| 词条 | Shitala |
| 释义 |
| type = Hindu | image = Kalighat Shitala.jpg | caption = | name = Shitala Devi | Sanskrit_transliteration = "one who cools" (fevers) | Tamil_script = ஷீதலா தேவி ṣītalā tēvi | script_name = Bengali | script = শীতলা দেবী | god_of = Goddess of sores, ghouls, pustules and diseases | weapon = Broom, fan, pot full of water | consort = Shiva | affiliation = Devi Adishakti Parvati | mount = Donkey (javarasur) }} Shitala (Sheetala), also called Sitala (शीतला śītalā), is a folk deity,[1] worshiped by many faiths in regions of North India, West Bengal, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan. As an incarnation of Supreme Goddess Durga, she cures poxes, sores, ghouls, pustules and diseases. Goddess Sheetala is worshipped on the eighth day after festival of colors (Holi), on the occasion of Sheetala Asthami. StoryOne story says Goddess Durga has incarnated as little Kātyāyanī — daughter of sage Katyayan — to destroy all arrogant evil demonic forces of the world, in her real form as Durga, she killed many demons that were sent by Kaalkeya. A demon named Jwarasur, the demon of fever, started spreading incurable diseases to Katyayani's childhood friends, such as cholera, dysentery, measles, smallpox etc. Katyayani cured the diseases of some of her friends. To relieve the world from all fevers and diseases, Katyayani assumed the form of Shitala Devi. Each of her four hands held a short broom, winnowing fan, jar of cooling water and a drinking cup. With her power, she cured all the children's diseases. Katyayani then requests her friend, Batuk to go out and confront the demon Jwarasur. A battle ensued between the young Batuk and demon Jwarasur. Jwarasur succeeds in defeating Batuk. Then, Batuk, lying dead, magically faded into dust. Jwarasur was shocked that Batuk had disappeared and wondered where he had gone, not realising that Batuk had, in fact, assumed the form of an awful male figure with three eyes and four arms holding a battle-axe, sword, trident and demon head. This figure was pitch-black in colour with flowing locks and eyes ablaze with fury and wore a tiger-skin and a garland of skulls - for Batuk had assumed the appearance of Lord Shiva's ferocious form, the terrible Bhairav. Bhairav reprimands Jwarasur and tells him that he is the servant of Goddess Durga (incarnate as Katyayani). A long discussion ensued but then converted into battle. Jwarasur created many demons from his powers but Bhairav managed to destroy all of them. Finally, Bhairav wrestled with Jwarasur and killed him with his trident. Name and variantsShitala literally means "one who cools" in Sanskrit. Shitala is worshiped under different names in various parts of the subcontinent. Shitala is more often called Ma and Mata (‘mother’) and is worshiped by Hindus, Buddhists and tribal communities. She is mentioned in Tantric and Puranic literature and her later appearance in vernacular texts (such as the Bengali 17th century Shitala-mangal-kabyas, ‘auspicious poetry’) has contributed to strengthen her status. Shitala is primarily popular in regions of North India. In some traditions she is identified with an aspect of Parvati, the consort of Shiva. Shitala is addressed as Mother, as a seasonal goddess (Vasant, i.e. Spring) and with honorific titles such as Thakurani, Jagrani ('Queen of the World'), Karunamayi ('She who is full of mercy'), Mangala ('The Auspicious One'), Bhagavati ('The Goddess'), Dayamayi ('She who is Full of Grace and Kindness').[2] The role of Shitala in South India is taken by the Goddess incarnate Mariamman, who is worshiped by Dravidian-speaking people. In Gurgaon of Haryana state, Shitala is considered to be Kripi (wife of Guru Dronacharya) and worshiped there in Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon.[3] Shitala pujaThe worship of Shitala is conducted by both Brahmins and pujaris. She is primarily worshiped in the dry seasons of winter and spring on the day which is known as Sheetala Asthami. There are many arti sangrah and stuties for the puja of Maa Shitala. Some of them are shri shitla mata chalisa, Shitala Maa ki Arti, Shri Shitala mata ashtak, etc. Iconography and symbolismShitala is represented as a young maiden crowned with a winnowing-fan, riding a donkey, holding a short broom (either to spread or dust off germs) and a pot full of pulses (the viruses) or cold water (a healing tool). Among low-caste Hindus and tribal communities, she is represented with slab-stones or carved heads. Sometimes, she is said to be carrying a bunch of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves, a medicinal herb used throughout India since ancient times that is believed by some to be an effective remedy to most skin diseases to this day. Shitala is the form of folk demi-goddess Katyayani. She gives coolness to the patients of fever. According to Devi Mahatyam when a demon named Jvarasura gave bacterial fever to all the children, goddess Katyayani came in the form of Shitala to purify children`s blood and to destroy the bacteria of fever in blood. In Sanskrit 'jvara' means "fever" and 'shītala' means "coolness". Shitala is sometimes also depicted with Jvarasura, the fever demon; Ghentu-debata, the god of skin diseases; Raktabati, the goddess of blood infections and the sixty-four epidemics; and is often worshiped with Oladevi, another disease goddess (some say of cholera).[4] She is also depicted enthroned in an 8 handed form holding trident, broom, discus (cakra), jar of abrasia or pot full of water , branches of neem , Scimitar, conch and vard mudra. She is also flanked by 2 donkeys. This depiction has established her as a goddess of protection, good fortune, health and power. BuddhismIn Buddhist culture, Jvarasura and Shitala are depicted sometimes as companions of Paranasabari, the Budhhist goddess of diseases. Jvarasura and Shitala are shown escorting her to her right and left side, respectively. In some images these deities are shown as flying away to escape from wrath of the Buddhist goddess Vajrayogini, destroyer of diseases.[5] TemplesSome of the notable temples:
Manavadar, Junagadh, Gujarat ,*Sheetla mata mandir Nalagarh Distt Solan,from rajashahi 300 years
See also
Notes
References{{Commons category|Shitala}}1. ^Folk Religion: Change and Continuity Author Harvinder Singh Bhatti Publisher Rawat Publications, 2000 Original from Indiana University Digitized 18 Jun 2009 {{ISBN|8170336082}}, 9788170336082 {{HinduMythology}}{{Authority control}}2. ^Ferrari (2009: 146-147) 3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-guru-in-gurugram-116042201271_1.html|title=Finding Guru Dronacharya in 'Gurugram'|first=Manavi|last=Kapur|date=23 April 2016|publisher=|accessdate=5 March 2018|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Fruits of worship: practical religion in Bengal By Ralph W. Nicholas|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yLI7nyI2UVYC&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70&dq=Jvarasura+young#v=onepage&q=Jvarasura%20young&f=false|isbn=9788180280061|author1=Nicholas|first1=Ralph W}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Studies in Hindu and Buddhist art By P. K. Mishra|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/?id=AqSAQpCOifoC&pg=RA1-PA107&lpg=RA1-PA107&dq=Jvarasura#v=onepage&q=Jvarasura&f=false|isbn=9788170173687|author1=Mishra|first1=P. K}} 6. ^Shri Mata Sheetla Devi Temple 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.religiousportal.com/SheetalaMataTempleGurgaon.html|title=Sheetala Mata Temple in Gurgaon|author=|date=|website=religiousportal.com|accessdate=5 March 2018|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922180655/http://www.religiousportal.com/SheetalaMataTempleGurgaon.html|archivedate=22 September 2007|df=}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://hinduismtheopensourcefaith.blogspot.in/2011/01/sheetala-devi-mandir-in-gurgaon-city.html|title=Sheetala Devi Mandir in Gurgaon city, Haryana|author=|date=2011-01-19|website=hinduismtheopensourcefaith.blogspot.in|accessdate=5 March 2018}} 8 : Hindu goddesses|Forms of Parvati|Mother goddesses|Health goddesses|Smallpox deities|Hindu folk deities|Tibetan Buddhism|Vajrayana and women |
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