词条 | Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| image = British Royal Navy OF-10-collected.svg | image_size = 100px | caption = Insignia shoulder board and Sleeve lace for Admiral of the Fleet | image2 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|thumbnail | image_size2 = 200px | caption2 = The flag of an admiral of the Fleet is the Union Flag, and is in 1:2 rather than the 2:3 of other admirals' flags.[1] | name = Admiral of the Fleet | country = {{flag|United Kingdom}} | service branch = {{navy|UK}} | abbreviation = | rank = Five-star | NATO rank = OF-10 | Non-NATO rank = O-11 | formation = 1688 | abolished = | higher rank = | lower rank = Admiral | equivalents = {{bulleted list|Field marshal (British Army)|{{nowrap|Marshal of the Royal Air Force (RAF)}}}} }}{{Military ranks}} Admiral of the Fleet is a five-star naval officer rank and the highest rank of the Royal Navy formally established in 1688.[2] The five-star NATO rank code is OF-10, equivalent to a field marshal in the British Army or a marshal of the Royal Air Force. Other than honorary appointments no new admirals of the fleet have been named since 1995. HistoryThe origins of the rank can be traced back to Sir John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick, who was appointed 'Admiral of the King's Southern, Northern and Western Fleets' on 18 July 1360.[3] The appointment gave the command of the English navy to one person for the first time; the post evolved into the post of Admiral of the Fleet.[4] In the days sailing ships the admiral distinctions then used by the Royal Navy when the fleet was divided into three divisions – red, white, or blue. Each division was assigned an admiral, who in turn commanded a vice-admiral and a rear admiral. The rank of Admiral of the Fleet was formally established in 1688 prior to this date the Admiral of the White was pre-eminent and regarded informally as the admiral of the fleet [5] In the 18th century, the original nine ranks began to be filled by more than one person at any one time. The admiral of the red was pre-eminent and became known as the admiral of the fleet. In November 1805, a new rank of Admiral of the Red immediately junior to that of Admiral of the Fleet was created, the announcement on page 1373 of issue 15859 of the London Gazette stating "His Majesty having been pleased to order the Rank of Admirals of the Red to be restored[6] in His Majesty's Navy..." and promoting 22 men then serving as Admirals to that rank.[7] The organisation of the British fleet into coloured squadrons was abandoned in 1864, although the Royal Navy kept the White Ensign. When the professional head of the Royal Navy was given the title of First Naval Lord in 1828 (renamed First Sea Lord in 1904), the rank of admiral of the fleet became an honorary promotion for retiring First Naval Lords allowing more than one admiral of the fleet to exist at one time. It was broadly customary for the senior Admiral on the active list to be made an Admiral of the Fleet (after 1870 Admirals were obliged to retire at 65) whether or not he had served as First Naval Lord. However, there was no Admiral of the Fleet between 1854 and 1857 (the senior Admiral, Thomas Le Marchant Gosselin[8][9] had never actually served since he was a Captain in 1809) and on the death of Provo Wallis in 1892 the promotion went to John Edmund Commerell rather than the senior Algernon Frederick Rous de Horsey. In 1914 the criteria were revised and in 1940 the Admirals of the Fleet were exempted from compulsory retirement.[10] Since 1811 five members of the British Royal family, other than the monarch, and four members of foreign royal families have been appointed admirals of the fleet. Of the British royalty granted the rank, only one, the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) had not seen service in the Royal Navy. During the two World Wars a number of serving officers held active commissions as admirals of the fleet, as well as the First Sea Lord. Following the creation of the Chief of the Defence Staff in 1959, the five naval officers appointed to that position became admirals of the fleet. Recognizing the reduced post–Cold War size of the British Armed Forces, no further appointments were made to the rank after 1995 when Sir Benjamin Bathurst was appointed admiral of the fleet on his retirement as First Sea Lord. The rank was not abolished and in 2012 the Prince of Wales became an honorary admiral of the fleet (as well as field marshal and marshal of the Royal Air Force), in recognition of his support to Queen Elizabeth II in her role of as Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces. In 2014, Lord Boyce, a former First Sea Lord and Chief of the Defence Staff, was also appointed an honorary admiral of the fleet.[11] Admirals of the Fleet
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|last=Prothero |first=David |date=3 December 2002 |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb%5Enrank.html |title=United Kingdom: Royal Navy rank flags |work=Flags of the World |accessdate=28 July 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628004638/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb%5Enrank.html |archivedate=28 June 2006 |deadurl=no }} 2. ^{{cite web |title=Information sheet no 055: Squadron Colours |url=https://www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk/sites/default/files/Squadron%20colours.pdf |website=nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk |publisher=The National Museum Royal Navy |accessdate=13 February 2019 |date=2014}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=1|first1=St. George Tucker. Vol.|title=Blackstone's commentaries: with notes of reference to the constitution and laws, of the federal government of the United States, and of the Commonwealth of Virginia; with an appendix to each volume, containing short tracts upon such subjects as appeared necessary to form a connected view of the laws of Virginia as a member of the federal union|date=1996|publisher=Lawbook Exchange|location=Union, NJ|isbn=9781886363168|page=xxxiii|edition=Originally published: Philadelphia : William Young Birch, and Abraham Small, 1803.}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Trafalgar Ancestors, Glossary|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help/trafalgarancestors/glossary.htm|website=nationalarchives.gov.uk|publisher=National Archives, 2017|accessdate=24 July 2017}} 5. ^{{cite web |title=Information sheet no 055: Squadron Colours |url=https://www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk/sites/default/files/Squadron%20colours.pdf |website=nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk |publisher=The National Museum Royal Navy |accessdate=13 February 2019 |date=2014}} 6. ^The Dictionary of National Biography (Volume 20, page 394) says of James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier that he "seems to have been as ignorant of naval history as careless of naval prestige, and must be considered one of the chief of the perpetrators of the official blunder which, in the warrant of 9 Nov. 1805 appointing admirals of the red, spoke of the rank as restored to the navy, whereas, in point of fact, it had never previously existed." 7. ^{{London Gazette|issue=15859|page=1373|date=5 November 1805}} 8. ^{{cite wikisource |first=William Richard |last=O'Byrne |chapter=Gosselin, Thomas Le Marchant |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary |year=1849 |publisher=John Murray}} 9. ^{{cite DNB|wstitle=Gosselin, Thomas le Marchant|volume=22}} 10. ^Dreadnought Project overview 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/2014-birthday-honours-for-service-personnel-and-defence-civilians|title=2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians|publisher=Ministry of Defence|date=13 June 2014|accessdate=28 June 2014}} 12. ^{{cite web |title=Naval Ranks NMRN Portsmouth |url=https://www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk/naval-ranks |website=www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk |publisher=The National Museum Royal Navy, Portsmouth |accessdate=8 February 2019 |date=2019}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24304?docPos=2|title=Russell, Edward, Earl of Orford|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|accessdate=16 May 2015}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24059?docPos=1|title=Rooke, Sir George|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|accessdate=16 May 2015}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25470?docPos=1|title= Shovell, Sir Cloudesley|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|accessdate=16 May 2015}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16238?docPos=6|title= Leake, Sir John|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|accessdate=16 May 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9069|title=Fairborne, Stafford|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|accessdate=16 May 2015}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/936|title=Aylmer, Matthew|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|accessdate=16 May 2015}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4262?docPos=1|title=Byng, George, first Viscount Torrington|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|accessdate=16 May 2015}} 20. ^Heathcote, p. 197 21. ^{{London Gazette|issue=8864|page=6|date=4 July 1749}} 22. ^Heathcote p. 236 23. ^Heathcote, p. 45 24. ^{{London Gazette |issue=10126|date=28 July 1761|page=2|nolink=y}} 25. ^{{London Gazette|issue=10275|page=1|date=1 January 1763|nolink=y}} 26. ^Heathcote, p. 109 27. ^Heathcote, p. 87 28. ^{{London Gazette|issue=13875|page=258|date=15 March 1796|nolink=y}} 29. ^Heathcote, p. 271 30. ^{{London Gazette|issue=16554 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May 1919|page=5653|nolink=y}} 88. ^{{London Gazette|issue=31327|page=5653|date=6 May 1919|nolink=y}} 89. ^{{London Gazette|issue=31489|page=9961|date=5 August 1919|nolink=y}} 90. ^{{London Gazette|issue=31715|page=57|date=2 January 1920 |supp=y|nolink=y}} 91. ^{{London Gazette|issue=32150 |supp=y|page=11942|date=3 December 1920|nolink=y}} 92. ^{{London Gazette |issue=32394|date=19 July 1921|page=5733|nolink=y}} 93. ^Order in Council of 19 August 1921; ADM 196/38 94. ^{{London Gazette|issue=32962|page=5889|date=5 August 1924|nolink=y}} 95. ^{{London Gazette|issue=33049|date=22 May 1925|page=3445|nolink=y}} 96. ^{{London Gazette |issue=33110 |date=1 December 1925|page=7950|nolink=y}} 97. ^{{London Gazette|issue=33354|page=856|date=7 February 1928|nolink=y}} 98. ^{{London Gazette|issue=33523|page=5145|date=6 August 1929|nolink=y}} 99. ^{{London Gazette |issue=33604|date=9 May 1930|page=2867|nolink=y}} 100. ^{{London Gazette|issue=33905|page=524|date=24 January 1933|nolink=y}} 101. ^{{London Gazette|issue=34076|page=5054|date=7 August 1934|nolink=y}} 102. ^{{London Gazette|issue=34159|page=3048|date=10 May 1935|nolink=y}} 103. ^Heathcote, p. 69 104. ^{{London Gazette|issue=34308 |supp=y|page=4742|date=24 July 1936|nolink=y}} 105. ^Heathcote, p. 99 106. ^{{London Gazette|issue=34476|page=512|date=25 January 1938|nolink=y}} 107. ^Heathcote, p. 21 108. ^{{London Gazette|issue=34651|page=5393|date=4 August 1939|nolink=y}} 109. ^{{London Gazette|issue=34849|page=2892|date=14 May 1940|nolink=y}} 110. ^Heathcote, p. 60 111. ^{{London Gazette|issue=36255|page=5088|date=19 November 1943|nolink=y}} 112. ^Heathcote, p. 233 113. ^{{London Gazette |issue=38210|date=17 February 1948|page=1128|nolink=y}} 114. ^Heathcote, p. 90 115. ^{{London Gazette|issue=38595|page=2052|date=26 April 1949|nolink=y}} 116. ^{{London Gazette|issue=39571|page=3238|date=13 June 1952|nolink=y}} 117. ^{{London Gazette|issue=39606|page=3999|date=25 July 1952|nolink=y}} 118. ^Heathcote, p. 210 119. ^Heathcote, p. 162 120. ^{{London Gazette|issue=40487|page=3011|date=24 May 1955|nolink=y}} 121. ^{{London Gazette|issue=40927|date=16 November 1956|page=6492|nolink=y}} 122. ^{{London Gazette|issue=42058|page=4037 |supp=y|date=7 June 1960|nolink=y}} 123. ^{{London Gazette|issue=42704|page=4777|date=15 June 1962|nolink=y}} 124. ^Heathcote, p. 29 125. ^{{London Gazette|issue=45138|date=26 June 1970|page=7183 |supp=y|nolink=y}} 126. ^{{London Gazette|issue=45331 |supp=y|page=2937|date=30 March 1971|nolink=y}} 127. ^{{London Gazette|issue=46225 |supp=y|page=2887|date=4 March 1974|nolink=y}} 128. ^{{London Gazette|issue=47160 |supp=y|page=2825|date=1 March 1977|nolink=y}} 129. ^{{London Gazette|issue=47904 |supp=y|page=8998|date=16 July 1979|nolink=y}} 130. ^{{London Gazette |issue=49174 |supp=y |page=15293 |date=22 November 1982 |nolink=y}} 131. ^Heathcote, p.78 132. ^{{London Gazette|issue=51297|supp=3|page=4327|date=12 April 1988|nolink=y}} 133. ^Heathcote, p. 235 134. ^Heathcote, p. 204 135. ^Heathcote, p. 23 136. ^{{London Gazette|issue=60350|page=23557|date=7 December 2012 |nolink=y}} 137. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/2014-birthday-honours-for-service-personnel-and-defence-civilians|title=2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians|date=13 June 2014|publisher=Ministry of Defence|accessdate=22 June 2014}} Sources
External links
6 : Admirals|Admirals of the Royal Navy|Lists of admirals|Military ranks of the Royal Navy|Royal Navy admirals of the fleet|5 star officers |
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