| 词条 | Galle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Galle | native_name = {{lang|si|ගාල්ල}} {{lang|ta|காலி}} | official_name = City of Galle | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = Galle City Places.jpg | image_caption = Clockwise from top left: Galle Temple, Aerial view of Galle Fort, Interior of the Galle Fort, St. Aloysius College, Galle View of the Galle International Stadium from the Fort, Dutch Reformed Church of Galle, Galle Municipal Council | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Sri Lanka | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_mapsize = 200 | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|6|3|13|N|80|12|42|E|region:LK|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Sri Lanka | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Southern Province | established_title = | established_date = | government_footnotes = | government_type = Galle Municipal Council | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Methsiri De Silva | leader_title1 = Isuru Wijenayake | leader_title2 = Headquarters | leader_name2 =Galle Town Hall | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 16.52 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 0 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 99,478 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 5712 | population_demonym = Galleans | population_note = | timezone = Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone | utc_offset = +5:30 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = 80000 | area_code = 091 | website = galle.mc.gov.lk | footnotes = }}{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | WHS = Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications | Criteria = Cultural: iv | ID = 451 | Year = 1988 }} Galle ({{lang-si|ගාල්ල}}; {{lang-ta|காலி}}) is a major city in Sri Lanka, situated on the southwestern tip, 119 km from Colombo. Galle is the administrative capital of Southern Province, Sri Lanka and is the district capital of Galle District. Galle was known as Gimhathiththa[1](although Ibn Batuta in the 14th century refers to it as Qali[2]) before the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century, when it was the main port on the island. Galle reached the height of its development in the 18th century, during the Dutch colonial period. Galle is the best example of a fortified city built by the Portuguese in South and Southeast Asia, showing the interaction between Portuguese architectural styles and native traditions. The city was extensively fortified by the Dutch during the 17th century from 1649 onwards. The Galle fort is a world heritage site and is the largest remaining fortress in Asia built by European occupiers. Other prominent landmarks in Galle include the city's natural harbour, the National Maritime Museum, St. Mary's Cathedral founded by Jesuit priests, one of the main Shiva temples on the island, and Amangalla, the historic luxury hotel. On 26 December 2004, the city was devastated by the massive tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which occurred off the coast of Indonesia a thousand miles away. Thousands were killed in the city alone. Galle is home to the Galle International Stadium, which is considered to be one of the most picturesque cricket grounds in the world.[3] The ground, which was severely damaged by the tsunami, was rebuilt and test matches resumed there on 18 December 2007. Important natural geographical features in Galle include Rumassala in Unawatuna, a large mound-like hill that forms the eastern protective barrier to Galle Harbour. Local tradition associates this hill with some events of Ramayana, one of the great Hindu epics. The major river in the area is the Gin River (Gin Ganga), which begins from Gongala Kanda, passes villages such as Neluwa, Nagoda, Baddegama, Thelikada and Wakwella, and reaches the sea at Ginthota. The river is bridged at Wakwella by the Wakwella Bridge. EtymologyGalle was known as Gimhathitha in ancient times. The term is believed to be derived from the classical Sinhalese term meaning "port near the river Gin". It is believed that the town got its name as Gaalla in the native tongue as a result of the large number of bullock carts that took shelter in the area, following the long slow journeys from remote areas of the island. "Gaala" in Sinhala means the place where cattle are herded together; hence the Sinhalese name for Galle, ගාල්ල, is a development from 'Gaala'.[4][5] Another theory is that the word Galle is derived from the Dutch word ‘Gallus’, which means rooster.{{citation needed| date=February 2017}} The Dutch have used the rooster as a symbol of Galle, though probably the word comes from the Portuguese ‘Galo’ (rooster). HistoryAccording to James Emerson Tennent, Galle was the ancient seaport of Tarshish, from which King Solomon drew ivory, peacocks and other valuables. Cinnamon was exported from Sri Lanka as early as 1400 BC, and as the root of the word itself is Hebrew, Galle may have been a main entrepot for the spice.[6] Galle had been a prominent seaport long before western rule in the country. Persians, Arabs, Greeks, Romans, Malays, Indians, and Chinese were doing business through Galle port. In 1411, the Galle Trilingual Inscription, a stone tablet inscription in three languages, Chinese, Tamil and Persian, was erected in Galle to commemorate the second visit to Sri Lanka by the Chinese admiral Zheng He. The modern history of Galle starts in 1502, when a small fleet of Portuguese ships, under the command of Lourenço de Almeida, on their way to the Maldives, were blown off course by a storm. Realising that the king resided in Kotte close to Colombo, Lourenço proceeded there after a brief stop in Galle. In 1640, the Portuguese were forced to surrender to the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch built the present fort in 1663. They built a fortified solid granite wall and three bastions, known as "Sun", "Moon" and "Star". After the British took over the country from the Dutch in 1796, the British preserved the fort unchanged and used it as the administrative centre of the district. ClimateGalle features a tropical rainforest climate. The city has no true dry season, though it is noticeably drier in the months of January and February. As is commonplace with many cities with this type of climate, temperatures show little variation throughout the course of the year, with average temperatures hovering at around 26 degrees Celsius throughout. {{Weather box|width = auto |location = Galle |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 34.9 |Feb record high C = 34.6 |Mar record high C = 36.4 |Apr record high C = 35.5 |May record high C = 35.3 |Jun record high C = 32.6 |Jul record high C = 31.2 |Aug record high C = 31.3 |Sep record high C = 31.2 |Oct record high C = 33.1 |Nov record high C = 33.4 |Dec record high C = 33.5 |year record high C = |Jan high C = 29.0 |Feb high C = 29.0 |Mar high C = 29.9 |Apr high C = 30.6 |May high C = 30.6 |Jun high C = 29.8 |Jul high C = 29.0 |Aug high C = 28.6 |Sep high C = 28.4 |Oct high C = 28.5 |Nov high C = 28.7 |Dec high C = 29.1 |year high C = 29.3 |Jan low C = 22.8 |Feb low C = 23.0 |Mar low C = 23.9 |Apr low C = 24.8 |May low C = 25.5 |Jun low C = 25.2 |Jul low C = 24.8 |Aug low C = 24.7 |Sep low C = 24.7 |Oct low C = 24.1 |Nov low C = 23.5 |Dec low C = 23.1 |year low C = 24.2 |Jan record low C = 18.7 |Feb record low C = 19.4 |Mar record low C = 17.1 |Apr record low C = 18.2 |May record low C = 17.1 |Jun record low C = 20.7 |Jul record low C = 20.9 |Aug record low C = 20.9 |Sep record low C = 20.4 |Oct record low C = 20.7 |Nov record low C = 18.1 |Dec record low C = 18.9 |year record low C = |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 85.1 |Feb rain mm = 70.5 |Mar rain mm = 111.3 |Apr rain mm = 206.8 |May rain mm = 290.4 |Jun rain mm = 188.2 |Jul rain mm = 163.2 |Aug rain mm = 185.9 |Sep rain mm = 255.8 |Oct rain mm = 322.7 |Nov rain mm = 321.0 |Dec rain mm = 176.9 |year rain mm = 2377.8 |Jan rain days = 8 |Feb rain days = 6 |Mar rain days = 9 |Apr rain days = 12 |May rain days = 16 |Jun rain days = 17 |Jul rain days = 16 |Aug rain days = 16 |Sep rain days = 18 |Oct rain days = 18 |Nov rain days = 16 |Dec rain days = 12 |year rain days = 164 |source 1 = World Meteorological Organisation[7] |source 2 = Department of Meteorology (records up to 2007)[8] }} CityscapeWardsGalle has fifteen wards:[9] {{div col|colwidth=18em}}
GovernanceThe Galle Municipal Council governs the City of Galle, established under the Municipalities Ordinance of 1865. It was at the time, only the third municipal council in the country. The first mayor of the city, Wijeyananda Dahanayake, was appointed in 1939; he later became the fifth Prime Minister of Ceylon. The last appointed mayor was Methsiri De Silva, who served from 2009 to 2016. The mayoral system has been dissolved the Galle administration, with the city presently administered by a commissioner. The main vision of the city is "Building of moderate city through the supply of relatively increased utility services to the citizens who pay taxes to the Galle Municipal Council ". The other vision is to brand Galle as "Green City-Green Galle" to create and promote Galle as one of Sri Lanka's cool and healthy coastal cities with a clean green canopy.[10] DemographicsGalle is a sizeable city, by Sri Lankan standards, and has a population of 91 000, the majority of whom are of Sinhalese ethnicity. There is also a large Sri Lankan Moor minority, particularly in the fort area, who descend from Arab merchants that settled in the ancient port of Galle. Galle is also notable for its foreign population, both residents and owners of holiday homes. {{bar box|title=Ethnicity in Galle (2001) |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Population |right1=Percent |float=right |bars={{bar percent|Sinhalese|#FFFF00|72.70}}{{bar percent|Muslims|#009000|25.55}}{{bar percent|Tamils|#FF8000|1.37}}{{bar percent|Others|#0080FF|0.38}} }}
EducationSchools{{main|List of schools in Sri Lanka}}Galle is home to some of the oldest leading schools in Sri Lanka, with twenty-nine government schools and five international schools constituting the city's educational system. Some of the schools located in Galle city are listed below.
UniversitiesThree main faculties of the University of Ruhuna are located in Galle. The Faculty of Engineering is located at Hapugala, about 6 km from the city center. The Faculty of Medicine is located at Karapitiya near the Karapitiya Teaching Hospital. The Faculty of Allied Health Sciences of the University of Ruhuna is located in Mahamodara, in the city limits. A study centre of the Open University of Sri Lanka is also located in Galle, at Labuduwa junction.
Higher Education InstitutesThe Advanced Technological Institute in Labuduwa, Galle was started in 2000, and it planned to offer Higher National Diploma in Information Technology and Higher National Diploma in Agriculture Technology - HNDT (Agri). Since then, Labuduwa ATI has been a pioneer in technological education in Sri Lanka. The National Institute of Business Management in Galle was established in 2010 to provide higher education opportunities in the fields of information technology and business management. The Ruhunu National College of Education, operated under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, trains teachers training for government schools in Kurunduwatta, Galle. Additionally, the Amarasuriya Teachers' Training College for government school teachers is in Unawatuna, Galle.
TransportGalle is served by Sri Lanka Railways' Coastal Line and is connected by rail to Colombo and Matara. Galle Railway Station is a major station on the line and serves as the meeting point of the west- and south-coast segments of the line.[13] The A2 highway, which is commonly known as the Galle Road, runs through the city and connects Galle to Colombo by the west-coast portion, and to Hambanthota by the south-coast portion. The Southern Expressway, Sri Lanka's first E Class highway, links the Sri Lankan capital Colombo with Galle and currently reduces the time spent for travel to one hour from the three hours taken by the regular A2 highway. Twin cityThe City of Galle is twinned with:
GallerySee also
References1. ^{{cite book|title=Archaeological Sites and Urban Centres: Treasury of world culture (Volume 1 of World Heritage Series)|author= Terraroli, Valerio (Ed)| publication-date=2002 | publisher=Skira Editore/UNESCO | edition=1st | isbn=978-88-8491-393-7|page=}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/02-26_Ibn_Battuta_Jaffna_Kingdom.php?uid=1547|title=Medieval Traveller Ibn Battuta was a Guest of the Jaffna King in 1344|publisher=Ilankai Tamil Sangam|year=2006}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://worldcricketwatch.com/stories/feature/pitching-it-up-the-galle-international-stadium/|title=Pitching it Up: The Galle International Stadium|publisher=World Cricket Watch|year=2011}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mysrilankaholidays.com/galle-dutch-fort.html|title=VOC Galle Dutch Fort, South Coast, Sri Lanka (A World Heritage Site)|publisher=My Sri Lanka Holidays|accessdate=30 September 2013}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://discover.lankanest.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=71.html/ |title=Galle and Galle Fort. |publisher=Discover Sri Lanka |date=9 March 2008 |accessdate=30 September 2013 |author=Lanka Nest |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003141427/http://discover.lankanest.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=71.html%2F |archivedate=3 October 2013 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite web|author=District Disaster Management Coordinating Unit- Galle|title=Psychosocial Forum District Data Mapping: Galle|url=http://www.econsortium.info/Psychosocial_Forum_District_Data_Mapping/galle.pdf|work=Psychosocial Forum District Data Mapping: Galle|publisher=Department of Social Services: Galle|accessdate=14 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728201052/http://www.econsortium.info/Psychosocial_Forum_District_Data_Mapping/galle.pdf|archive-date=2014-07-28|dead-url=yes|df=}} 7. ^{{cite web| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=340| title = World Weather Information Service — Galle| publisher = World Meteorological Organisation| accessdate = 9 May 2016}} 8. ^{{cite web| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091229081618/http://www.meteo.gov.lk/Up_Date/weather/Extreme%20Values.pdf| archivedate = 29 December 2009| url = http://www.meteo.gov.lk/Up_Date/weather/Extreme%20Values.pdf| title = Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values| publisher = Department of Meteorology| accessdate = 8 December 2016}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Administrations |url=http://www.cityofgalle.org |website=Galle city |accessdate=7 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110101801/http://galle.mc.gov.lk/en/Administrations/Administrations.php |archivedate=10 January 2015 |df= }} 10. ^Galle Green 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/census2001/population/ds_div/galle_c.htm|title=Population by Ethnicity according to D.S. Division and Sector: Galle District (Provisional)|work=Census of Population Housing 2001|publisher=Department of Census and Statistics|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610133531/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/census2001/population/ds_div/galle_c.htm|archivedate=2007-06-10|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2013-01-22}} 12. ^http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/RICHMOND-Yeas-OF-EXCELLENCE-133163.html 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://colombofort.com/colombo-galle-matara.htm|title= Colombo - Galle - Matara by rail|publisher= Colombofort.com|year=2011}} 14. ^{{cite journal|title=View near Point-De-Galle, Ceylon |journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering |date=August 1847 |volume=IV |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com.com/books?id=S1wEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=17 November 2015 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} External links{{commons category|Galle}}
2 : Galle|Provincial capitals in Sri Lanka |
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