“Ecosystem diversity”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ecosystem diversity deals with the variations in ecosystems within a geographical location and its overall impact on human existence and the environment.

Ecosystem diversity is a type of biodiversity. It is the variation in the ecosystems found in a region or the variation in ecosystems over the whole planet. Biodiversity is important because it clears out our water, changes out climate, and provides us with food. Ecological diversity includes the variation in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Ecological diversity can also take into account the variation in the complexity of a biological community, including the number of different niches, the number of trophic levels and other ecological processes. An example of ecological diversity on a global scale would be the variation in ecosystems, such as deserts, forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans. Ecological diversity is the largest scale of biodiversity, and within each ecosystem, there is a great deal of both species and genetic diversity.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Impact

Diversity in the ecosystem is significant to human existence for a variety of reasons. Ecosystem diversity boosts the availability of oxygen via the process of photosynthesis amongst plant organisms domiciled in the habitat. Diversity In an aquatic environment helps in the purification of water by plant varieties for use by humans. Diversity increases plant varieties which serves as a good source for medicines and herbs for human use. A lack of diversity in the ecosystem produces an opposite result.^[5]

Examples

Ecosystem diversity as a result of evolutionary pressure

Ecological diversity around the world can be directly linked to the evolutionary and selective pressures that constrain the diversity outcome of the ecosystems within different niches. Tundras, Rainforests, coral reefs and deciduous forests all are formed as a result of evolutionary pressures. Even seemingly small evolutionary interactions can have large impacts on the diversity of the ecosystems throughout the world. One of the best studied cases of this is of the honey bee's interaction with angiosperms on every continent in the world except Antarctica.^[6]

In 2010 Robert Brodschneider, and Karl Crailsheim conducted a study about the health and nutrition in honey bee colonies, the study conducted focused on: overall colony health, adult nutrition, and larva nutrition as a function of the effect of pesticides, monocultures and genetically modified crops to see if the anthropogenically created problems can have an effect pollination levels.^[7] The results indicate that human activity does have a role in the destruction of the fitness of the bee colony. The extinction or near extinction of these pollinators would result in many plants that feed humans on a wide scale, needing alternative pollination methods.^[8] Crop pollinating insects are worth annually 14.6 billion to the US economy^[9] and cost to hand pollinate over insect pollination will cost an estimated 5,715-$7,135 per hectare additionally. Not only will there be a cost increase but also an decrease in colony fitness, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity, which studies have shown has a direct link to the long term survival of the honey bee colonies. ^[10]

According to a study, there are over 50 plants that are dependent on bee pollination, many of these being key staples to feeding the world.^[11] Another study conducted states that as a direct result of a lack of plant diversity, will lead to a decline in the bee population fitness, and a low bee colony fitness has impacts on the fitness of plant ecosystem diversity. ^[12] By allowing for bee pollination and working to reduce anthropogenically harmful footprints, bee pollination can increase flora growth genetic diversity and create a unique ecosystem that is highly diverse and can provide a habitat and niche for many other organisms to thrive.^[13] Due to the evolutionary pressures of bees being located on six out of seven continents, there can be no denying the impact of pollinators on the ecosystem diversity. The pollen collected by the bees is harvested and used as an energy source for winter time, this act of collecting pollen from local plants also has a more important effect of facilitating the movement of genes between organisms.^[14]

The new evolutionary pressures that are largely anthropogenically catalyzed can potentially cause wide spread collapse of ecosystems. In the north Atlantic sea, a study was conducted that followed the effects of the human interaction on surrounding ocean habitats. They found that in there was no habitat or trophic level that in some way was effected negatively by human interaction, and that much of the diversity of life was being stunted as a result.^[15]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|first=Margaret|last= Cunningham|url=http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-biodiversity-definition-and-relation-to-ecosystem-stability.html|website=study.com|series= DSST Environment & Humanity: Study Guide & Test Prep |title=What is Biodiversity? - Definition and Relation to Ecosystem Stability|accessdate=29 April 2015}}
2. ^{{Cite book|year=2009|chapter=Ecosystems|chapter-url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=colu91149&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX3233900080&asid=ece573364e176588534845e3350339a7|title=Environmental Science: In context|series=In Context Series |volume=1|pages=242–246|publisher=Gale|location=Detroit|oclc=277051356|isbn=978-1-4103-3754-2|editors=Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner}}
3. ^{{Cite book|last=Purdy|first=Elizabeth|year=2012|chapter=Ecosystems|chapter-url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=colu91149&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX4195600251&asid=1b9f7d7c752292d2c015aaaa651455a9|title=Encyclopedia of Global Warming & Climate Change|doi=10.4135/9781452218564 |pages=485–487|via=Gale Virtual Reference Library|isbn=978-1-4129-9261-9|editor=S. George Philander|volume= 1|edition= 2nd|location= Thousand Oaks, CA|publisher=SAGE Reference}}
4. ^{{Cite book|year=2009|chapter=Ecosystem Diversity|chapter-url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchId=R4&searchType=BasicSearchForm¤tPosition=7&userGroupName=colu91149&inPS=true&sort=RELEVANCE&contentSegment=&prodId=GVRL&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3233900079&docId=GALE%7CCX3233900079&docType=GALE&u=colu91149&authCount=1#|title=Environmental Science: In Context|series=In Context Series |volume=1|pages=239–241|publisher=Gale|location=Detroit|oclc=277051356|isbn=978-1-4103-3754-2|editors=Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Naveh|first=Z.|date=1994-09-01|title=From Biodiversity to Ecodiversity: A Landscape-Ecology Approach to Conservation and Restoration|journal=Restoration Ecology|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=180–189|doi=10.1111/j.1526-100x.1994.tb00065.x|issn=1526-100X}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://animals.mom.me/continents-bees-not-found-5374.html|title=On What Continents Are Bees Not Found?|access-date=2018-10-31|language=en}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Brodschneider|first=Robert|date=2010|title=Nutrition and health in Honey bees|url=https://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/pdf/2010/03/m09120.pdf|journal=Apidologie|volume=|pages=|via=}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/2015/bee_tech.html|title=Mission 2015: Bee Technology|website=web.mit.edu|access-date=2018-11-30}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5193-Decline-of-bees-forces-China-s-apple-farmers-to-pollinate-by-hand|title=Decline of bees forces China's apple farmers to pollinate by hand|website=www.chinadialogue.net|language=en|access-date=2018-10-31}}
10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130617111341.htm|title=Genetic diversity key to survival of honey bee colonies|work=ScienceDaily|access-date=2018-10-31|language=en}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020735/http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/beeclass/Pollination.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|date=2007-09-30|access-date=2018-10-31}}
12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/08/22/Plant-biodiversity-essential-to-bee-health/7391534949396/|title=Plant biodiversity essential to bee health|work=UPI|access-date=2018-10-31|language=en}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/why-bees-are-important-to-our-planet/|title=Why Bees Are Important to Our Planet - One Green Planet|website=www.onegreenplanet.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-31|date=2014-06-17}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Min|last2=Compton|first2=Stephen G.|last3=Peng|first3=Fo-En|last4=Zhang|first4=Jian|last5=Chen|first5=Xiao-Yong|date=2015-06-07|title=Movements of genes between populations: are pollinators more effective at transferring their own or plant genetic markers?|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=282|issue=1808|pages=20150290|doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.0290|issn=0962-8452|pmc=4455804|pmid=25948688}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lotze|first=Heike K.|last2=Milewski|first2=Inka|date=October 2004|title=TWO CENTURIES OF MULTIPLE HUMAN IMPACTS AND SUCCESSIVE CHANGES IN A NORTH ATLANTIC FOOD WEB|journal=Ecological Applications|language=en|volume=14|issue=5|pages=1428–1447|doi=10.1890/03-5027|issn=1051-0761}}