| 词条 | Guacamole |
| 释义 |
| name = Guacamole | image = Guacamole IMGP1265.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = Guacamole, avocado, lime and herbs | alternate_name = Guac | country = Mexico | region = | creator = | course = | type = Mexican food | served = | main_ingredient = Avocados, sea salt, lime juice | variations = Mantequilla de pobre Guasacaca | calories = | other = }}Guacamole ({{IPA-es|(ɡ)wakaˈmole|lang| GuacamolePronunciation.ogg}}, see below for more; informally shortened to guac in North America[1] since the 1980s)[2] is an avocado-based dip, spread, or salad first developed by the Aztecs in what is now Mexico.[3] In addition to its use in modern Mexican cuisine, it has become part of international and American cuisine as a dip, condiment and salad ingredient.[4][5] Etymology and pronunciationThe name comes from an Aztec dialect via Nahuatl {{lang|nah|āhuacamolli}} {{IPA-nah|aːwakaˈmolːi|}}, which literally translates to "avocado sauce", from āhuacatl[6] {{IPA-nah|aːˈwakat͡ɬ|}} ("avocado") + molli {{IPA-nah|ˈmolːi|}} ("sauce", literally "concoction").[3] In Mexican Spanish, it is pronounced {{IPA-es|wakaˈmole|}}, in American English, it tends to be pronounced {{IPAc-en|ɡ|w|ɑː|k|ə|ˈ|m|oʊ|l|iː}}, and in British English, {{IPAc-en|ˌ|g|w|ɑː|k|ə|ˈ|m|əʊ|l|eɪ}}.[7][8] HistoryAvocados were first cultivated in South Central Mexico about 10,000 years ago.[9][10][11] In the early 1900s, avocados frequently went by the name alligator pear.[12] The Hass avocado is named after postal worker Rudolph Hass who purchased a seedling in 1926 from a California farmer and patented it in 1935.[13] Guacamole has increased avocado sales in the US, especially on Super Bowl Sunday and Cinco de Mayo.[14] The rising consumption of guacamole is most likely due to the U.S. government lifting a ban on avocado imports in the 1990s and the growth of the U.S. Latino population.[15] IngredientsGuacamole dip is traditionally made by mashing ripe avocados and sea salt with a molcajete y tejolote (mortar and pestle).[16][17] Recipes call for tomato, garlic, lemon or lime juice, chili or cayenne pepper, cilantro (UK English: coriander) or basil, jalapeño[18] and additional seasonings.[19] Some non-traditional recipes call for sour cream or even peas.[20] Due to the presence of polyphenol oxidase in the cells of avocado, exposure to oxygen in the air causes an enzymatic reaction and develops melanoidin pigment, turning the sauce brown.[21] This result is generally considered unappetizing, and there are several methods (some anecdotal) that are used to counter this effect, such as storing the guacamole in an air-tight container or wrapping tightly in plastic to limit the surface area exposed to the air.[22] Composition and nutrients{{Infobox nutritional value| name = Avocados, raw | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | serving_size = 100 g | kJ = 670 | carbs = 8.53 g | starch = 0.11 g | sugars = 0.66 g | lactose = 0 | fiber = 6.7 g | fat = 14.66 g | satfat = 2.126 g | transfat = 0 | monofat = 9.8 g | polyfat = 1.816 g | omega3fat = | omega6fat = | protein = 2.00 g | water =73.23 | vitA_ug = 7 | vitA_iu = 146 | betacarotene_ug = 62 | lutein_ug = 271 | thiamin_mg = 0.067 | riboflavin_mg = 0.130 | niacin_mg = 1.738 | pantothenic_mg = 1.389 | vitB6_mg = 0.257 | folate_ug = 81 | vitB12_ug = | choline_mg = 14.2 | vitC_mg = 10.0 | vitD_ug = | vitD_iu = | vitE_mg = 2.07 | vitK_ug = 21 | calcium_mg = 12 | iron_mg = 0.55 | magnesium_mg = 29 | manganese_mg = | phosphorus_mg = 52 | potassium_mg = 485 | sodium_mg = 7 | zinc_mg = 0.64 | opt1n = | opt1v = | opt2n = | opt2v = | opt3n = | opt3v = | opt4n = | opt4v = | note = | source = | source_usda = http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2156?fg=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=35&sort=&qlookup=avocado&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby= | noRDA = | float =right }} As the major ingredient of guacamole is raw avocado, the nutritional value of the dish derives from avocado vitamins, minerals and fats, providing dietary fiber, several B vitamins, vitamin K, vitamin E and potassium in significant content (see Daily Value percentages in nutrient table for avocado). Avocados are a source of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and phytosterols, such as beta-sitosterol.[23][24] They also contain carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein.[25] Similar foodsMantequilla de pobreMantequilla de pobre ({{Language with name/for || Spanish|"poor-man's butter"}}) is a mixture of avocado, tomato, oil, and citrus juice.[26] Despite its name, it predates the arrival of dairy cattle in the Americas, and thus was not originally made as a butter substitute.[4]GuasacacaThinner and more acidic,[27] or thick and chunky,[28] guasacaca is a Venezuelan avocado-based sauce; it is made with vinegar,[29] and is served over parrillas (grilled food), arepas, empanadas, and various other dishes. It is common to make the guasacaca with a little hot sauce instead of jalapeño, but like a guacamole, it is not usually served as a hot sauce itself. Pronounced "wasakaka" in Latin America.[30] Commercial productsPrepared guacamoles are available in stores, often available refrigerated, frozen or in high pressure packaging which pasteurizes and extends shelf life if products are maintained at {{convert|34|to|40|F|order=flip}}.[31] HolidayNational Guacamole Day is celebrated on the same day as Mexican Independence Day, September 16.[32][33] In popular cultureOn September 3, 2017, 815 gastronomy students set the world record in Concepción de Buenos Aires, Jalisco, Mexico for the largest serving of guacamole, which weighed {{Convert|2670|kg|lb}}.[34] On April 6, 2018, Junta Local de Sanidad Vegetal de Tancítaro, Mexico, achieved the Guinness World Records for the largest serving of guacamole. They created it as part of Tancítaro's 7th Annual Avocado Festival in Tancítaro, Michoacán, Mexico. The serving weighed 3,788 kg (8,351 lb) and had more than 350 people help prepare it.[35] See also{{portal|Food}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
References1. ^{{cite web |title=Oxford Dictionary |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/guac|accessdate=August 12, 2018}} 2. ^{{Cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/guac |title=guac {{!}} Definition of guac in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=August 20, 2018}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |last=Zeldes |first=Leah A. |title=Eat this! 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L. |last3=Ashworth |first3=V. E. T. M. |last4=de la Cruz |first4=M. |last5=Clegg |first5=M. T. }} 11. ^{{Cite journal |author1=Galindo-Tovar, María Elena |author2=Arzate-Fernández, Amaury M. |author3=Ogata-Aguilar, Nisao |author4=Landero-Torres, Ivonne |last-author-amp=yes |year=2007 |title=The avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae) crop in Mesoamerica: 10,000 years of history |journal=Harvard Papers in Botany |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=325–334, page 325 |url=http://www.uv.mx/personal/megalindo/files/2010/07/GalindoTovar_325_334_V21.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010145152/http://www.uv.mx/personal/megalindo/files/2010/07/GalindoTovar_325_334_V21.pdf |archivedate=October 10, 2015 |deadurl=no |doi=10.3100/1043-4534(2007)12[325:TAPALC]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=41761865}} 12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/avocado_ars.html |title=Avocado; In: Fruits of Warm Climates |author=Morton JF |pages=91–102 |publisher=Creative Resource Systems, Inc., Winterville, NC and Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2}} 13. ^{{Cite web |url=http://ucavo.ucr.edu/avocadovarieties/Hass_History.html |title=Hass History |website=ucavo.ucr.edu |access-date=September 28, 2016}} 14. ^{{cite book |last=Charles |first=Jeffrey |editor1-last=Belasco |editor1-first=Warren |editor2-last=Scranton |editor2-first=Philip |title=Food nations: selling taste in consumer societies |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9wPoDHQR-IC |accessdate=September 20, 2011 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-93077-2 |pages=131–154 |chapter=8. Searching for gold in Guacamole: California growers market the avocado, 1910–1994}} 15. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/the-selling-of-the-avocado/385047/ |title=The Selling of the Avocado |last=Khazan |first=Olga |access-date=September 28, 2016|date=2015-01-31 }} 16. ^{{cite web |title=The best guacamole recipe |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-guacamole-recipe-2017-5 |website=Business Insider |accessdate=21 August 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web |last1=Eats |first1=Serious |title=The Best Guacamole (and the Science of Avocados) {{!}} The Food Lab |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/2012/01/the-food-lab-the-best-guacamole-avocados-science-browning-ripening.html |website=www.seriouseats.com |accessdate=21 August 2018 |language=en}} 18. ^{{cite book |last1=Hultquist |first1=Michael J. |title=Jalapeno Madness: Jalapeno Recipes Galore |date=2009 |publisher=Red Chili Press |isbn=9781449937959 |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=nTLMAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT263&dq=guacamole+jalapeno#v=onepage&q=guacamole%20jalapeno&f=false |accessdate=21 August 2018 |language=en}} 19. ^{{cite book |last1=Adapon |first1=Joy |title=Culinary Art and Anthropology |date=2008 |publisher=Berg |isbn=9781847884558 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=H5CxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103&dq=guacamole+recipes+lime+juice+chili+tomato#v=onepage&q=guacamole%20recipes%20lime%20juice%20chili%20tomato&f=false |accessdate=21 August 2018 |language=en}} 20. ^{{Cite web |url=http://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1015047-green-pea-guacamole?smid=tw-nytimes |title=Green Pea Guacamole |website=The New York Times |access-date=October 16, 2016}} 21. ^Hartel, 2009, p. 43 22. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.avocadocentral.com/avocado-recipes/avocado-party-tips-decor/national-guacamole-day-recipes-entertaining |title=National Guacamole Day :: Fresh Avocado |website=avocadocentral.com |access-date=September 28, 2016}} 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1843/2 |title=Avocados, raw, all commercial varieties, per 100 grams |publisher=NutritionData.com |accessdate=April 17, 2013 |year=2013}} 24. ^{{cite web |title=Avocados: Health Benefits, Nutritional Information |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/270406.php |website=MNT |accessdate=January 12, 2016}} 25. ^{{cite journal |journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr |year=2013 |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=738–50 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.556759 |pmid=23638933 |title=Hass avocado composition and potential health effects |authors=Dreher ML, Davenport AJ |pmc=3664913}} 26. ^{{cite book |title=House & Garden |publisher=Condé Nast Publications |issue=v. 128 |year=1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFYaAQAAMAAJ |access-date=August 21, 2018 |page=122 |quote=Mantequilla de pobre is literally “poor man's butter” ...}} 27. ^{{cite news |title=Caracas Calling |url=http://www.nypress.com/article-9759-caracas-calling.html |newspaper=New York Press |date=July 13, 2004 |accessdate=March 4, 2010}} 28. ^{{cite news |title=Guasacaca – Venezuelan-style Guacamole |url=http://southamericanfood.about.com/b/2009/07/02/guasacaca-venezuelan-style-guacamole.htm |website=About.com |date=July 2, 2009 |accessdate=October 6, 2013}} 29. ^{{cite journal |last=Serpa |first=Diego |year=1968 |title=Avocado Culture in Venezuela |journal=California Avocado Society 1968 Yearbook |volume=52 |pages=153–168 |issn=0096-5960 |url=http://www.avocadosource.com/CAS_Yearbooks/CAS_52_1968/CAS_1968_PG_153-168.pdf |accessdate=March 4, 2010}} 30. ^{{cite web |website=Oxford Spanish-English Dictionary |title=guasacaca |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/translate/spanish-english/guasacaca |access-date=February 1, 2016}} Sound file is at "{{sc|lat.am.sp}}", to the right of the headword near the top of the window. 31. ^{{cite web |title=High-pressure processing ideal for guacamole lovers |url=http://www.thepacker.com/fruit-vegetable-news/marketing-profiles/High-pressure-processing-ideal-for-guacamole-lovers-127760608.html |website=The Packer |accessdate=January 12, 2016}} 32. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/kidscbc2/the-feed/national-guacamole-day |title=National guacamole day! {{!}} CBC Kids|website=CBC Kids|access-date=August 20, 2018}} 33. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sponsor-story/macayos-restaurants/2016/09/15/macayos-celebrating-mexican-independence-day-guacamole/90416352/ |title=Celebrating Mexican Independence Day, National Guacamole Day |work=The Arizona Republic |access-date=August 20, 2018}} 34. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-serving-of-guacamole |title=Largest serving of guacamole |publisher=Guinness World Records |date=September 3, 2017 |accessdate=November 9, 2017}} 35. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-serving-of-guacamole/ |title=Largest serving of guacamole |work=Guinness World Records |access-date=August 20, 2018}} Bibliography
External links
11 : Condiments|Cuisine of the Southwestern United States|Cuisine of the Western United States|Dips (food)|Mexican cuisine|Mexican garnish|New Mexican cuisine|Tex-Mex cuisine|Vegan cuisine|Vegetable dishes|Avocado dishes |
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