page 6
23. ^{{citation| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/rail-freight-to-slash-workforce-1303273.html| title =Rail freight to slash workforce| first = Christian|last = Wolmar| date = 5 April 1996| work = www.independent.co.uk|publisher = The Independent}}
24. ^1 Companies House extract company no 3232475 DB Schenker Rail International Limited formerly English, Welsh & Scottish Railway International Limited formerly Railfreight Distribution Limited
25. ^1 2 "English, Welsh & Scottish set to take over Railfreight Distribution" Rail issue 296 15 January 1997 page 9
26. ^{{harvnb|Sale of RfD|1999}}
27. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/br-prefers-us-firm-as-freight-bidder-1316014.html| title = BR prefers US firm as freight bidder| first= Matthew |last= Horsman |date = 26 December 1996| publisher = The Independent| work = www.independent.co.uk}}
28. ^"RfD sale to EWS formally agreed" Rail issue 301 26 March 1997 page 10
29. ^1 "The complete rise and fall of EWS " Rail issue 612 25 February 2009 pages 62–65
30. ^{{cite book|title =International Directory of Company Histories| volume=24|editor = Jay P. Pederson| publisher = St. James Press| year =1999| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVUkAQAAMAAJ| chapterurl = http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Wisconsin-Central-Transportation-Corporation-Company-History.html|chapter = Wisconsin Central Transportation Corporation}}
31. ^{{cite book| title = Illustrated Directory of Trains of the World| first = Brian|last = Hollingsworth| publisher = MBI Publishing Company|year = 2000| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xpuDHyry6TEC| isbn = 0-7603-0891-8|chapter = Class 66 Co-Co freight locomotive| page = 468| chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=xpuDHyry6TEC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA468#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
32. ^{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MXRaLBLnwwcC| title = Ports: Oral and written evidence| publisher = The Stationery Office|year = 2003 | editor = House of Commons. Transport Committee|chapter = Mr Graham Smith, Planning Director and Mr Allen Mardsen, English, Welsh & Scottish Railway (EWS) examined|pages = EV 16 – EV 18}}
33. ^The main orders were: 250 EMD Series 66 locomotives from GM-EMD built in USA/Canada, 30 JT 42HW-HS from Alstom / Electro Motive Diesel (Spain/USA), and around 2500 wagons from Thrall Car Manufacturing Company, built at the Thrall Europa, York works.
34. ^{{cite book |last=Gleed |first=Edward |date=2016 |title=British Rail Class 60 Locomotives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiA9DQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT281&ots=rd480mqJov&dq=EWS%20rail%20three%20head%20logo&pg=PT281#v=onepage&q=EWS%20rail%20three%20head%20logo&f=false |location= |publisher=The Crowood Press |page= |isbn=9781785001505 |author-link= }}
35. ^"Freightliner Heavy Haul division challenges EWS" The Railway Magazine issue 1186 February 2000 page 6
36. ^{{citation| title = EWS to acquire National Power's entire rail division from next April| journal = Rail| issue = 312 |date = 27 August 1997| page = 6}}
37. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/31/business/company-news-canadian-railway-to-buy-wisconsin-central.html Canadian railway to buy Wisconsin Central] The New York Times 31 January 2001
38. ^"EWS comes under CN" The Railway Magazine issue 1208 December 2001 page 15
39. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/royal-mail-switches-post--transport-from-rail-to-road-and-air-745287.html| title = Royal Mail switches post transport from rail to road and air| first = Alan |last =Jones| date = 6 June 2003| publisher = The Independent| work = www.independent.co.uk}}
40. ^{{citation| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2967564.stm |title=Mail trains to be scrapped| work = BBC News| date = 6 June 2003}}
41. ^{{citation| url=http://www.worldcargonews.com/htm/n20050609.982188.htm| title=EWS acquires Probotec| date=May 2005| work=www.worldcargonews.com| access-date=27 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204052523/http://www.worldcargonews.com/htm/n20050609.982188.htm| archive-date=4 February 2016| dead-url=yes| df=dmy-all}}
42. ^{{citation| url = http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/17204554/ews-acquires-probotec-assets| title = EWS acquires Probotec assets| date = June 2005| journal = Logistics & Transport Focus| volume = 7| issue = 5| page=14}}
43. ^{{citation| url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/industry-news-in-brief-33.html| title = Industry News in Brief| date= 1 June 2004| work = www.railwaygazette.com| quote = Powell Duffryn Rail [has been] renamed Probotec Ltd, a name 'derived from Professional Bogie Technologies'.}}
44. ^{{citation| url = http://www.archiveswales.org.uk/anw/get_collection.php?coll_id=2103&inst_id=33&term=Llanelli%20%7C%20Wales| title = Glamorgan Archives – Cambrian Wagon Works Ltd and Powell Duffryn Wagon Co. Ltd records| work = www.archiveswales.org.uk| first = Hayden| last = Burns| date = December 2003| access-date = 19 December 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131219234909/http://www.archiveswales.org.uk/anw/get_collection.php?coll_id=2103&inst_id=33&term=Llanelli%20%7C%20Wales| archive-date = 19 December 2013| dead-url = yes| df = dmy-all}}
45. ^{{citation| url = |journal = Moody's International Manual| volume = 3|year = 1995| page = 6792}}
46. ^{{citation|url = | journal = Rail| date = 20 December 2006| title = Axiom gets its act together| issue= 555|pages =42–43}}
47. ^Euro Cargo Rail Third Rail Freight Operator in France {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018161109/http://www.infrasite.net/news/news_articles.php?ID_nieuwsberichten=3070 |date=18 October 2014 }} infrasite.net 11 April 2005
48. ^Press {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103111430/http://www.eurocargorail.com/en/press.html |date=3 November 2014 }} Euro Cargo Rail
49. ^"Euro Cargo Rail" Rail issue 667 6 April 2011 page 67
50. ^{{citation|url=http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/our-work/directory-of-all-inquiries/ews-railway-holdings-marcroft-engineering-inquiry|title=EWS Railway Holdings Limited / Marcroft Holdings Limited merger inquiry|date=12 September 2006|publisher=Competition Commission|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522153351/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/our-work/directory-of-all-inquiries/ews-railway-holdings-marcroft-engineering-inquiry|archivedate=22 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}
51. ^{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FCcBalMesw0C|title =Freight transport: eighth report of session 2007–08 |editor= House of Commons: Transport Committee |publisher = The Stationery Office| year =2008| page = EV 80}}
52. ^{{citation| url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d3f96020-7622-11db-8284-0000779e2340.html#axzz3DKi60CtS| archive-date = 14 September 2014| archive-url = https://archive.is/20140914225600/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d3f96020-7622-11db-8284-0000779e2340.html%23axzz3DKi60CtS#axzz3DKi60CtS| dead-url = yes| title = Rail regulator fines EWS in competition case| first = Robert| last = Wright| date = 17 November 2006| work = www.ft.com}}
53. ^{{citation| url=http://www.oft.gov.uk/OFTwork/competition-act-and-cartels/ca98/decisions/railway-pricing| archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140402142426/http:/www.oft.gov.uk/OFTwork/competition-act-and-cartels/ca98/decisions/railway-pricing| dead-url=yes| archive-date=2014-04-02| title = English Welsh and Scottish Railway – No. 3/12/2003 – Decision by the Rail Regulator under the Competition Act 1998| publisher = Office of Fair Trading|}}
54. ^{{cite web | url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmtran/266/266vw08.htm | title=Transport Committee – Written evidence from DB Schenker | publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom | date=25 November 2013|quote = DB Schenker is wholly owned by Deutsche Bahn AG }}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.db.de/site/bahn/en/db__group/press/press__information/db__group/070628__acquisition.html |title=Deutsche Bahn plans takeover of EWS and Transfesa |accessdate=28 June 2007 |authorlink= |date=28 June 2007 |publisher=Deutsche Bahn |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705181810/http://www.db.de/site/bahn/en/db__group/press/press__information/db__group/070628__acquisition.html |archivedate=5 July 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
56. ^"EWS sold to German Railways" The Railway Magazine issue 1276 August 2007 page 6
57. ^{{cite news| title = German rail giant confirms £300m deal for EWS shares| first = Alistair |last =Osborne| date = 29 June 2007| newspaper= The Telegraph| url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2811265/German-rail-giant-confirms-300m-deal-for-EWS-shares.html}}
58. ^{{citation| url =http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m4746_20071106_20212_en.pdf| title = Case No COMP/M.4746 – Deutsche Bahn / English Welsh & Scottish Railway Holdings (EWS)| date = 6 November 2007| publisher = Office for Official Publications of the European Communities}}
59. ^"Go-ahead for EWS sale to German Railways" The Railway Magazine issue 1281 January 2008 page 8
60. ^Annual Accounts for 9 months ended 31 December 2007: English Welsh & Scottish Railway Holdings Limited
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ifw-net.com/freightpubs/ifw/indexarticle.htm?artid=1182561242956|title=DB gets go-ahead for rail takeovers|date=29 June 2007 |last=Falkner|first=James|publisher=International Freighting Weekly| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110713005758/http://www.ifw-net.com/freightpubs/ifw/indexarticle.htm?artid=1182561242956 |archivedate=13 July 2011 }}
62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ifw-net.com/freightpubs/ifw/indexarticle.htm?artid=20017601082&src=ticker |title=EWS to rebrand as DB Schenker in new year |date=17 December 2008 | publisher=ifw-net.com | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090104002621/http://www.ifw-net.com/freightpubs/ifw/indexarticle.htm?artid=20017601082&src=ticker| archivedate=4 January 2009}}
63. ^"EWS becomes DB Schenker" Rail issue 608 31 December 2008 page 17
64. ^"Class 59 is first to receive UK DB Schenker German livery" Rail issue 610 28 January 2009 page 7
65. ^1 {{cite press release| url = http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/press/news_210109.html| title = DB Schenker unveils new look for UK rail freight at the National Railway Museum, York| date = 21 January 2009| publisher = DB Schenker| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111007005446/http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/press/news_210109.html| archivedate = 7 October 2011| df = dmy-all}}
66. ^1 "DB Schenker unveils new look" The Railway Magazine issue 1295 March 2009 page 11
67. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.teenagecancertrust.org/articles/news-view.php?Id=933 |title=Media Center |accessdate=15 October 2010 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
68. ^Sources:
{{Cite journal |url=http://www.railwayherald.org/magazine/pdf/RHUK/Issue179HIGH.pdf |title=Class 92 modifications for HS1 freight |work=Railway Herald |date=1 June 2009 |issue=179 |page=3 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009151919/http://www.railwayherald.org/magazine/pdf/RHUK/Issue179HIGH.pdf |archivedate=9 October 2011 |df=dmy }}
{{cite web |url=http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/cmsnews/news_article.asp?src=h&guid={A5CBB8C1-9533-46CA-9F55-514A7A9F2F4D} |title=Freight trains set to use High Speed 1 |date=16 April 2009 |publisher=DB Schenker Rail |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425165156/http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/cmsnews/news_article.asp?src=h&guid=%7BA5CBB8C1-9533-46CA-9F55-514A7A9F2F4D%7D |archivedate=25 April 2009 |df=dmy }}
69. ^{{cite press_release | url=http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/cmsnews/news_article.asp?guid={7EA84D2B-CABE-4C5C-87F1-5FE863AC84F7} | title=European sized rail freight to arrive in the UK soon, following successful locomotive trial | publisher=DB Schenker Rail (UK) |date=25 March 2011 |dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722185909/http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/cmsnews/news_article.asp?guid={7EA84D2B-CABE-4C5C-87F1-5FE863AC84F7}|archivedate=22 July 2011}}
70. ^{{cite press release |url=http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/cmsnews/news_article.asp?guid={B3DB6B7C-BD63-431F-B8D3-DC42B0205886} |title=DB Schenker Rail operates first freight train over High Speed 1 |publisher=DB Schenker Rail (UK) |date=27 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722185930/http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/cmsnews/news_article.asp?guid=%7BB3DB6B7C-BD63-431F-B8D3-DC42B0205886%7D |archivedate=22 July 2011 |df=dmy }}
71. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/first-freight-on-high-speed-1.html |title=First freight on High Speed 1 |date=29 May 2011 |work=Railway Gazette International |location =London}}
72. ^"Inaugural freight train on HS1" The Railway Magazine issue 1324 August 2011 page 9
73. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/newsdb-schenker-to-upgrade-locomotives-for-high-speed-1-service/ | title=DB Schenker to upgrade locomotives for High Speed 1 service | work=Railway Technology.com | date=12 December 2011}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/cmsnews/news_article.asp?guid={9EA987E2-E67C-414E-985A-06D76202BA5B}|title=Locomotives upgraded for European rail freight services on High Speed 1|date=7 October 2011|work=Press Releases|publisher=DB Schenker Rail (UK)|quote=investment will give DB Schenker Rail UK a fleet of six High Speed 1 enabled locomotives}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
75. ^"More Class 92 freights on HS1" The Railway Magazine issue 1329 January 2012 page 87
76. ^{{citation |url=http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/cmsnews/news_article.asp?guid={6615441E-DDCE-4B79-899D-D2C781985F0C} |title=DB Schenker Rail operates first European sized freight train over High Speed 1 |date=27 July 2011 |publisher=DB Schenker Rail (UK) |work=www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk |6= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422063800/http://www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk/cmsnews/news_article.asp?guid=%7B6615441E-DDCE-4B79-899D-D2C781985F0C%7D |archivedate=22 April 2012 |df=dmy }}
77. ^{{citation|url=http://www.railpro.co.uk/magazine/?idArticles=1184 |title=Rail Professional interview: Alain Thauvette |date=December 2011 |first=Katie |last=Silvester |publisher=Rail Professional |work=www.railpro.co.uk |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420024023/http://www.railpro.co.uk/magazine/?idArticles=1184 |archivedate=20 April 2012 |df=dmy }}
78. ^{{citation|url=http://www.rail.dbschenker.pl/site/logistics/rail/railpolska/en/company/press/news/wroclaw__london.html |title=DB Schenker delivers first Poland to UK service |date=15 November 2011 |publisher=DB Schenker Rail (UK) |work=www.rail.dbschenker.co.uk }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
79. ^The UK's leading rail freight company announces rebrand {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041727/http://uk.dbcargo.com/rail-uk-en/News_Media/news/10867046/new_brand.html |date=11 November 2017 }} DB Cargo UK 2 March 2016
80. ^http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/freight/single-view/view/db-cargo-plans-to-cut-893-jobs-in-face-of-unprecedented-market-changes.html
81. ^https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/02938988/filing-history
82. ^{{citation| title = EWSR orders 250 new locomotives|journal = Rail| issue = 280|date = 5 June 1996| page = 6}}
83. ^"EWS has big loco switch-off" The Railway Magazine issue 1236 April 2004 page 64
84. ^{{citation| title = British Beef is Alive and Kicking in France|journal = Rail| issue =371 |date = 1 December 1999| pages = 30–35}}
85. ^{{citation| title = EWS confirms 37s for its Italian work|journal = Rail| issue= 413| date = 11 July 2001| page = 56}}
86. ^{{citation| title = EWS wins 37 Spanish work| journal = Rail| issue =397|date = 29 November 2000 |page = 15}}
87. ^1 France wnxx.com
88. ^{{citation| title = Class 58 ACTS the part|journal = Rail| issue = 489 |date =9 June 2004| pages = 40–45}}
89. ^{{citation| title = EWS must sell, not scrap its locomotives says Regulator|journal = Rail| issue = 356| date = 5 May 1999| page =12}}
90. ^https://www.railwaymagazine.co.uk/gb-railfreight-buys-db-cargo-class-66s/
91. ^{{citation| title = DB Schenker to continue passenger services| journal = Rail| issue = 673| date = 29 June 2011 |pages = 36–37}}
92. ^EWS Executive Train Scot-rail
93. ^{{citation| title = EWS to create touring train with four Mk 3s| journal = Rail| issue =489|date = 9 June 2004| page = 14}}
94. ^"Silver 67 for EWS executive train" The Railway Magazine issue 1244 December 2004 page 7
95. ^"Making the Class 60s super again" Rail issue 730 4 September 2013 page 48
96. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20111011090410/http://www.railwaymagazine.co.uk/news/end-of-the-line-for-thornaby End of the line for Thornaby] Railway Magazine 3 August 2011
97. ^Depot integration puts Arriva's LNWR on track for future growth Global Rail News 5 May 2011
98. ^"Four DB Schenker depots taken over by L&NWR" The Railway Magazine issue 1323 July 2011 page 81
99. ^"New depots shared by EWS and Virgin" The Railway Magazine issue 1205 September 2001 page 73
100. ^EWS awarded Sleeper contract Rail Technology Magazine 1 December 2005
101. ^"Scottish sleeper power" The Railway Magazine issue 1166 June 1998 page 56
102. ^"Highland sleepers awake after five-month break" Rail issue 408 2 May 2001 page 50
103. ^1 Class 67 locomotives take to the West Highland Line {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017183101/http://www.scotrail.co.uk/content/class-67-locomotives-take-west-highland-line |date=17 October 2014 }} ScotRail 6 June 2006
104. ^"The Sleepers are stirring" Rail issue 756 3 September 2014 page 70
105. ^"Fear and trepidation as EWS acquires RCS" The Railway Magazine issue 1226 June 2003 page 91
106. ^Changeover day North Wales Coast Railway Noticeboard 26 March 2012
107. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20140903115615/http://www.railexpress.co.uk/news/chiltern-to-employ-vossloh-class-68-power-for-mainline-services Chiltern to employ Vossloh Class 68 power for Mainline services] Rail Express 22 August 2014
108. ^Thunderbirds are go for rail firm BBC News 25 May 2003
109. ^"DB Schenker to continue passenger services" Rail issue 673 29 June 2011 pages 36/37
110. ^"Anglia opts for EWS Class 90s" The Railway Magazine issue 1232 December 2003 page 63
111. ^"Loco-hauled trains back on the S&C" The Railway Magazine issue 1229 1 September 2003 page 7
112. ^First Great Western {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012074406/http://www.tauntontrains.co.uk/LOCOHAULED.htm |date=12 October 2012 }} Taunton Trains
113. ^{{citation| title = More locomotive haulage on North Wales coast| journal = Rail| issue = 361|date = 14 July 1999| page = 55}}
114. ^History {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329114628/http://www.riviera-trains.co.uk/about_us.htm |date=29 March 2009 }} Riviera Trains
115. ^The end of Wrexham & Shropshire North Wales Coast Railway noticeboard 7 February 2011
116. ^{{citation| title = Princes charming| journal = Rail| issue = 253| date= 24 May 1995 |page = 4}}
117. ^{{citation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001000058/http://www.ews-railway.co.uk/cmsystem/news_article.asp?guid=%7B33366DAD-CBE8-46E4-B35B-70AD3634A62A%7D |url=http://www.ews-railway.co.uk/cmsystem/news_article.asp?guid=%7B33366DAD-CBE8-46E4-B35B-70AD3634A62A%7D |title=New Royal Train locomotive unveiled |work=www.ews-railway.co.uk |date=18 February 2004 |archivedate=1 October 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
118. ^{{citation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001000153/http://www.ews-railway.co.uk/cmsystem/news_article.asp?guid=%7BD5D0BADF-5617-4ACB-9379-5B94D81E7E5C%7D |url=http://www.ews-railway.co.uk/cmsystem/news_article.asp?guid=%7BD5D0BADF-5617-4ACB-9379-5B94D81E7E5C%7D |title=HM The Queen names dedicated Royal Train locomotive at Bristol |work=www.ews-railway.co.uk |date=25 February 2005 |archivedate=1 October 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
119. ^{{citation| title = Rail reader's EWS logo unveiled at Toton depot| journal = Rail| issue = 297| date = 29 January 1997| pages = 8/9}}
120. ^"Revised EWS livery launched" The Railway Magazine issue 1151 March 1997 page 6
121. ^{{citation| title = First GNER 90 unveiled| journal = Rail| issue = 359 |date = 16 June 1999| page = 50}}
122. ^{{citation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711132613/http://ews-railway.co.uk/cmsystem/news_article.asp?guid=%7B7EC09DB6-E6E0-4033-B9DA-223618C87FF9%7D |title=Operating enhancements for First Scotrail sleeper to be delivered by EWS and Axiom Rail |date=26 May 2006 |work=ews-railway.co.uk |archivedate=11 July 2006 |url=http://ews-railway.co.uk/cmsystem/news_article.asp?guid=%7B7EC09DB6-E6E0-4033-B9DA-223618C87FF9%7D |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all |access-date=13 June 2006 }}
123. ^"Virgin hires DB Class 90 via DRS" Rail issue 739 8 January 2014 page 13
124. ^"Arriva blue for Class 67" The Railway Magazine issue 1327 November 2011 page 81
125. ^ 
126. ^[https://www.p2steam.com/ 2007 Prince of Wales] P2 Steam Locomotive Trust
127. ^[https://www.a1steam.com/ 60163 Tornado] Al Steam Locomotive Trust
128. ^Mk3 train for 90mph-registered Tornado

References

{{Reflist|3}}

Sources

{{refbegin}}
  • {{citation| url = http://orr.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/3527/ca98_decision_ews-dec06.pdf | title = Decision of the Office of Rail Regulation – English Welsh and Scottish Railway Limited| publisher = Office of Rail Regulation|date = December 2006| ref = {{harvid|ORR|2006}} }}
  • {{cite web|url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc9899/hc02/0280/0280.pdf |title=The Sale of Rail Freight Distribution |publisher=Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions / National Audit Office |date=26 March 1999 |ref={{harvid|Sale of RfD|1999}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320150938/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc9899/hc02/0280/0280.pdf |archivedate=20 March 2012 |df=dmy }}
  • {{cite web|url = http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1996/nov/27/rail-privatisation| work = hansard.millbanksystems.com|title = Rail Privatisation| date = 27 December 1996| publisher = Hansard, House of Commons, UK| at = volume 296, 275W| ref = {{harvid|Hansard HC|1996}} }}
  • {{citation | work = European Conference of Ministers of Transport | title = Railway Reform – Regulation of Freight Transport Markets | url = http://internationaltransportforum.org/pub/pdf/01RailReform.pdf | year = 2001 | ref = {{harvid|ECMT|2001}} | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141205105555/http://internationaltransportforum.org/pub/pdf/01RailReform.pdf | archivedate = 5 December 2014 | df = dmy-all }}
  • {{citation| work =The Official History of Privatisation: Popular Capitalism, 1987–97|volume=2| title = Popular Capitalism. 1987–1997| first = David| last = Parker|year =2012 |ref=harv }}
  • {{cite web|url = http://www.parliament.uk/Templates/BriefingPapers/Pages/BPPdfDownload.aspx?bp-id=SN01157 | page= 13| title =Railways: privatisation, 1987–1996| first = Louise|last = Butcher| date = 18 March 2011| publisher = House of Commons Library|work = www.parliament.uk |ref=harv }}
  • {{cite book|title= European integration of rail freight transport (Round Table 125)|work= European Conference of Ministers of Transport. Economic Research Centre|publisher= OECD Publishing|year= 2004|first= C.|last= Nash|first2= T.|last2= Fowkes|url= http://internationaltransportforum.org/pub/pdf/04RT125.pdf|pages= 61–94|chapter= Rail Privatisation in Britain – Lessons for the Rail Freight Industry|ref= harv|access-date= 15 September 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140915094431/http://internationaltransportforum.org/pub/pdf/04RT125.pdf|archive-date= 15 September 2014|dead-url= yes|df= dmy-all}}
{{refend}}

Further reading

  • {{cite journal|last=Sutton|first= Philip|title=Burkhardt on EWS|journal=Rail Express|volume=135|date=August 2007|pages=32–37}}

External links

  • {{commons category-inline|English, Welsh and Scottish Railway}}
  • {{commons category-inline|DB Schenker Rail (UK)}}
  • {{official website|http://uk.dbcargo.com/rail-uk-en/start/}}
  • {{citation|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040330171005/http://ews-railway.co.uk/|archivedate = 30 March 2004|url = http://www.ews-railway.co.uk|title = EWS company website|work = www.ews-railway.co.uk|deadurl = yes|df = dmy-all}}
{{-}}{{British freight operators}}{{Deutsche Bahn}}

6 : DB Schenker Rail (UK)|Deutsche Bahn|Companies based in Doncaster|Railway companies established in 1995|Rail freight companies in the United Kingdom|British companies established in 1995
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/21 11:00:24