“General aviation”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

General Aviation (GA) represents the 'private transport' and recreational flying component of aviation.

Definition

General aviation is the name or term given to all civil aviation aircraft operations with the exception of commercial air transport (CAT) or aerial work (AW).^[2] They are flight activities not involving commercial air transportation of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire, or an aerial work operation such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial advertisement, etc.^[2]^[3] It covers certain commercial and private flights that can be carried out under both visual flight (VFR) and instrument flight (IFR) rules, such as light aircraft, business and private jets or helicopters.^[3] General aviation thus represents the 'private transport' component of aviation.^[3]

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines civil aviation aircraft operations in three categories: General Aviation (GA), Aerial Work (AW) and Commercial Air Transport (CAT).^[2]^[3] The International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations (IAOPA) includes the following definitions for General Aviation aircraft activities:^[3]

Geography

Europe

In 2003 the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) was established as the central EU regulator, taking over responsibility for legislating airworthiness and environmental regulation from the national authorities.^[4]

United Kingdom

Of the 21,000 civil aircraft registered in the UK,^[5] 96 percent are engaged in GA operations, and annually the GA fleet accounts for between 1.25 and 1.35 million hours flown. There are 28,000 Private Pilot Licence holders, and 10,000 certified glider pilots. Some of the 19,000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities. GA operates from more than 1,800 airports and landing sites or aerodromes, ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips.

GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), although regulatory powers are being increasingly transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing, and the objective is to promote high standards of safety.

North America

General aviation is particularly popular in North America, with over 6,300 airports available for public use by pilots of general aviation aircraft (around 5,200 airports in the U.S., and over 1,000 in Canada^[6]). In comparison, scheduled flights operate from around 560 airports in the U.S.^[7] According to the U.S. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, general aviation provides more than one percent of the United States' GDP, accounting for 1.3 million jobs in professional services and manufacturing.^[8]

Regulation

Most countries have authorities that oversee all civil aviation, including general aviation, adhering to the standardized codes of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Examples include the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) in the United Kingdom, Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe (CAAZ) in Zimbabwe, the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA) in Germany, the Bundesamt für Zivilluftfahrt in Switzerland, Transport Canada in Canada, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) in Australia, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) in India and Iran Civil Aviation Organization in Iran.

Safety

Aviation accident rate statistics are necessarily estimates. According to the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board, in 2005 general aviation in the United States (excluding charter) suffered 1.31 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours of flying in that country, compared to 0.016 for scheduled airline flights.^[9] In Canada, recreational flying accounted for 0.7 fatal accidents for every 1000 aircraft, while air taxi accounted for 1.1 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours.^[10] More experienced GA pilots appear generally safer, although the relations between flight hours, accident frequency, and accident rates are complex and often difficult to assess.^[11]^[12]^[13]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite journal| url=http://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/pistons/cessna-172-still-relevant |title=Cessna 172: Still Relevant|author=Robert Goyer|date=January 19, 2012|accessdate=September 21, 2018}}
2. ^¹²{{cite book|url=https://www.verifavia.com/bases/ressource_pdf/299/icao-annex-6-part-i.pdf|title=Annex 6, Operation of Aircraft Part I, International Commercial Air Transport — Aeroplanes|last=|first=|edition=9|date=July 2010|publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)|chapter=1. Definitions|pages=1, 3 and 5|isbn=9789292315368|accessdate=17 March 2019}}
3. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|url=https://www.iaopa.eu/what-is-general-aviation|title=What is General Aviation; Definition|last=|first=|date=|publisher=The International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations (IAOPA)|accessdate=16 March 2019}}
4. ^{{cite book|url=https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/StrategicReviewGA.pdf|title=Strategic Review of General Aviation in the UK|last=|first=|date=July 2006|publisher=CAA|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=52–53, paras. 5.18–5.24|chapter=5|quote=|via=|accessdate=19 December 2016}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.caa.co.uk/uploadedFiles/CAA/Content/Standard_Content/Data_and_analysis/Datasets/Aircraft_register/CofA/UK%20registered%20aircraft%20by%20class%20weight%20and%20CofA%202010.pdf|title=UK Registered Aircraft January 2010|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=CAA|accessdate=19 December 2016}}
6. ^Nav Canada: Canada Flight Supplement - Canada and North Atlantic Terminal and Enroute Data Nav Canada, 2010.
7. ^{{cite book|url=http://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/books-online/FAAFactBook.pdf|title=FAA Administrator's Fact Book|last=|first=|date=March 2010|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|year=|isbn=|location=|page=16|pages=|quote=|via=}}
8. ^AOPA USA's General Aviation website {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214124431/http://www.aopa.org/ |date=14 February 2015 }}.
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/data/Documents/ARA1101.pdf|title=NTSB accident rates by flying category|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Ntsb.gov|accessdate=19 December 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/opssvs/managementservices-referencecentre-2192.html|title=Aviation Safety Program Manual for the Civil Aviation Directorate|last=|first=|date=2015-12-31|website=|publisher=Tc.gc.ca|accessdate=19 December 2016}}
11. ^Knecht, WR (2012). DOT/FAA/AM-12/15 "Predicting general aviation accident frequency from pilot total flight hours" (Technical Report). Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.
12. ^Knecht, WR (2015). "The 'killing zone' revisited: Serial nonlinearities predict general aviation accident rates from pilot total flight hours". Accident Analysis & Prevention, 60, 50–56.
13. ^Knecht, WR (2015). DOT/FAA/AM-15/3 "Predicting accident rates from general aviation pilot total flight hours" (Technical Report). Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration.