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词条 Emperor Nakamikado
释义

  1. Genealogy

  2. Events of Nakamikado's life

     Kugyō 

  3. Eras of Nakamikado's reign

  4. Ancestry

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. See also

{{Infobox monarch
| name = Nakamikado
| succession = Emperor of Japan
| image = Emperor Nakamikado.jpg
| caption =
| reign = July 27 1709 – 13 April 1735
| reg-type = Shōguns
| regent = {{List collapsed|title=See list|1=Tokugawa Ienobu
Tokugawa Ietsugu
Tokugawa Yoshimune}}
| coronation =
| predecessor = Higashiyama
| successor = Sakuramachi
| spouse = Konoe Hisako
| issue = Emperor Sakuramachi
| issue-link = #Genealogy
| issue-pipe = Among others...
| royal house = Yamato
| father = Emperor Higashiyama
| mother = Fujiwara no Yoshiko
| birth_date = January 14, 1702
| birth_place =
| death_date = May 10, 1737 (aged 35)
| death_place =
| place of burial= Tsuki no wa no misasagi (Kyoto)
|}}{{nihongo|Emperor Nakamikado|中御門天皇|Nakamikado-tennō|January 14, 1702 – May 10, 1737}} was the 114th emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2] The years of Nakamikado's reign spanned from 1709 through to his abdication in 1735.[3]

Genealogy

Before Nakamikado's ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was {{nihongo|Yoshihito|慶仁}}[4] or Yasuhito;[2] and his pre-accession title was Masu-no-miya (長宮).

Nakamikado was the fifth son of Emperor Higashiyama. His mother was the lady-in-waiting Fujiwara no Yoshiko, but he was brought up as if he were the son of the Empress consort, Arisugawa no Yukiko.[2]

Nakamikado's Imperial family lived with him in the Dairi of the Heian Palace. This family included at least 16 children:

Court lady: Konoe Hisako (近衛尚子) later Shinchūkamon'in (新中和門; 1702–1720), Konoe Iehiro’s daughter

  • First son: Imperial Prince Teruhito (昭仁親王) later Emperor Sakuramachi

Lady in waiting: Shimizutani Iwako (清水谷石子; 1703–1735), Shimizutani Sanenari’s daughter

  • Second son: Imperial Prince Priest Kōjyun (公遵法親王; 1722–1788)
  • Fourth daughter: Princess Risyū (理秀女王; 1725–1764)
  • Sixth daughter: Princess Sonjō (尊乗女王; 1730–1789)
  • Eighth daughter: Princess Chika (周宮; 1735)

Lady in waiting: Sono Tsuneko (園常子; d.1763), Sono Motokatsu’s daughter

  • Third son: Imperial Prince Priest Cyūyo (忠與法親王; 1722–1788)
  • Third daughter: Princess Go (五宮; 1724–1725)

Handmaid: Kuze Natsuko (久世夏子; d.1734), Kuze Michinatsu’s daughter

  • Second daughter: Princess Mitsu (三宮; 1723)
  • Fifth daughter: Imperial Princess Fusako (成子内親王; 1729–1771; married Imperial Prince Kan'in-no-miya Sukehito
  • Seventh daughter: Princess Eikō (永皎女王; 1732–1808)
  • Fifth son: Prince Nobu (信宮; 1734)

Handmaid: Gojō Hiroko (五条寛子; b.1718), Gojō Tamenori’s daughter

  • Sixth son: Imperial Prince Priest Jyun'nin (遵仁法親王; 1722–1747)

Consort: Iyo-no-Tsubone (伊予局; 1703–1770) later Kenshōin (見性院), Komori Yorisue's daughter

  • First daughter: Princess Syōsan (聖珊女王; 1721–1759)
  • Fifth son: Imperial Prince Priest Ji'nin (慈仁法親王; 1723–1735)

Events of Nakamikado's life

In 1708, Nakamikado became Crown Prince.

  • July 27, 1709 (Hōei 6, 21st day of the 6th month): Emperor Higashiyama abdicated and the throne passed to his son.[5]
  • January 16, 1710 (Hōei 6, 17th day of the 12th month): Higashiyama died.[6]

Immediately after the abdication, Prince Yashuhito became the emperor. Because of his youth, first his father, the retired Emperor Higashiyama, and then his grandfather, the retired Emperor Reigen exercised Imperial powers in his name.

Nakamikado reign corresponded to the period from the sixth shōgun, Tokugawa Ienobu, to the eighth shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshimune. During this period, relations with the Bakufu were fairly good. Talk of a marriage between Imperial Princess Yaso-no-miya Yoshiko (八十宮吉子内親王), daughter of Retired Emperor Reigen and the seventh shōgun, Tokugawa Ietsugu were halted by the sudden death of the shogun in Edo.[7]

  • July 7, 1710 – March 22, 1711 (Hōei 7, 11th day of the 6th month – Shōtoku 1, 4th day of the 2nd month): A Ryukyuan diplomatic mission from Shō Eki of the Ryūkyū Kingdom was received by the shogunate. This was the largest delegation—168 people—in the Edo period.[8]
  • 1711 (Shōtoku 1): A Korean diplomatic mission from Sukjong of Joseon was received by the shogunate;[6] and formal greetings were presented to mark the succession of Shogun Ienobu.[9]
  • November 12, 1712 (Shōtoku 2, 14th day of the 10th month): Shogun Tokugawa Ienobu died.[6]
  • 1713 (Shōtoku 3): Minamoto no Ietsugu became the 7th shogun of the Edo bakufu.[6]
  • 1714 (Shōtoku 4): The shogunate introduces new gold and silver coins into circulation.[6]
  • April 20, 1715 (Shōtoku 5, 17th day of the 3rd month): The 100th anniversary of the death of Tokugawa Ieyasu (posthumously known as Gongen-sama), which was celebrated throughout the empire.[3]
  • 1716 (Shōoku 6, 30th day of the 4th month): Shogun Ietsugu died of complications of a cold, at the age of six.[10]
  • 1717 (Kyōhō 2): Kyōhō reforms are directed and overseen by Shogun Yoshimune.[11]
  • 1718 (Kyōhō 3): The bakufu repaired the Imperial mausolea.[12]
  • 1718 (Kyōhō 6, 8th month): The bakufu established a {{nihongo|petition-box|目安箱|meyasubako|}} at the office of the machi-bugyō in Heian-kyō.[12]
  • 1720 (Kyōhō 8): The chronological annals and the biographies which comprised the first completed portions of the Dai Nihonshi were presented to the bakufu.[13]
  • 1721 (Kyōhō 9): Edo population of 1.1 million is world's largest city.[14]
  • 1730 (Kyōhō 15): The Tokugawa shogunate officially recognizes the Dojima Rice Market in Osaka; and bakufu supervisors (nengyoji) are appointed to monitor the market and to collect taxes.[15] The transactions relating to rice exchanges developed into securities exchanges, used primarily for transactions in public securities.[16] The development of improved agriculture production caused the price of rice to fall in mid-Kyohō.[17]
  • August 3, 1730 (Kyōhō 15, 20th day of the 6th month): A fire broke out in Muromachi and 3,790 houses were burnt. Over 30,000 looms in Nishi-jin were destroyed. The bakufu distributed rice.[12]
  • 1732 (Kyōhō 17): The Kyōhō famine was the consequence after swarms of locusts devastated crops in agricultural communities around the inland sea.[18]
  • April 13, 1735: Nakamikado abdicated in favor of his son, but he continued to exercise Imperial powers in the same way his predecessors had done.[19]
  • 1736 (Genbun 1): The shogunate published an edict declaring that henceforth, the sole, authorized coinage in the empire would be those copper coins which were marked n the obverse with the character 文 (pronounced bun in Japanese or pronounced wen in Chinese—which is to say, the same character which is found in this era name of Genbun.[20]
  • 1737 (Genbun 2, 11th month): A comet is noticed in the western part of the sky.[20]

In 1737, Nakamikado died.[2] His kami is enshrined in an Imperial mausoleum (misasagi), Tsuki no wa no misasagi, at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in this location are his immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-Mizunoo – Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, and Higashiyama. Nakamikado's immediate Imperial successors, including Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi and Go-Momozono, are enshrined here as well.[21]

Kugyō

{{nihongo|Kugyō|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Nakamikado's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

  • Kampaku, Konoe Iehiro[2]
  • Sadaijin
  • Udaijin
  • Naidaijin
  • Dainagon

Eras of Nakamikado's reign

The years of Nakamikado's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[19]

  • Hōei (1704–1711)
  • Shōtoku (1711–1716)
  • Kyōhō (1716–1736)

Ancestry

[22]{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. Emperor Nakamikado
|2= 2. Emperor Higashiyama (1675–1710)
|3= 3. Kushige Yoshiko (1675–1710)
|4= 4. Emperor Reigen (1654–1732)
|5= 5. Matsuki Muneko (1658–1732)
|6= 6. Kushige Takayoshi (1652–1733)
|7= 7. Nishinotōin
|8= 8. Emperor Go-Mizunoo (1596–1680)
|9= 9. Sono Kuniko (1624–1677)
|10= 10. Matsuki Munaeda (1625–1700)
|11= 11. Kawabata Hideko
|12=12. Sono Munetomo (1611–1661)
|13=13. Ikoma
|14=14. Nishinotōin Tokinari (1645–1724)
|15=
|16= 16. Emperor Go-Yōzei (1571–1617)
|17= 17. Konoe Sakiko (1575–1630)
|18= 18. Sono Motonari (1604–1655)
|19= 19. Tani
|20= 20. Matsuki Muneyasu (1609–1646)
|21= 21. Hirohashi
|22= 22. Kawabata Motohide (1606–1664)
|23= 23. Tsuchimikado
|24= 24. Kushige Takachika (1556–1613)
|25=
|26= 26. Ikoma Shōgen
|27=
|28= 28. Nishinotōin Tokiyoshi (1609–1653)
|29=
|30=
|31=
}}

Notes

1. ^Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 中御門天皇 (114)
2. ^1 2 3 4 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 118.
3. ^1 Titsingh, Issac. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=editions:OCLC63259938#PRA1-PA416,M1 Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 416–417.]
4. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 10.
5. ^Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6wEvo4wBojcC&pg=PA45&dq= Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit, pp. 45–46.]
6. ^1 2 3 4 Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=editions:OCLC63259938#PRA1-PA416,M1 p. 416;] Meyer, p. 46.
7. ^Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=editions:OCLC63259938#PRA1-PA415,M1 p. 415;] Ponsonby-Fane, p. 118.
8. ^National Archives of Japan: Ryūkyū Chuzano ryoshisha tojogyoretsu, scroll illustrating procession of Ryūkyū emissary to Edo, 1710 (Hōei 7) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403190540/http://jpimg.digital.archives.go.jp/kouseisai/category/emaki/ryukyutyuzan_e.html |date=April 3, 2008 }}
9. ^Northeast Asia History Foundation: Korea-Japan relations {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028164240/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/?sub_num=34 |date=2009-10-28 }} citing Dongsarok by Jo Tae-eok et al.
10. ^Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns, p. 98.
11. ^Bowman, John Stewart. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, p. 142.
12. ^1 2 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794–1869, p. 320.
13. ^Brownlee, John S. (1999). Japanese Historians and the National Myths, p. 29.
14. ^Foreign Press Center. (1997). Japan: Eyes on the Country, Views of the 47 Prefectures, p. 127.
15. ^Adams, Thomas. (1953). Japanese Securities Markets: A Historical Survey, p. 11.
16. ^Adams, p. 12.
17. ^Hayami, Akira et al. (2004) The Economic History of Japan: 1600–1990, p. 67.
18. ^Hall, John. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, p. 456.
19. ^1 Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=editions:OCLC63259938#PRA1-PA417,M1 p. 417.]
20. ^1 Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=editions:OCLC63259938#PRA1-PA418,M1 p. 418.]
21. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 423.
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp114|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|access-date=20 January 2018}} {{Ja icon}}

References

  • Adams, Thomas Francis Morton. (1953). Japanese Securities Markets: A Historical Survey, Tokyo: Seihei Okuyama. OCLC 4376900
  • Brownlee, John S. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=eatISvupicUC&dq=Dai+nihonshi+1720&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Japanese Historians and the National Myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jinmu.] Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7748-0645-9}}; OCLC 248071153
  • Hall, John Whitney. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 4. Early Modern Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-22355-3}}; OCLC 489633115
  • Foreign Press Center. (1997). Japan: Eyes on the Country, Views of the 47 Prefectures. Tokyo: Foreign Press Center. {{ISBN|978-4-900849-16-7}}; OCLC 39537893
  • Hayami, Akira, Osamu Saitō, Ronald P Toby. (2004) The Economic History of Japan: 1600–1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-828905-0}}; OCLC 314513300
  • Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6wEvo4wBojcC&dq=nakamikado&lr=&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867.] Münster: LIT Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-8258-3939-0}}; OCLC 42041594
  • Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. {{OCLC|182637732}}
  • __________. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
  • Screech, Timon. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BLzQA7cpr7wC&dq= Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822.] London: RoutledgeCurzon. {{ISBN|978-0-203-09985-8}}; OCLC 65177072
  • Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran Annales des empereurs du Japon.] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
  • Varley, H. Paul. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ&dq= Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; OCLC 59145842

See also

  • Emperor of Japan
  • List of Emperors of Japan
  • Imperial cult
  • The Age of the Gods
{{s-start}}{{s-reg}}{{succession box | before=Emperor Higashiyama | title=Emperor of Japan:
Nakamikado | after=Emperor Sakuramachi | years=1709–1735}}{{s-end}}{{Emperors of Japan}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamikado}}

9 : Japanese emperors|1702 births|1737 deaths|People of Edo-period Japan|1700s in Japan|1710s in Japan|1720s in Japan|1730s in Japan|18th-century Japanese monarchs
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