| 词条 | Grimpoteuthis |
| 释义 |
| image = Dumbo-hires (cropped).jpg | taxon = Grimpoteuthis | authority = Robson, 1932 | type_species = Cirroteuthis umbellata | type_species_authority = Fischer, 1884 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = 14, see text }} Grimpoteuthis is a genus of pelagic umbrella octopuses known as the dumbo octopuses.[1] The name "dumbo" originates from their resemblance to the title character of Disney's 1941 film Dumbo, having a prominent ear-like fin which extends from the mantle above each eye. There are 13 species recognized in the genus.[1] Prey include crustaceans, bivalves, worms and copepods.[2] The average life span of various Grimpoteuthis species is 3 to 5 years. Most species of Grimpoteuthis live at depths of at least {{Convert|3000|to|4000|m|ft}} with some living up to {{Convert|7000|m|ft}} below sea level, which is the deepest of any known octopus.[3] They are some of the rarest of the Octopoda species though they occur worldwide including in the waters of New Zealand, Australia, Monterey Bay, Oregon, Philippines, Martha's Vineyard, Papua New Guinea and Azores. The largest dumbo octopus ever recorded was 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) in length and weighed {{Convert|5.9|kg|lb|abbr = out}}.[4] The average size for most species is 20–30 centimetres (7.9–12 in) in length. The average weight is still undetermined. {{clear left}}Species
Several species formerly classified in this genus were moved to other opisthoteuthid genera.[5] Range and habitatSpecies of Grimpoteuthis are assumed to have a worldwide distribution, living in the cold, abyssal depths ranging from 1000 to 4,800 metres (13,000 ft). Specimens have been found off the coast of Oregon, The Philippines, Martha's Vineyard, Azores, New Zealand[6], Australia, California, Papua, and New Guinea. Dumbo octopuses are among the deepest living octopuses known. ThreatsSpecies of Grimpoteuthis face few direct threats from humans, living at depths of {{Convert|1000|meters|ft|lk = out}} and below. Natural predators include sharks and predatory cephalopods. The Grimpoteuthis does not have an ink sack and therefore, they change colors and size due to their chromatophore cells that helps them protect themselves from predators.[7] Some color changes can be red, white, pink, brown, or they become an invisible color so that they can blend in with the ocean floor[8]. Movement and food supplyThe genus has a distinct habit of swimming. They flap their ear-like fins to propel themselves. Movement of the arms can be used to help the animal move in any direction. The arms permit the animal to crawl along the seafloor, to capture prey, lay eggs, explore, etc. Dumbos hover above the sea floor, searching for polychaete worms, pelagic copepods, isopods, amphipods, and other crustaceans for food.[9] Prey is captured by pouncing on the target, which then is swallowed whole.[3] BreedingFemales have no distinct period for breeding. Females carry multiple eggs in various stages of maturation, suggesting that they have no optimal breeding period. Male octopuses have a separate protuberance on one of their arms that carries an encapsulated sperm packet to the female. It is hypothesized that the female can then distribute this sperm to the eggs at any given time based on environmental conditions. The females lay the eggs under small rocks or on shells in the deep ocean or can even carry them on her arms, by tucking the eggs behind the wide webbing, until she finds a safe place that would provide them with the best fitness. As with other octopuses, females do not invest any further time in the young after they hatch because once they are born they are able to defend themselves. References1. ^{{Cite web |title=Grimpoteuthis |last=Young |first=Richard |url=http://tolweb.org/Grimpoteuthis |accessdate=10 May 2014}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|title=Finned Deep-sea Octopuses|url=http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=558|publisher=Marinebio|accessdate=8 May 2014}} 3. ^1 {{Cite web |title=Dumbo Octopus |url=http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/dumbo_octopus |website=Aquarium of the Pacific}} 4. ^{{cite press release |url=http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/press_release/2009/MediaAdv/MA0908/index.html |title=NOAA Researchers, Ships Participate in Census of Marine Life’s Decade of Discovery |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |date=November 23, 2009 |accessdate=May 11, 2011}} 5. ^{{cite journal |pages=93–127 |doi=10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00074.x |title=The genus Grimpoteuthis (Octopoda: Grimpoteuthidae) in the north-east Atlantic, with descriptions of three new species |year=2003 |last1=Collins |first1=Martin A. |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=139}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://proxy.cc.uic.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=10755796|title=Shibboleth Authentication Request|website=proxy.cc.uic.edu|access-date=2018-11-05}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hadjisolomou|first=Stavros P.|date=March 2017|title=SpotMetrics: An Open-Source Image-Analysis Software Plugin for Automatic Chromatophore Detection and Measurement|url=|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=8|pages=106|via=|pmid=28298896|pmc=5331055|doi=10.3389/fphys.2017.00106}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=http://ipfactly.com/dumbo-octopus/|title=10 Dumbo Octopus Facts & Adaptations!|date=2015-06-04|work=Fun Facts You Need to Know!|access-date=2018-11-05|language=en-US}} 9. ^Collins, M.A. & R. Villaneuva. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=R7-TfdYeLEgC&pg=PA308 Taxonomy, ecology and behaviour of the cirrate octopods]. In: Gibson, R.N., R.J.A. Atkinson & J.D.M. Gordon (eds.) Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 44. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 277–322. External links
4 : Octopuses|Cephalopods of Oceania|Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean|Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。