| 词条 | Free-tailed bat |
| 释义 |
| name = Free-tailed bats | fossil_range = Late Eocene to recent | image = Lasiurus borealis.jpg | image_caption = Unidentified molossid: Note that the tail extends beyond the uropatagium | taxon = Molossidae | authority = Gervais in de Castelnau, 1855 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = Molossinae Tomopeatinae }} The Molossidae, or free-tailed bats, are a family of bats within the order Chiroptera.[1] The Molossidae comprise the fourth-largest family of bats, containing about 110 species as of 2012.[2] They are generally quite robust, and consist of many strong-flying forms with relatively long and narrow wings. Another common name for some members of this group, and indeed a few species from other families, is mastiff bat. The western mastiff bat (Eumops perotis), a large species from the southwestern United States and Mexico with wings over {{convert|0.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} across, is perhaps one of the best known with this name. They are widespread, being found on every continent except Antarctica. The family's scientific name comes from the type genus Molossus, which in turn is from the Molossus breed of dogs.[2] The family's common name is derived from a length of "free" tail, projecting beyond the end of the uropatagium—the membrane that connects the base of the tail to the hind legs. The tail is usually best seen when resting. A special ring of cartilage slides up or down the tail vertebrae by muscular action to stretch or retract the tail membrane. This gives many species a degree of fine tuning in their flight maneuvers to rival their day-flying ecological equivalents, such as swifts, swallows, and martins. As a result, these animals include the fastest-flying of all bat species among their number.[3] The dental formula of free-tailed bats varies between species: {{DentalFormula|upper=1.1.1-2.2-3|lower=1-3.1.2.3}} Free-tailed bats are usually grey, brown, or black in color, with some exceptions. They range from {{convert|4|to|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, excluding the tail, and can weigh from {{convert|8|to|220|g|oz|abbr=on}}, depending on species. They are insectivorous, and catch their food on the wing. While some species roost in small groups in hollow trees or rocky crevices, some cave-dwelling species form vast colonies of up to 50 million individuals.[3] Molecular sequence data support the monophyly of the Molossidae as a whole, but not that of many of its genera, such as Chaerephon, Mops, Mormopterus, and Tadarida. The grouping of Chaerephon minus C. jobimena plus Mops was found to be monophyletic, as was Otomops.[4] Systematics{{cladogram|align=left|style=width:300px;font-size:85%;line-height:85%|caption=Internal relationship of Molossinae[5]|cladogram={{clade |label1=Molossinae |1={{clade |1=Cheiromeles |2={{clade |1=Mormopterus |2={{clade |label1=Old World species |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Sauromys |2=Tadarida }} |2=Tadarida }} }} |2={{clade |1=Myopterus |2={{clade |1=Chaerephon |2={{clade |1=Chaerephon |2=Mops }} }} }} |3=Otomops }} |2={{clade |label1=New World species |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Nyctinomops |2={{clade |1=Neoplatymops |2={{clade |1=Cynomops |2=Molossops }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Promops |2=Molossus }} }} |3=Eumops }} }} }} }} }} }} }} A 2012 study attempted to show the relationships of genera within the subfamily Molossinae (the other subfamily of Molossidae, Tomopeatinae, only contains the blunt-eared bat).[5] This study used genetic data to create a phylogeny, which contrasted from previous phylogenies constructed using morphological data. Traits that were previously used to group species, such as having a flat skull, were shown to have no relation to evolutionary relationship, meaning that flat-headedness evolved multiple times within the family. Of the 16 genera of Molossinae, 15 were used to create the phylogeny (left), with researchers unable to include Peters's flat-headed bat, the only member of Platymops. The results of this study showed that Chaerephon is paraphyletic, forming a clade with Mops. There was strong support for Old World and New World clades. While the genus Tadarida has one New World species, the Mexican free-tailed bat, the genus itself has its origins in the Old World. The most recent common ancestor of Tadarida with New World genera was 29 million years ago. Several tribes have been proposed within the Molossinae. Ammerman et al. proposed Molossini (containing Molossus, Eumops, Molossops, Cynomops, Neoplatymops, Nyctinomops, and Promops); Tadarini (containing Tadarida, Chaerephon, Mops, Platymops, Sauromys, Myopterus, and Otomops); Cheiromelini (containing Cheiromeles); and Mormopterini (containing Mormopterus)[5] ClassificationThe 18 genera contain about 100 species: FAMILY MOLOSSIDAE
References{{Wikispecies|Molossidae}}{{Commons category|Molossidae}}1. ^1 2 {{Cite book| last = Simmons| first = Nancy B.| contribution = Chiroptera| pages = 312–529| title=Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference| edition = 3rd| editor-last = Wilson| editor-first = Don E.| editor2-last = Reeder| editor2-first = DeeAnn M.| contribution-url = http://www.bucknell.edu/MSW3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13801559| publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press| place = Baltimore| year=2005| isbn = 978-0-8018-8221-0| accessdate = 2 October 2009| title-link = Mammal Species of the World}} 2. ^{{cite book | title=The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion | publisher=Cambridge University Press | first1=J. D. | last2=Chimimba | first2=C. T. | year=2006 | location=New York | isbn=978-0521844185 | last1=Skinner | quote=The name of the [free-tailed bats] family is derived from the Greek molossus, a kind of dog used by Greek shepherds in ancient times | page=277}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |editor=Macdonald, D.|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|page= 807|isbn= 978-0-87196-871-5}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Lamb|first1=J. M.|last2=Ralph|first2=T. M. C.|last3=Naidoo|first3=T.|last4=Taylor|first4=P. J.|last5=Ratrimomanarivo|first5=F.|last6=Stanley|first6=W. T.|last7=Goodman|first7=S. M.|title=Toward a Molecular Phylogeny for the Molossidae (Chiroptera) of the Afro-Malagasy Region|journal=Acta Chiropterologica|volume= 13|issue= 1|date= June 2011|pages= 1–16|doi=10.3161/150811011X578589}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal| doi=10.1644/11-MAMM-A-103.1| last1=Ammerman| first1= L. K.| last2= Lee| first2= D. N.| last3= Tipps| first3= T. M.| date=2012| title= First molecular phylogenetic insights into the evolution of free-tailed bats in the subfamily Molossinae (Molossidae, Chiroptera)| journal= Journal of Mammalogy| volume= 93| issue=1| pages= 12–28}} 6. ^Cuvierimops at Fossilworks.org 7. ^Nyctinomus at Fossilworks.org 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Czaplewski|first1=N. J.|editor1-last=Kay|editor1-first=R. F.|editor2-last=Madden|editor2-first=R. H.|editor3-last=Cifelli|editor3-first=R. L.|editor4-last=Flynn|editor4-first=J. J.|title=Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia|date=1997|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9781560984184|pages=410–431|chapter=Chiroptera}} 9. ^Rhizomops at Fossilworks.org 10. ^Wallia at Fossilworks.org 11. ^{{Cite book | last = Gardner | first = Alfred L. | title = Mammals of South America: Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 2008 | page = 669 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dbU3d7EUCm8C | isbn = 978-0-226-28240-4}} Further reading
3 : Molossidae|Extant Eocene first appearances|Bat families |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。