“Economy of Laos”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The economy of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is rapidly growing, as a result of decentralized government control and encouragement of private enterprise since 1986.^[5] Currently, Laos ranks amongst the fastest growing economies in the world, averaging 8% a year in GDP growth.^[6] It is also forecasted that Laos will sustain at least 7% growth through 2019 as well.^[7]

Key goals for the government includes pursuing poverty reduction and education for all children, also with its initiative to become a "land-linked" country. This is showcased through the ongoing construction of the nearly $6 billion high-speed rail from Kunming, China to Vientiane, Laos. The country opened a stock exchange, the Lao Securities Exchange in 2011, and has become a rising regional player in its role as a hydroelectric power supplier to neighbors such as China, Vietnam and Thailand. In the current period, the economy of Laos relies largely on foreign direct investment to attract the capital from overseas to support its continual economic rigorousness.

Despite rapid growth, Laos remains one of the poorest countries in Southeast Asia.^[8]^[9] A landlocked country, it has inadequate infrastructure and a largely unskilled work force. Nonetheless, Laos continues to attract foreign investment as it integrates with the larger ASEAN Economic Community, its plentiful, young workforce, and favorable tax treatment. The country's per capita income in 2016 was estimated to be $5,700 on a purchasing power parity-basis.^[10]

Economic history

With the overthrow of the Laotian monarchy in 1975, the Pathet Lao communist government instituted a planned socialist economy of the Soviet-style command economy system, replacing the private sector with state enterprises and cooperatives; centralizing investment, production, trade, and pricing; and creating barriers to internal and foreign trade.

Seizure of power by the communists also resulted in a withdrawal of mainly American external investment, on which the country had become greatly dependent as a result of the destruction of domestic capital during the Indochina Wars.^[11]

Within a few years, the PDR Lao government realized these types of economic policies were preventing, rather than stimulating, growth and development.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} No substantive reform was introduced, however, until 1986 when the government announced its "new economic mechanism" (NEM). Initially timid, the NEM was expanded to include a range of reforms designed to create conditions conducive to private sector activity.

Prices set by market forces replaced government-determined prices. Farmers were permitted to own land and sell crops on the open market. State firms were granted increased decision-making authority and lost most of their subsidies and pricing advantages. The government set the exchange rate close to real market levels, lifted trade barriers, replaced import barriers with tariffs, and gave private sector firms direct access to imports and credit.

With the growing unrest in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, in 1989, the PDR Lao government reached agreement with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund on additional reforms. The government agreed to introduce fiscal and monetary reform, promote private enterprise and foreign investment, privatize or close state firms, and strengthen banking. In addition, it also agreed to maintain a market exchange rate, reduce tariffs, and eliminate unneeded trade regulations. A liberal foreign investment code was enacted and appears to be slowly making a positive impact in the market. Enforcement of intellectual property rights is governed by two Prime Minister's Decrees dating from 1995 and 2002 [https://web.archive.org/web/20080222225404/http://www.ecap-project.org/how_to_enforce_your_ipr/laos.html].

In an attempt to stimulate further international commerce, the PDR Lao government accepted Australian aid to build a bridge across the Mekong River to Thailand. The "Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge", between Vientiane Prefecture and Nong Khai Province, Thailand, was inaugurated in April 1994. Although the bridge has created additional commerce, the Lao government does not yet permit a completely free flow of traffic across the span.

These reforms led to economic growth and an increased availability of goods. However, the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, coupled with the Lao government's own mismanagement of the economy, resulted in spiraling inflation and a steep depreciation of the kip, which lost 87% of its value from June 1997 to June 1999. Tighter monetary policies brought about greater macroeconomic stability in FY 2000, and monthly inflation, which had averaged about 10% during the first half of FY 1999, dropped to an average 1% over the same period in FY 2000.

In FY 1999, foreign grants and loans accounted for more than 20% of GDP and more than 75% of public investment.

The economy continues to be dominated by an unproductive agricultural sector operating largely outside the money economy and in which the public sector continues to play a dominant role. Still, a number of private enterprises have been founded and some are quite successful in industries such as [https://web.archive.org/web/20100803012556/http://www.laohandicraftgroup.laopdr.com/ handicrafts], beer, coffee and tourism. With United Nations, Japanese, and German support, a formerly state-controlled chamber of commerce aims to promote private business: the Lao National Chamber of Commerce and Industry and its provincial subdivisions.^[12]

Agriculture

Agriculture, mostly subsistence rice farming, dominates the economy, employing an estimated 85% of the population and producing 51% of GDP. Domestic savings are low, forcing Laos to rely heavily on foreign assistance and concessional loans as investment sources for economic development.

Agricultural products include sweet potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, tea, peanuts, rice; water buffalo, pigs, cattle, poultry.

In mid-2012, the Laos government issued a four-year moratorium for new mining projects. The reasons cited were environmental and social concerns relating to the use of agricultural land.^[30]

Tourism

Tourism is the fastest growing industry in the economy and plays a vital role in the Lao economy. The government opened Laos to the world in the 1990s, and continues to be a popular destination amongst tourists.^[13]

Other statistics

Exchange rate - kips (LAK) per US dollar - 8,556.56 (2009), 8,760.69 (2008), 9,658 (2007), 10,235 (2006), 10,820 (2005)

Of the total foreign investment in Laos in 2012, the mining industry got 27% followed by electricity generation which has 25% share.^[14]

References

1. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspxpr.x=43&pr.y=6&sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C946%2C914%2C137%2C612%2C546%2C614%2C962%2C311%2C674%2C213%2C676%2C911%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C181%2C313%2C867%2C419%2C682%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C273%2C913%2C868%2C124%2C921%2C339%2C948%2C638%2C943%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C836%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C734%2C336%2C144%2C263%2C146%2C268%2C463%2C532%2C528%2C944%2C923%2C176%2C738%2C534%2C578%2C536%2C537%2C429%2C742%2C433%2C866%2C178%2C369%2C436%2C744%2C136%2C186%2C343%2C925%2C158%2C869%2C439%2C746%2C916%2C926%2C664%2C466%2C826%2C112%2C542%2C111%2C967%2C298%2C443%2C927%2C917%2C846%2C544%2C299%2C941%2C582%2C446%2C474%2C666%2C754%2C668%2C698%2C672&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPRPPPPC%2CNGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: Niger |publisher=IMF |accessdate=2018-06-07 }}
2. ^{{cite web|url= https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29801/9781464812576.pdf|title= World Bank forecast for Lao PDR, June 2018 (p. 151) |publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 September 2018}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html|title=Laos |publisher=The World Factbook |accessdate=2018-06-07 }}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/lao-pdr |title=Ease of Doing Business in Lao PDR |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |accessdate=2017-01-23 }}
5. ^[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html "Laos"].
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html#la|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-02-11}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://newsletters.briefs.bloomberg.com/document/3hz20cux57czgimnux/qampa-asia-frontier-capital|title=Bloomberg Briefs|website=newsletters.briefs.bloomberg.com|access-date=2017-02-11}}
8. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/06/laos-southeast-asia-emerging-economy | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Bruno | last=Philip | title=Laos, south-east Asia's new emerging economy | date=6 November 2012}}
9. ^http://www.marketwatch.com/story/laos-marks-first-day-trade-in-new-exchange-2011-01-11
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html#la|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-02-11}}
11. ^{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=297|isbn=9781107507180}}
12. ^8km.de, LNCCI
13. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10698587 |title=Stray-ing into Laos |author=Slade, Maria |date=9 January 2011 |work=The New Zealand Herald |accessdate=11 September 2011}}
14. ^¹ {{Cite news | title = Vietnam leads investment in Laos | publisher = Investvine.com | date = 2013-02-26 | url= http://investvine.com/vietnam-leads-investment-in-laos/ | accessdate =2013-04-03}}

Economic history

Agriculture

Tourism

Other statistics

References

External links