| 词条 | Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania) |
| 释义 |
Fort Pitt was a fort built by British forces between 1759 and 1761 during the French and Indian War at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, where the Ohio River is formed in western Pennsylvania (modern day Pittsburgh). It was near (but not directly on) the site of Fort Duquesne, a French colonial fort built in 1754 as tensions increased between Great Britain and France in both Europe and North America. The French destroyed the fort in 1758 when they retreated under British attack. British colonial protection of this area ultimately led to the development of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, Pennsylvania by British-American colonists and immigrants. Location and constructionIn April 1754, the French began building Fort Duquesne on the site of the small British Fort Prince George at the beginning of the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War).[1] The Braddock expedition, a 1755 British attempt to take Fort Duquesne, met with defeat at the Battle of the Monongahela at present-day Braddock, Pennsylvania. The French garrison defeated an attacking British regiment in September 1758 at the Battle of Fort Duquesne. French Colonel de Lignery ordered Fort Duquesne destroyed and abandoned at the approach of General John Forbes' expedition in late November.[2] The Forbes expedition was successful where the Braddock expedition had failed because the British Treaty of Easton of 1758 had cut into former French alliances with Native American tribes. Chiefs of 13 American Indian nations agreed to negotiate peace with the colonial governments of Pennsylvania and New Jersey and to abandon any alliances with the French. The nations were primarily the Six Nations of the Iroquois League, bands of the Lenape (Delaware), and the Shawnee. They agreed to the treaty based on the colonial governments' promising to respect their rights to hunting and territory in the Ohio Country, to prohibit establishing new settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains, and to withdraw British and colonial military troops after the war. The American Indians wanted a trading post at Fort Duquesne, but they did not want a British army garrison or colonial settlement.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} The British built a new fort and named it Fort Pitt, after William Pitt the Elder. The fort was built from 1759 to 1761 during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), next to the site of former Fort Duquesne. It was built in the popular pentagram shape, with bastions at the star points, by Captain Harry Gordon, a British Engineer in the 60th Royal American Regiment. [3] Pontiac's WarAfter the colonial war and in the face of continued broken treaties, broken promises and encroachment by the Europeans, in 1763 the western Lenape and Shawnee took part in a Native uprising known as Pontiac's War, an effort to drive settlers out of the Native American territory. The American Indians' siege of Fort Pitt began on June 22, 1763, but they found it too well-fortified to be taken by force. In negotiations during the siege, Captain Simeon Ecuyer, the commander of Fort Pitt, gave two Delaware emissaries blankets that had been exposed to smallpox. The potential of this act to cause an epidemic among the American Indians was clearly understood. Commander William Trent wrote that he hoped "it will have the desired effect."[4] Colonel Henry Bouquet, leading a relief force, would discuss similar tactics with Commander-in-Chief Jeffery Amherst. The effectiveness of these attempts to spread the disease are unknown, although it is known that the method used is inefficient compared to respiratory transmission, and it is difficult to differentiate from naturally occurring epidemics resulting from previous contacts with colonists.[5][6] During and after Pontiac's War, epidemics of smallpox among Native Americans devastated the tribes of Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes areas. On August 1, 1763, most of the American Indians broke off the siege to intercept the approaching force under Colonel Bouquet. In the Battle of Bushy Run, Bouquet fought off the American Indian attack and relieved Fort Pitt on August 10. In 1772, after Pontiac's War, the British commander at Fort Pitt sold the building to two colonists, William Thompson and Alexander Ross.[7] At that time, the Pittsburgh area was claimed by the colonies of both Virginia and Pennsylvania, which struggled for power over the region. After Virginians took control of Fort Pitt, they called it Fort Dunmore, in honour of Virginia's Governor Lord Dunmore. The fort served as a staging ground in Dunmore's War of 1774. American Revolutionary WarDuring the American Revolutionary War, Fort Pitt served as a headquarters for the western theatre of the war.{{clarify|date=January 2014}} In present-day Michigan, the British garrisoned Fort Detroit. A redoubt, a small brick outbuilding called the Blockhouse, survives in Point State Park as the sole remnant of Fort Pitt. Erected in 1764, it is believed to be the oldest building still standing in Pittsburgh. Used for many years as a private residence, the blockhouse was purchased and preserved for many years by the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Later history{{See also|Fort Lafayette (Pennsylvania)}}Notice was given to area residents of an auction of all salvageable remains of the fort on August 3, 1797 after the U.S. Army decommissioned the site. In the 20th century, the city of Pittsburgh commissioned archeological excavation of the foundations of Fort Pitt. Afterward, some of the fort was reconstructed to give visitors at Point State Park a sense of the size of the fort. In this rebuilt section, the Fort Pitt Museum is housed in the Monongahela Bastion, and excavated portions of the fort were filled in. Fort Pitt Foundry was an important armaments manufacturing center for the Federal government during the Civil War, under the charge of William Metcalf. {{clear}}Popular culture
See also{{Portal|Pittsburgh}}
References1. ^{{cite web|last=Lorant|first=Stefan|title=Historic Pittsburgh Chronology|url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/chronology/chronology_driver.pl?q=fort+duquesne&year=&month=&day=&start_line=0&searchtype=single&page=sim|work=Historic Pittsburgh|publisher=University of Pittsburgh|accessdate=19 September 2013}} 2. ^{{cite web|last=Bomberger|first=Christian Martin|title=The Battle of Bushy Run: the most decisive victory in all history gained by the white man over the American Indian|url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pitttext&cc=pitttext&xc=1&idno=00awk9211m&g=pitttextall&q1=white+settlement&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=20|work=Historic Pittsburgh Text Collection|publisher=University of Pittsburgh|accessdate=19 September 2013}} 3. ^Pittsburgh Waste Book and Fort Pitt Trading Post Papers, 1757-1765, DAR.1925.03, The Darlington Collection, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh. 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJcJmx8R8XIC|title=The Tainted Gift: The Disease Method of Frontier Expansion|last=Mann|first=Barbara Alice|date=2009-01-01|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313353383|language=en}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Barras|first1=V.|last2=Greub|first2=G.|title=History of biological warfare and bioterrorism|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|date=June 2014|volume=20|issue=6|pages=497–502|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/1469-0691.12706/asset/clm12706.pdf?v=1&t=j4bf3l4p&s=4351999801f90a508f62ce76425596025d9fff97|quote=However, in the light of contemporary knowledge, it remains doubtful whether his hopes were fulfilled, given the fact that the transmission of smallpox through this kind of vector is much less efficient than respiratory transmission, and that Native Americans had been in contact with smallpox >200 years before Ecuyer’s trickery, notably during Pizarro’s conquest of South America in the 16th century. As a whole, the analysis of the various 'pre-micro-biological' attempts at BW illustrate the difficulty of differentiating attempted biological attack from naturally occurring epidemics.|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12706|pmid=24894605}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=9780160872389|page=3|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nm_AVg4hmJQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2007|quote=In retrospect, it is difficult to evaluate the tactical success of Captain Ecuyer's biological attack because smallpox may have been transmitted after other contacts with colonists, as had previously happened in New England and the South. Although scabs from smallpox patients are thought to be of low infectivity as a result of binding of the virus in fibrin metric, and transmission by fomites has been considered inefficient compared with respiratory droplet transmission.}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=O'Meara|first1=Walter|title=Guns at the Forks|date=2005|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|location=Pittsburgh|isbn=9780822971283|page=249|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tk2drSVU3gC&pg=PA249|accessdate=13 December 2017}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)}}
10 : Forts in Pennsylvania|Colonial forts in Pennsylvania|French and Indian War forts|Pontiac's War|American Revolutionary War forts|History of Pittsburgh|British forts in the United States|Government buildings completed in 1761|Infrastructure completed in 1761|1761 establishments in Pennsylvania |
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