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词条 Green bean
释义

  1. Culinary use and nutrition

  2. Characteristics

      Plant    Varieties    Bush (dwarf) types    Pole (climbing) types  

  3. Production

  4. References

  5. External links

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Green beans are the unripe, young fruit and protective pods of various cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).[1][2] Immature or young pods of the runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus), yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis), and hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) are used in a similar way.[3] Green beans are known by many common names, including French beans,[4] string beans (for old varieties; modern varieties are stringless),{{r|FGtP}} snap beans,{{r|FGtP}} snaps,[5][6] and the French name {{Lang-fr|haricots vert}}.

They are distinguished from the many other varieties of beans in that green beans are harvested and consumed with their enclosing pods, before the bean seeds inside have fully matured. An analogous practice is the harvest and consumption of unripened pea pods, as is done with snow peas or sugar snap peas.

Historically, green bean pods contained a string, a hard fibrous strand running the length of one side of the pod. This string was either removed before cooking, or made swallowable by cutting the pod into short segments. {{anchor|stringless}} Modern, commercially grown green bean varieties are stringless and lack strings, though heirloom varieties may retain this trait.

Culinary use and nutrition

{{nutritionalvalue | name=Raw green beans
| kJ=131
| protein=1.83 g
| fat=0.22 g
| carbs=6.97 g
| fiber=2.7 g
| calcium_mg=37
| iron_mg=1.03
| magnesium_mg=25
| phosphorus_mg=38
| potassium_mg=211
| zinc_mg=0.24
| manganese_mg=0.216
| vitC_mg=12.2
| thiamin_mg=0.082
| riboflavin_mg=0.104
| niacin_mg=0.734
| pantothenic_mg=0.225
| vitB6_mg=0.141
| folate_ug=33
| vitA_ug=35
| vitK_ug=14.4
| opt1n=Fluoride
| opt1v=19 µg
| source_usda=1
| note=Link to USDA Database entry
}}

Green beans are eaten around the world, and are sold fresh, canned, and frozen. They can be eaten raw or steamed, boiled, stir-fried, or baked in casseroles.

A dish with green beans popular throughout the US, particularly at Thanksgiving, is green bean casserole, a dish of green beans, cream of mushroom soup, and French-fried onions.[7] Some US restaurants serve green beans that are battered and fried, such as green bean tempura. Green beans are also sold dried, and/or fried with vegetables such as carrots, corn, and peas, as vegetable chips.

Nutritionally, green beans are a healthy vegetable and the flavonol miquelianin (Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide) can be found in green beans.[8].

Characteristics

The first "stringless" bean was bred in 1894 by Calvin Keeney, called the "father of the stringless bean", while working in Le Roy, New York.[9] Most modern green bean varieties do not have strings.{{R|UMN}}

Plant

Green beans are classified by growth habit into two major groups, "bush" (or "dwarf") beans and "pole" (or "climbing") beans.[10][11][12]

  • Bush beans are short plants, growing to not more than {{convert|2|ft|cm}} in height, often without requiring supports. They generally reach maturity and produce all of their fruit in a relatively short period of time, then cease to produce. Owing to this concentrated production and ease of mechanized harvesting, bush-type beans are those most often grown on commercial farms. Bush green beans are usually cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
  • Pole beans have a climbing habit and produce a twisting vine, which must be supported by "poles", trellises, or other means. Pole beans may be common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus) or yardlong beans (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis).[13][14]
Half-runner beans have both bush and pole characteristics, and are sometimes classified separately from bush and pole varieties.[15][16][17][18] Their runners can be about 3–10 feet long.[19]

Varieties

Over 130 varieties (cultivars) of green bean are known.[20] Varieties specialized for use as green beans, selected for the succulence and flavor of their pods, are the ones usually grown in the home vegetable garden, and many varieties exist. Pod color can be green, purple, red, or streaked.[21] Shapes range from thin "fillet" types to wide "romano" types and more common types in between.{{Explain|reason=What do those shapes mean?|date=July 2018}} Yellow-podded green beans are also known as wax beans.{{r|UMN}}

All of the following varieties have green pods and are Phaseolus vulgaris, unless otherwise specified:

Bush (dwarf) types

  • Blue Lake 274{{r|UIL}}
  • Contender[22]
  • Derby (1990 AAS winner){{r|UIL}}
  • Improved Tendergreen[23]
  • Provider[22]
  • Stringless Green Pod (heirloom)[24]

Pole (climbing) types

  • Algarve{{R|RHS}}
  • Blue Lake{{r|UIL}}
  • Golden Gate (yellow/wax){{R|RHS}}
  • Kentucky Blue (AAS Winner){{r|UIL}}
  • Kentucky Wonder{{r|UIL}}
  • Scarlet Runner (Phaseolus coccineus)[25]

Production

According to UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOSTAT), the top producers of green beans (in metric tonnes) in 2012.[26]

Rank Country Production
(t)
1 {{CHN}} 16,200,000
2 {{INA}} 871,170
3 {{IND}} 620,000
4 {{TUR}} 614,960
5 {{THA}} 305,000
6 {{EGY}} 251,279
7 {{ESP}} 165,400
8 {{ITA}} 134,124
9 {{MAR}} 133,744
10 {{BAN}} 94,356
World 20,742,857

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=134 |title=Green Beans |publisher=The World's Healthiest Foods |accessdate=March 2, 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://urbanext.illinois.edu/veggies/beans.cfm |title=Beans – Vegetable Directory – Watch Your Garden Grow – University of Illinois Extension}}
3. ^{{cite web |title=Growing beans in Minnesota home gardens |url=https://extension.umn.edu/vegetables/growing-beans |publisher=University of Minnesota Agricultural Extension |accessdate=December 23, 2018}}
4. ^{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Aliza |title=Field Guide to Produce |page=126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3n0tqNigzbkC&pg=PA126}}
5. ^Singh BK and Singh B. 2015. Breeding perspectives of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Vegetable Science 42(1): 1-17.
6. ^{{cite book |last1=Hatch |first1=Peter J. |title="A Rich Spot of Earth": Thomas Jefferson's Revolutionary Garden at Monticello |pages=159–161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMSAvxZmuycC&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
7. ^{{cite book |author=Cook's Illustrated |title=The New Best Recipe |publisher=America's Test Kitchen |year=2004}}
8. ^Antioxidant properties of flavonol glycosides from green beans. Plumb G.W., Price K.R. and Williamson G., Redox Report, Volume 4, Number 3, June 1999, pages 123-127, {{DOI|10.1179/135100099101534800}}
9. ^{{cite book |title=Taylor's guide to heirloom vegetables |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1996 |isbn=0-395-70818-4}}
10. ^{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Rose Marie Nichols |author2=Stuckey, Maggie |title=The Bountiful Container |publisher=Workman Publishing |year=2002}}
11. ^{{cite book |last=Garrelts |first=C. |last2=Garrelts |first2=Megan |last3=Lee |first3=Bonjwing |title=Bluestem: The Cookbook |publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4494-0061-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLqRMBK_wyQC&pg=PA71 |page=71}}
12. ^[https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/grow-your-own/vegetables/french-beans How to Grow French Beans] – Royal Horticultural Society, RHS Gardening
13. ^{{cite book |last=Capomolla |first=F. |title=Growing Food the Italian Way |publisher=Pan Macmillan Australia |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-76055-490-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5MtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |access-date=February 26, 2018 |page=143}}
14. ^{{cite book |last=Watson |first=B. |title=Taylor's Guide to Heirloom Vegetables |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |series=TAYLOR'S WEEKEND GARDENING GUIDES |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-395-70818-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTYcr8mgXbcC&pg=PA238 |access-date=February 26, 2018 |page=238}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://homeguides.sfgate.com/planting-directions-white-halfrunner-beans-45691.html|title=Planting Directions for White Half-Runner Beans|author=|date=|website=sfgate.com|accessdate=May 24, 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFnVCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT58|title=Blue Ribbon Vegetable Gardening: The Secrets to Growing the Biggest and Best Prizewinning Produce|first=Jodi|last=Torpey|date=January 9, 2016|publisher=Storey Publishing|accessdate=May 24, 2018|via=Google Books}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmrkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1&dq=half-runner|title=Gardeners’ Guide to Growing Green Beans in the Vegetable Garden: The Green Bean Book – Growing Bush, Pole Beans For Beginning Gardeners|first=Paul R.|last=Wonning|date=|publisher=Mossy Feet Books|accessdate=May 24, 2018|via=Google Books}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVq0CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|title=Beans and Field Peas: a Savor the South® cookbook|first=Sandra A.|last=Gutierrez|date=October 15, 2015|publisher=UNC Press Books|accessdate=May 24, 2018|via=Google Books}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOWkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT332|title=Appalachian Appetite: Recipes from the Heart of America|first=Susi Gott|last=Séguret|date=January 24, 2017|publisher=Hatherleigh Press|accessdate=May 24, 2018|via=Google Books}}
20. ^{{cite book |title=Cornucopia II : a source book of edible plants |isbn=0-9628087-2-5 |last=Facciola |first=Stephen |publisher=Kampong Publications |year=1998}}
21. ^Singh B K, Pathak K A, Ramakrishna Y, Verma V K and Deka B C. 2011. Purple-podded French bean with high antioxidant content. ICAR News: A Science and Technology Newsletter 17 (3): 9.
22. ^1 {{cite web|url = https://harvesttotable.com/bean_varieties_best_bets_and_e/ | title = Bean Varieties: Best Bets and Easy-to-Grow | accessdate = December 23, 2018}}
23. ^{{cite web|title = Improved Tendergreen Bush Green Bean | url = https://www.victoryseeds.com/bean_tendergreen-improved.html | accessdate = December 23, 2018}}
24. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.saveseeds.org/biography/keeney/index.html | title = Seedsmen Hall of Fame | accessdate = December 23, 2018}}
25. ^Runner beans are beautiful and edible – Oregon State University Agricultural Extension
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization |title=Production of Green Bean by countries |year=2011 |accessdate=February 2, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |archivedate=July 13, 2011 |df=}}

External links

{{Cookbook|Green bean}}{{Commons category|Green beans}}
  • [https://snaped.fns.usda.gov/seasonal-produce-guide/green-beans Green beans] at United States Department of Agriculture

4 : Edible legumes|Pod vegetables|Phaseolus|Thanksgiving food
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