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词条 Haryana
释义

  1. Etymology

  2. History

      Pre-history   Medieval  Formation 

  3. Demographics

     Religion  Languages  Culture  Folk theater and dances   Folk music and songs   Classical Haryanvi folk music  Desi Haryanvi folk music   Socially normative-cohesive impact   Cuisine 

  4. Geography

     Plains and mountains  Hydrography  Climate  Flora and fauna  Forests  {{anchor | Protected wildlife areas of Haryana }} Wildlife  Environmental and ecological issues 

  5. Administration

     Divisions  Districts  Law and order  Governance and e-governance 

  6. Economy

      Agriculture   Crops   Fruits, vegetables and spices   Flowers and medicinal plants  Livestock   Research   Industrial sector  Manufacturing  Utilities  Services sector  Transport  Roads and Highways   Railway   Metro  Sky Way  Communication and media  Healthcare  Education  Literacy  Schools  Universities and higher education  Sports 

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. References

  10. External links

{{Short description|State in northern India}}{{use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}{{use Indian English|date=July 2015}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haryana
| official_name =
| settlement_type = State
| image_skyline = Gurugram.jpg
| image_alt = Hindustan times
| image_caption = Gurugram city located in Haryana
| image_seal = Government of Haryana seal.jpg
| seal_alt = Official seal of the Government of Haryana
| image_map = IN-HR.svg
| map_caption = Location of Haryana in India
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = none
| coordinates = {{coord|30.73|N|76.78|E|region:IN-HR_type:adm1st|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Chandigarh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| established_title = Statehood
| established_date = 1 November 1966
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = Chandigarh{{ref|cap|†}}
| parts_type = Districts
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 22
| government_footnotes =
| leader_title = Governor
| leader_name = Satyadev Narayan Arya
| leader_title1 = Chief Minister
| leader_name1 = Manohar Lal Khattar (BJP)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = [1]
| area_total_km2 = 44212
| area_rank = 21st
| population_total = 25,353,081
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 573
| population_rank = 18th
| population_density_rank = 11
| population_demonym = Haryanvi
| demographics_type1 = Languages[2][3]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English, Punjabi
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| iso_code = IN-HR
| registration_plate = HR-xx
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = [3][4]
| demographics2_title1 = Total {{nobold|(2018–19)}}
| demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|7.84|lc}}
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita {{nobold|(2017–18)}}
| demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|199612}}
| blank_name_sec1 = HDI
| blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.704 (2017)[5] ({{color|green|High}})
| blank1_name_sec1 = HDI rank
| blank1_info_sec1 = 9th (2015)
| blank2_name_sec1 = Sex ratio
| blank2_info_sec1 = 936 ♂/♀[6]
| website = {{URL|http://haryana.gov.in/}}
| footnotes = {{note|cap|†}}Joint Capital with Punjab
{{ref|cap|††}} Common for Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh.{{Infobox region symbols
| embedded = yes
| region = Haryana
| country = India
| flag =
| emblem =
| song =
| dance =
| animal = Black buck
| bird = Black francolin
| flower = Lotus
| fruit =
| tree = Peepal
| river =
| sport =
| costume =
}}
| seat1_type = Largest city
| seat1 = Faridabad
| leader_title2 = Legislature
| leader_name2 = Unicameral (90 seats)
| leader_title3 = Parliamentary constituency
| leader_name3 = Rajya Sabha 5
Lok Sabha 10
| leader_title4 = High Court
| leader_name4 = Punjab and Haryana High Court{{ref|cap|††}}
}}Haryana ({{IPA-hi|ɦərɪˈjaːɳaː|IPA}}) is one of the 29 states in India, located in northern part of the country. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1{{nbsp}}November 1966 on linguistic as well as on cultural basis. It is ranked 22nd in terms of area with less than 1.4% ({{convert|44212|km2|abbr=on}}) of India's land area.[8][1] Chandigarh is the state capital, Faridabad in National Capital Region is the most populous city of the state and Gurugram is a leading financial hub of NCR with major Fortune 500 companies located in it.[7] Haryana has 6 administrative divisions, 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 revenue tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 community development blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages and 6222 villages panchayats.{{sfn|NIDM|p=4}}[8]

As the largest recipient of investment per capita since 2000 in India,[8] and among one of the wealthiest and most economically developed regions in South Asia,[9] Haryana has the fifth highest per capita income among Indian states and UTs at {{INRConvert|199612||lk=}} against the national average of {{INRConvert|112432}} for year 2016–17.[10] Haryana's 2019-20 estimated state GSDP of US$110 billion[11] (52% services, 34% industries and 14% agriculture) is growing at 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR and placed on the 13th position behind only much bigger states, is also boosted by 30 SEZs (mainly along DMIC, ADKIC and DWPE in NCR), 7% national agricultural exports, 65% of national Basmati rice export, 67% cars, 60% motorbikes, 50% tractors and 50% refrigerators produced in India.[8][8][18] Faridabad has been described as eighth fastest growing city in the world and third most in India by City Mayors Foundation survey.[12] In services, Gurugram ranks number 1 in India in IT growth rate and existing technology infrastructure, and number 2 in startup ecosystem, innovation and livability (Nov 2016).[20]

Among the world's oldest and largest ancient civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization sites at Rakhigarhi village in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are 9,000 years old.[21] Rich in history, monuments, heritage, flora and fauna, human resources and tourism with well developed economy, national highways and state roads, it is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the north-east, by river Yamuna along its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh, by Rajasthan to the west and south, and Ghaggar-Hakra River flows along its northern border with Punjab. Since Haryana surrounds the country's capital Delhi on three sides (north, west and south), consequently a large area of Haryana is included in the economically-important National Capital Region for the purposes of planning and development.

Etymology

The name Haryana is found in the works of the 12th-century AD Apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189–1230).[13] The name Haryana has been derived from the Sanskrit words Hari (the Hindu god Vishnu) and ayana (home), meaning "the Abode of God".[14] However, scholars such as Muni Lal, Murli Chand Sharma, HA Phadke and Sukhdev Singh Chib believe that the name comes from a compound of the words Hari (Sanskrit Harit, "green") and Aranya (forest).[15]

History

{{Main | History of Haryana | List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana | List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana | label 1 = History | label 2 = National monuments | label 3 = State monuments }}

Pre-history

{{Main|Indus Valley Civilization|Vedic Civilization}}

The Vedic state of Brahmavarta is claimed to be located in south Haryana, where the initial Vedic scriptures were composed after the great floods some 10,000 years ago.[16]

Rakhigarhi village in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are home to the largest and one of the world's oldest ancient Indus Valley Civilization sites, dated at over 9,000 years old. Evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metal working (in both bronze and precious metals) have been uncovered. According to archaeologists, Rakhigarhi may be the origin of Harappan civilisation, which arose in the Ghaggar basin in Haryana and gradually and slowly moved to the Indus valley.[17][18]

Medieval

Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain Tirthankara were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli, Bhiwani (Ranila, Charkhi Dadri and Badhra), Dadri, Gurgaon (Ferozepur Jhirka), Hansi, Hisar (Agroha), Kasan, Nahad, Narnaul, Pehowa, Rewari, Rohad, Rohtak (Asthal Bohar) and Sonepat in Haryana.{{sfn|Atul Kumar Sinha|Abhay Kumar Singh|2007|p=401}}

After the sack of Bhatner fort during the Timurid conquests of India in 1398, Timur attacked and sacked the cities of Sirsa, Fatehabad, Sunam, Kaithal and Panipat. When he reached the town of Sarsuti (Sirsa), the residents, who were mostly non-Muslims, fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur's troops, with thousands of them being killed and looted by the troops. From there he travelled to Fatehabad, whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred. The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated, with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes. From there he travelled to Tohana, whose Jat inhabitants were stated to be robbers according to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. They tried to resist but were defeated and fled. Timur's army pursued and killed 200 Jats, while taking many more as prisoners. He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered. Timur proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered, destroying all villages along the way. On the next day, he came to Assandh whose residents were "fire-worshippers" according to Yazdi, and had fled to Delhi. Next he travelled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled. He then marched on to Loni fort.[19][20]

The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by some of the major empires of India. Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India. In the First Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the Lodis. In the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to Rewari. Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier won 22 battles across India from Punjab to Bengal, defeating Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas.[21]

Formation

Haryana as a state came into existence on 1{{nbsp}}November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966). The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of Punjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people. The commission delivered its report on 31{{nbsp}}May 1966 whereby the then-districts of Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district — along with Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhri — were to be included.[22]

The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharad, which includes Chandigarh, the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of Haryana. However, only a small portion of Kharad was given to Haryana.[23] The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory, serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.[24]

Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became the first Chief Minister of Haryana.[25]

Demographics

{{See also|List of people from Haryana}}

Religion

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Haryana (2011)[26]
|label1 = Hinduism
|value1 = 87.46
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = Islam
|value2 = 7.03
|color2 = Green
|label3 = Sikhism
|value3 = 4.91
|color3 = DarkKhaki
|label4 = Jainism
|value4 = 0.21
|color4 = Brown
|label5 = Christianity
|value5 = 0.20
|color5 = DodgerBlue
|label6 = Buddhism
|value6 = 0.03
|color6 = Yellow
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 0.18
|color7 = Black
}}

According to the 2011 census, of total 25,350,000 population of Haryana, Hindus (87.46%) constitute the majority of the state's population with Muslims (7.03%) (mainly Meos) and Sikhs (4.91%) being the largest minorities.[26]

Muslims are mainly found in the Mewat or Nuh district. Haryana has the second largest Sikh population in India after Punjab, and they mostly live in the districts adjoining Punjab, such as Sirsa, Jind, Fatehabad, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Ambala and Panchkula.[27][28]

Languages

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Haryana (2001)[39]
| label1 = Hindi
| value1 = 87.31
| color1 = #FFA07A
| label2 = Punjabi
| value2 = 10.57
| color2 = #E0FFC0
| label3 = Urdu
| value3 = 1.23
| color3 = #F0C0E0
| label4 = Bengali
| value4 = 0.19
| color4 = #E0FFFF
| label5 = Nepali
| value5 = 0.10
| color5 = #CD853F
| label6 = Others
| value6 = 0.60
| color6 = DarkGray
}}Hindi was the sole official language of Haryana until 2010 and it is spoken by the majority of the population (87.31%).[29] Haryana has 70% rural population who primarily speak Haryanvi dialect of Hindi,[30] as well as other related dialects, such as Bagri[31]{{sfn|Gusain|2000|p=14}} and Mewati.[32][33] Significant minority languages spoken in Haryana are Punjabi (10.57%), Urdu (1.23%), Bengali (0.19%) and Nepali (0.10%). Additionally 0.6% of the state population speak other minority languages.[29] Punjabi is the second official language of Haryana for government and administrative purposes.[34]

Culture

Haryana has its own unique traditional folk music, folk dances, saang (folk theater),[35] cinema,[36] belief system such as Jathera (ancestral worship),[37][38] and arts such as Phulkari and Shisha embroidery.[38]

Folk theater and dances

Folk music and dances of Haryana are based on satisfying cultural needs of primarily agrarian and martial natures of Haryanavi tribes.[52]

Haryanvi musical folk theater main types are Saang, Rasa lila and Ragini. The Saang and Ragini form of theater was popularised by Lakhmi Chand.[39]Haryanvi folk dances and music have fast energetic movements. Three popular categories of dance are: festive-seasonal, devotional, and ceremonial-recreational. The festive-seasonal dances and songs are Gogaji/Gugga, Holi, Phaag, Sawan, Teej. The devotional dances and songs are Chaupaiya, Holi, Manjira, Ras Leela, Raginis). The ceremonial-recreational dances and songs are of following types: legendary bravery (Kissa and Ragini of male warriors and female Satis), love and romance (Been and its variant Nāginī dance, and Ragini), ceremonial (Dhamal Dance, Ghoomar, Jhoomar (male), Khoria, Loor, and Ragini).[37]

Folk music and songs

Haryanvi folk music is based on day to day themes and injecting earthly humor enlivens the feel of the songs.[37] Haryanvi music takes two main forms: "Classical folk music" and "Desi Folk music" (Country Music of Haryana),[56] and sung in the form of ballads and love, valor and bravery, harvest, happiness and pangs of parting of lovers.[39][40][41]
Classical Haryanvi folk music
Classical Haryanvi folk music is based on Indian classical music.[40] Hindustani classical ragas, learnt in gharana parampara of guru–shishya tradition, are used to sing songs of heroic bravery (such as Alha-Khand (1663-1202 CE) about bravery of Alha and Udal, Jaimal Fatta of Maharana Udai Singh II), Brahmas worship and festive seasonal songs (such as Teej, Holi and Phaag songs of Phalgun month near Holi).[40][41] Bravery songs are sung in high pitch.[39]
Desi Haryanvi folk music
Desi Haryanvi folk music (Haryanvi country folk music) The country-side or desi (native) form of Haryanvi music is based on Raag Bhairvi, Raag Bhairav, Raag Kafi, Raag Jaijaivanti, Raag Jhinjhoti and Raag Pahadi and used for celebrating community bonhomie to sing seasonal songs, ballads, ceremonial songs (wedding, etc.) and related religious legendary tales such as Puran Bhagat.[40][41] Relationship and songs celebrating love and life are sung in medium pitch. Ceremonial and religious songs are sung in low pitch.[39] Young girls and women usually sing entertaining and fast seasonal, love, relationship and friendship related songs such as Phagan (song for eponymous season/month), Katak (songs for the eponymous season/month), Samman (songs for the eponymous season/month), bande-bandi (male-female duet songs), sathne (songs of sharing heartfelt feelings among female friends).[39] Older women usually sing devotional Mangal Geet (auspicious songs) and ceremonial songs such as Bhajan, Bhat (wedding gift to the mother of bride or groom by her brother), Sagai, Ban (Hindu wedding ritual where pre-wedding festivities starts), Kuan-Poojan (a custom that is performed to welcome the birth of a child by worshiping the well or source of drinking water), Sanjhi and Holi festival.[39]
Socially normative-cohesive impact

Music and dance for Haryanvi people is a great way of demolishing societal differences as folk singers are highly esteemed and they are sought after and invited for the events, ceremonies and special occasions regardless of their caste or status. These inter-caste songs are fluid in nature, and never personalized for any specific caste, and they are sung collectively by women from different strata, castes, dialects. These songs do transform fluidly in dialect, style, words, etc. This adoptive style can be seen from the adoption of tunes of Bollywood movie songs into Haryanvi songs. Despite this continuous fluid transforming nature, Haryanvi songs have a distinct style of their own as explained above.[39]

Cuisine

{{see also | North Indian cuisine }}

81% people of Haryana are vegetarian,[42] and cuisine of Haryana is based on fresh, earthy and wholesome ethos of its agrarian culture, where staples are roti, saag, vegetarian sabzi and abundance of milk products such as homemade nooni or tindi ghee, ghee (clarified butter), milk, lassi, kheer.[43]

Geography

Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude.{{sfn|NIDM|p=2}} The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha, which is 1.4% of the geographical area of the country.[72] The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level.[44] Haryana has only 4% (compared to national 21.85%) area under forests.[8] Karoh Peak, a {{convert|1467|m|ft|0|adj=on}} tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of the greater Himalayas range located near Morni Hills area of Panchkula district, is highest point in Haryana.[45][46][47][48]

Plains and mountains

Haryana has four main geographical features.{{sfn|NIDM|p=3}}

  • The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state is also called Delhi doab consisting of Sutlej-Ghaggar doab (between Sutlej in north in Punjab and Ghaggar river flowing through northern Haryana), Ghaggar-Hakra doab (between Ghaggar river and Hakra or Drishadvati river which is the paleo channel of the holy Sarasvati River) and Hakra-Yamuna doab (between Hakra river and Yamuna). See also: Doab.
  • The Lower Shivalik Hills to the northeast in foothills of Himalaya
  • The Bagar tract semi-desert dry sandy plain to the south-west. See also: Bangar and Khadir.
  • The Aravali Range's northern most low rise isolated non-continuous outcrops in the south

Hydrography

The Yamuna, tributary of Ganges, flows along the state's eastern boundary.[49]

Northern Haryana has several north-east to south-west flowing rivers originating from the Sivalik Hills of Himalayas, such as Ghaggar-Hakra (palaeochannel of vedic Sarasvati river),[50] Chautang (paleochannel of vedic Drishadvati river, tributary of Ghagghar),[51][52] Tangri river (tributary of Ghagghar),[51][52] Kaushalya river (tributary of Ghagghar),[53][54] Markanda River (tributary of Ghagghar),[51][52] Sarsuti,[51][52] Dangri,[51][52] Somb river.[55] Haryana's main seasonal river, the Ghaggar-Hakra, known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage,[50] rises in the outer Himalayas, between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula district, passes through Ambala and Sirsa, it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for {{convert|460|km|abbr=on}} before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan.[56] The seasonal Markanda River, known as the Aruna in ancient times, originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala, and swells into a raging torrent during monsoon is notorious for its devastating power, carries its surplus water on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasuti and later the Ghaggar.[56]

Southern Haryana has several south-east to north-west flowing seasonal rivulets originating from the Aravalli Range in and around the hills in Mewat region, including Sahibi River[57][58][59][60] (called Najafgarh drain in Delhi),[61][62][63][64][65] Dohan river (tributary of Sahibi, originates at Mandoli village near Neem Ka Thana in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and then disappears in Mahendragarh district),[58][60] Krishnavati river (former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba and disappears in Mahendragarh district much before reaching Sahibi river)[58][60] and Indori river (longest tributary of Sahibi River, originates in Sikar district of Rajasthan and flows to Rewari district of Haryana), these once were tributaries of the Drishadwati/Saraswati river.[66][67][68]

Major canals are Western Yamuna Canal,[69]

[70][71] Sutlej Yamuna link canal (from Sutlej river tributary of Indus),

[70][71] and Indira Gandhi Canal.[72]

Major dams are Kaushalya Dam in Panchkula district,[73] Hathnikund Barrage[69][74] and Tajewala Barrage on Yamuna in Yamunanagar district,[69][75][76] Pathrala barrage on Somb river in Yamunanagar district,[69][76] ancient Anagpur Dam near Surajkund in Faridabad district,[77][78] and Ottu barrage on Ghaggar-Hakra River in Sirsa district.[79][80][81]

Major lakes are Dighal Wetland, Basai Wetland, Badkhal Lake in Faridabad,[82][83][84] holy Brahma Sarovar[85][86] and Sannihit Sarovar in Kurukshetra,[87] Blue Bird Lake in Hisar,[88][89] Damdama Lake at Sohna in Gurgram district,[90][91] Hathni Kund in Yamunanagar district,[69][74] Karna Lake at Karnal,[92] ancient Surajkund in Faridabad,[77][93][94] and Tilyar Lake in Rohtak.[95][96][97]

The Haryana State Waterbody Management Board is responsible for rejuvenation of 14,000 Johads of Haryana and up to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within the Haryana state.[98][99]

Only hot spring of Haryana is the Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring at Sohna in Gurugram district.[100][101] Tosham Hill range has several sacred sulphur pond of religious significance that are revered for the healing impact of sulfur, such as Pandu Teerth Kund, Surya Kund, Kukkar Kund, Gyarasia Kund or Vyas Kund.[102]

Seasonal waterfalls include Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills, Dhosi Hill in Mahendragarh district and Pali village on outskirts of Faridabad.

Climate

Haryana is extremely hot in summer at around {{convert|45|C}} and mild in winter. The hottest months are May and June and the coldest December and January.[66] The climate is arid to semi-arid with average rainfall of 354.5 mm. Around 29% of rainfall is received during the months from July to September, and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February.[103]

Flora and fauna

State symbols of Haryana
Formation day 1 November (Day of
separation from Punjab)
State mammal Black buck[104]
State bird Black francolin
State tree Peepal[104]
State flower Lotus[104]

Forests

Forest Cover in the state in 2013 was 3.59% (1586 km2) and the Tree Cover in the state was 2.90% (1282 km2), giving a total forest and tree Cover of 6.49%.[105] In 2016-17, 18,412 hectares were brought under tree cover by planting 14.1 million seedlings.[8] Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During the monsoon, a carpet of grass covers the hills. Mulberry, eucalyptus, pine, kikar, shisham and babul are some of the trees found here. The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck, nilgai, panther, fox, mongoose, jackal and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found here.[106][107][108]

{{anchor | Protected wildlife areas of Haryana }} Wildlife

{{see also|List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India}}

Haryana has two national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries, two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana.[109][110]

Environmental and ecological issues

{{see also|Air pollution in India}}Haryana Environment Protection Council is the advisory committee and |Department of Environment, Haryana]] is the department responsible for administration of environment. Areas of Haryana surrounding Delhi NCR are most polluted. During smog of November 2017, Air quality index of Gurugram and Faridabad showed that the density of Fine particulates (2.5 PM diameter) was an average of 400 PM and monthly average of Haryana was 60 PM. Other sources of pollution are exhaust gases from old vehicles, stone crushers and brick kiln. Haryana has 75 lakh (7,500,000) old vehicles, of which 40% are old more polluting vehicles, besides 500,000 new vehicles are added every year. Other majorly polluted cities are Bhiwani, Bahadurgarh, Dharuhera, Hisar and Yamunanagar.[111]

Administration

Divisions

{{See also|List of cities in Haryana by population}}

The state is divided into 6 revenue divisions, 5 Police Ranges and 3 Police Commissionerates (c. January 2017).[112][113][114][115] Six revenue divisions are: Ambala, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Hisar, Karnal and Faridabad.[112] Haryana has 10 municipal corporations (Gurugram, Faridabad, Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Rohtak, Hisar, Panipat, Karnal and Sonepat), 18 municipal councils and 52 municipalities (c. Jan 2018).[116]

Within these there are 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,841 villages, 6212 villages panchayats and numerous smaller dhanis.{{sfn|NIDM|p=4}}

Districts

{{Main|List of districts of Haryana}}
Divisions Districts
Ambala Ambala, Kurukshetra, Panchkula, Yamuna Nagar
Faridabad Faridabad, Palwal, Nuh
Gurgaon Gurgaon, Mahendragarh, Rewari,
Hisar Fatehabad, Jind, Hisar, Sirsa,
Rohtak NIDM|p=3}}
Karnal Karnal, Panipat, Kaithal

Law and order

Haryana Police force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana. Five Police Ranges are Ambala, Hissar, Karnal, Rewari and Rohtak.[117] Three Police Commissionerates are Faridabad, Gurgaon and Panchkula.[112] Cybercrime investigation cell is based in Gurgaon's Sector 51.[118]

The highest judicial authority in the state is the Punjab and Haryana High Court, with next higher right of appeal to Supreme Court of India. Haryana uses e-filing facility.[119]

Governance and e-governance

{{See also | List of Chief Ministers of Haryana | Haryana Legislative Assembly | List of constituencies of Haryana Legislative Assembly | List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Haryana (10) | Political families of Haryana | label 1 = CMs | label 2 = Assembly | label 3 = Assembly constituencies | label 4 = Lok Sabha constituencies | label 5 = Political dynasties }}

The Common Service Centres (CSCs) have been upgraded in all districts to offer hundreds of e-services to citizens, including application of new water connection, sewer connection, electricity bill collection, ration card member registration, result of HBSE, admit cards for board examinations, online admission form for government colleges, long route booking of buses, admission forms for Kurukshetra University and HUDA plots status inquiry.[120] Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar-enabled birth registration in all the districts.[120] Thousands of all traditional offline state and central government services are also available 24/7 online through single unified UMANG app and portal as part of Digital India initiative.[121][122]

Economy

{{Main | Economy of Haryana | List of special economic zones in India#Haryana | List of companies based in Gurgaon | Tourism in Haryana | l1 = Economy of Haryana | l2 = SEZs in Haryana | l3 = Companies in Gurugram | l4 = Tourism in Haryana }}

Haryana's 14th placed 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR[123] estimated 2017-18 GSDP of US$95 billion[8] is split in to 52% services, 30% industries and 18% agriculture.[124]

Services sector is split across 45% in real estate and financial & professional services, 26% trade and hospitality, 15% state and central govt employees, and 14% transport and logistics & warehousing.[124] In IT services, Gurugram ranks number 1 in India in growth rate and existing technology infrastructure, and number 2 in startup ecosystem, innovation and livability (Nov 2016).[125]

Industries sector is split across 69% manufacturing, 28% construction, 2% utilities and 1% mining.[124] In industrial manufacturing, Haryana produces India's 67% of passenger cars, 60% of motorcycles, 50% of tractors and 50% of the refrigerators.[124]

Services and industrial sectors are boosted by 7 operational SEZs and additional 23 formally approved SEZs (20 already notified and 3 in-principal approval) that are mostly spread along the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor, Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor and Delhi Western Peripheral Expressway in NCR).[124]

Agriculture sector is split across 93% crops and livestock, 4% commercial forestry and logging, and 2% fisheries.[124] Agriculture sector of Haryana, with only less than 1.4% area of India, contributes 15% food grains to the central food security public distribution system,[124] and 7% of total national agricultural exports including 60% of total national Basmati rice export.[124]

Agriculture

Crops

Haryana is traditionally an agrarian society of zamindars (owner-cultivator farmers). The Green Revolution in Haryana of 1960s[194] combined with completion of Bhakra Dam in 1963[126] and Western Yamuna Command Network canal system in 1970s resulted in the significantly increased food grain production.[127]

In 2015-2016, Haryana produced the following principal crops: 13,352,000 tonne wheat, 4,145,000 tonne rice, 7,169,000 tonne sugarcane, 993,000 tonne cotton and 855,000 tonne oilseeds (mustard seed, sunflower, etc.).

Fruits, vegetables and spices

Vegetable production was: Potato 853,806 tonnes, Onion 705,795 tonnes, Tomato 675,384 tonnes, Cauliflower 578,953 tonnes, Leafy Vegetables 370,646 tonnes, Brinjal 331,169 tonnes, guard 307,793 tonnes, Peas 111,081 tonnes and others 269,993 tonnes.[124]

Fruits production was: Citrus 301,764 tonnes, Guava 152,184 tonnes, Mango 89,965 tonnes, Chikoo 16,022 tonnes, Aonla 12,056 tonnes and other fruits 25,848 tonnes.[124]

Spices production was: Garlic 40,497 tonnes, Fenugreek 9,348 tonnes, Ginger 4,304 tonnes and others 840 tonnes.[124]

Flowers and medicinal plants

Cut flowers production was: Marigold 61,830 tonnes, Gladiolus 24,486,200 lakh, Rose 18,611,600 lakh and other 6,913,000 lakh.[124]

Medicinal plants production was: Aloe vera 1403 tonnes and Stevia 13 tonnes.[124]

Livestock

Haryana is well known for its high-yield Murrah buffalo.[128][129][130][131] Other breeds of cattle native to Haryana are Haryanvi, Mewati, Sahiwal and Nili-Ravi.[132]

Research

To support its agrarian economy, both central government (Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Central Sheep Breeding Farm, National Research Centre on Equines, Central Institute of Fisheries, National Dairy Research Institute, Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research and National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources) and state government (CCS HAU, LUVAS, Government Livestock Farm, Regional Fodder Station and Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute) have opened several institutes for research and education.[133][134][135]

Industrial sector

Manufacturing

{{See also | Automotive_industry_in_India#Haryana | label 1 = Automotive industry in Haryana}}
  • Faridabad is one of the biggest industrial city of Haryana as well as North India.[136] The City is home to large-scale MNC companies like India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd., Havells India Limited,[137] JCB India Limited, Indian Oil (R&D),[138] and Larsen & Toubro (L&T).[139] Eyewear e-tailer Lenskart and healthcare startup Lybrate have their headquarters in Faridabad.[140][141]
  • Hissar, a NCR Counter Magnet city known as steel and cotton spinning hub as well as upcoming integrated industrial aerocity and aero MRO hub at Hisar Airport,[142][143][144] is a fast developing city and the hometown of Navin Jindal and Subhash Chandra of Zee TV fame. Savitri Jindal, Navin Jindal's mother, has been listed by Forbes as the third richest woman in world.[145]
  • Panipat has heavy industry, including a refinery operated by the Indian Oil Corporation, a urea manufacturing plant operated by National Fertilizers Limited and a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant. It is known for its woven modhas or round stools.[146]
  • Sonipat: IMT Kundli, Nathupur, Rai and Barhi are industrial areas with several Small and medium-sized enterprises, including come large ones such as Atlas cycles, E.C.E., Birla factory, OSRAM[147][148][149]
  • Gurugram: IMT Minesar, Dundahera and Sohna are industrial and logistics hub,[150][151][152] that also has National Security Guards, Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs, National Brain Research Centre and National Bomb Data Centre.[153]

Utilities

Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important inputs for the development of the state. Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.[154]{{better source|date=October 2017}}

Power in the state are:

  • Renewable and non-polluting sources
    • Hydroelectricity
    • Bhakra-Nangal Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant
    • WYC Hydro Electric Station, 62.4 MW, Yamunanagar[229]
    • Solar power stations
    • Faridabad Solar Power Plant: being setup by HPGCL Faridabad (c.2016).[155]
  • Nuclear power stations
    • Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant, 2800MW, Fatehabad, Phase-I 1400MW by 2021[156][157]
  • Coal-fired thermal power stations
    • Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station, 600MW, Yamunanagar,[158]
    • Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project, 1500MW, Jhajjar[158]
    • Jhajjar Power Station, 1500MW[158]
    • Panipat Thermal Power Station I, 440MW[158]
    • Panipat Thermal Power Station II, 920MW[158]
    • Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station, 1200MW, Hisar[158]

Services sector

Transport

Roads and Highways

Haryana has a total road length of {{convert|26,062|km}}, including {{convert|2,482|km}} 29 national highways,[159] {{convert|1,801|km}} state highways,[160] {{convert|1,395|km}} Major District Roads (MDR) and {{convert|20,344|km}} Other District Roads (ODR) (c. December 2017).[161] A fleet of 3,864 Haryana Roadways buses covers a distance of 1.15 million km per day, and it was the first state in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.[162]

Ancient Delhi Multan Road and Grand Trunk Road, South Asia's oldest and longest major roads, pass through Haryana. GT Road passes through the districts of Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal, Kurukshetra and Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of Faridabad on its way. The {{convert|135.6|km}} Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway(KMP) will provide a high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonipat, Gurgaon, and Faridabad.[163]

The Delhi-Agra Expressway (NH-2) that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from current four lanes.[164] It will further boost Faridabad's connectivity with Delhi.

Railway
{{See also | Railway stations in Haryana | North_Western_Railway_zone#History | Northern_Railway_zone#History | North_Central_Railway_zone#History | label 1 = Railway stations in Haryana | label 2 = NWR history | label 3 = NR history | label 4 = NCR history }}

Rail network in Haryana is covered by 5 rail divisions under 3 rail zones. Diamond Quadrilateral High-speed rail network,[165] Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (72 km)[166] and Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (177 km)[167] pass through Haryana.

Bikaner railway division of North Western Railway zone manages rail network in western and southern Haryana covering Bhatinda-Dabwali-Hanumangarh line, Rewari-Bhiwani-Hisar-Bathinda line, Hisar-Sadulpur line and Rewari-Loharu-Sadulpur line.[168][169] Jaipur railway division of North Western Railway zone manages rail network in south-west Haryana covering Rewari-Reengas-Jaipur line, Delhi-Alwar-Jaipur line and Loharu-Sikar line.[170]Delhi railway division of Northern Railway zone manages rail network in north and east and central Haryana covering Delhi-Panipat-Ambala line, Delhi-Rohtak-Tohana line, Rewari–Rohtak line, Jind-Sonepat line and Delhi-Rewari line.[171][172][173][174][175] Agra railway division of North Central Railway zone manages another very small part of network in south-east Haryana covering Palwal-Mathura line only.[176][177]Ambala railway division of Northern Railway zone manages small part of rail network in north-east Haryana covering Ambala-Yamunanagar line, Ambala-Kurukshetra line and UNESCO World Heritage Kalka–Shimla Railway.[178]
Metro
{{main | Delhi Metro | Rapid Metro Gurgaon | label 1 = Delhi Metro | label 2 = Gurugram Metro}}Delhi Metro connects the national capital Delhi with NCR cities such as Faridabad, Gurugram and Bahadurgarh. Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 9 stations and track length being 14 km.[179]
Sky Way

The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the {{convert|4.5|km|adj=on}} international standard Delhi Faridabad Skyway, the first of its kind in North India, to connect Delhi and Faridabad.[180]

Communication and media

Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the country.[181][182][183] Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea Vodafone Essar, Aircel, Uninor and Videocon) have operations in the state. Two biggest cities of Haryana, Faridabad and Gurgaon which are part of National Capital Region come under the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. The rest of the cities of Haryana comes under Haryana Telecommunication System.

Electronic media channels include, MTV, 9XM, Star Group, SET Max, News Time, NDTV 24x7 and Zee Group. The radio stations include All India Radio and other FM stations.

The major newspapers of Haryana include Dainik Bhaskar, Punjab Kesari, Jag Bani, Dainik Jagran, The Tribune, Amar Ujala, Hindustan Times, Dainik Tribune, The Times of India and Hari-Bhumi.

Healthcare

{{See also | Haryana Civil Medical Services | List of Medical, Ayurvedic, Dental, Physiotherapy, Nursing and Para-medical colleges in Haryana | National Rural Health Mission | label 1 = Haryana Civil Medical Services | label 2 = Teaching hospitals | label 3 = NRHM }}

The Total Fertility Rate of Haryana is 2.3. The Infant Mortality Rate is 41 (SRS 2013) and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 146 (SRS 2010–2012).[184]

Education

Literacy

Literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76.64 percent as per 2011 population census. Male literacy stands at 85.38 percent, while female literacy is at 66.67 percent. In 2001, the literacy rate in Haryana stood at 67.91 percent of which male and female were 78.49 percent and 55.73 percent literate respectively.[185] {{As of|2013}}, Gurgaon city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86.30% followed by Panchkula at 81.9 per cent and Ambala at 81.7 percent.[186] In terms of districts, {{as of|2012|lc=y}} Rewari had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 79%, and female 67%.[187]

Schools

Haryana Board of School Education, established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over seven lakh candidates attend annual examinations in February and March; 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year.[188] The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the bachelor's degree level.

In 2015-2016, there were nearly 20,000 schools, including 10,100 state government schools (36 Aarohi Schools, 11 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas, 21 Model Sanskriti Schools, 8744 government primary school, 3386 government middle school, 1284 government high school and 1967 government senior secondary schools),[189] 7,635 private schools (200 aided,[190] 6612 recognized unaided,[191] and 821 unrecognied unaided private schools.[192])and several hundred other central government and private schools such as Kendriya Vidyalaya, Indian Army Public Schools, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya and DAV schools affiliated to central government's CBSE and ICSE school boards.

Universities and higher education
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Haryana | List of Medical, Ayurvedic, Dental, Physiotherapy, Nursing and Para-medical colleges in Haryana }}

Haryana has 29 universities and 299 colleges, including 115 government colleges, 88 govt-aided colleges and 96 self-finance colleges (c. Jan 2018).[193] Hisar has three universities: Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University - Asia's largest agricultural university,[194] Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences); several national agricultural and veterinary research centres (National Research Centre on Equines),[195] Central Sheep Breeding Farm,[196] National Institute on Pig Breeding and Research,[197] Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute[198] and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (CIRB);[199] and more than 20 colleges including Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha.[200]

Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad announced on 27 February 2016 that National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to youth and a Software Technology Park of India (STPI) would be set up in Panchkula's existing HSIIDC IT Park in Sector 23.[201] Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi, Sanskrit and Urdu are chosen as optional languages.[202]

Sports

{{See also| Template:Stadiums in Haryana | label 1 = Stadiums in Haryana}}

In the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi, 22 out of 38 gold medals that India won came from Haryana.[203] During the 33rd National Games held in Assam in 2007, Haryana stood first in the nation[204] with a medal tally of 80, including 30 gold, 22 silver and 28 bronze medals.

The 1983 World-Cup-winning captain Kapil Dev is from Haryana. Nahar Singh Stadium was built in Faridabad in the year 1981 for international cricket. This ground has the capacity to hold around 25,000 people as spectators.[205] Tejli Sports Complex is an Ultra-Modern sports complex in Yamuna Nagar. Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Gurgaon is a multi-sport complex.[206]

Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar announced the "Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy", a policy to support 26 Olympic sports, on 12 January 2015 with the words "We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country."[207]{{sfn|GoH|2015|p=27}}

Haryana is home to Haryana Gold, one of India's eight professional basketball teams which compete in the country's UBA Pro Basketball League.

See also

{{Wikipedia books|India}}
  • List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana
  • List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana
  • Outline of Haryana
  • Politics of Haryana
  • Tourism in Haryana
  • Haryanvi cinema
  • List of highways in Haryana
{{portal bar|Haryana|Geography|Asia|South Asia|India}}

Notes

1. ^1 {{cite web|title=Haryana at a Glance|url=http://www.haryana.gov.in/knowharyana/haryanaglance.html|website=Government of Haryana|accessdate=1 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314194109/http://www.haryana.gov.in/knowharyana/haryanaglance.html|archive-date=14 March 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 85–86 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |accessdate = 16 February 2016 |df = dmy-all |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016 |dead-url = yes }}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Haryana State Budget 2018-19|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202018-19/Haryana%20Budget%20Analysis%202018-19.pdf|website=PRS Legislative Research|accessdate=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003638/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/State%20Budget%202018-19/Haryana%20Budget%20Analysis%202018-19.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2018|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://esaharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/ES%202017-18%20English.pdf|title=Economic Survey of Haryana 2017-18: Per Capita Income|page=3|format=PDF|publisher=Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana|accessdate=26 June 2018}}
5. ^{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |accessdate=24 October 2018 |language=en}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/haryana.html|title=Haryana Population Sex Ratio in Haryana Literacy rate data|accessdate=13 August 2017|publisher= Census Commission of India}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ncr-food-hub-dlf-phase-v-one-horizon-centre-whisky-samba-lifefd/1/913271.html|title=This is NCR's new foodie magnet; have you been yet?|work=India Today|date=26 March 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/218431.html|title=Haryana Hurricane|work=indianexpress.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515214347/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/218431.html|archivedate=15 May 2008|df=dmy-all}}
9. ^{{Cite book |last = Byres |first = T.J. |title = Rural labour relations in India |publisher = Taylor & Francis, 1999 |isbn=978-0-7146-8046-0}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=STATE WISE DATA |url=http://www.esopb.gov.in/static/PDF/GSDP/Statewise-Data/state%20wise%20data.pdf |website=Economic Statistical Organisation Punjab |publisher=Central Statistical Organisation, New Delhi |accessdate=17 February 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310075547/http://www.esopb.gov.in/static/PDF/GSDP/Statewise-Data/state%20wise%20data.pdf |archivedate=10 March 2017 |df= }}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.prsindia.org|title=Haryana Budget 2019-20|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=}}
12. ^http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html
13. ^An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī, by Richard J. Cohen, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1989, pp. 513–519:: हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम, गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम|:: परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु, जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं|:: रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु, ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं|:: :: Translation: there are countless villages in Haryana country. The villagers there work hard. They don't accept domination of others, and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow. Indra himself praises this country. The capital of this country is Dhilli.
14. ^Haryana Britannica Online Encyclopedia
15. ^{{cite book | title = Tourism management: problems and prospects | author = Bijender K Punia | page = 18 | year = 1993 | publisher = APH | isbn = 978-81-7024-643-5 }}
16. ^{{cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana Plus|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111220/harplus.htm|website=www.tribuneindia.com|accessdate=4 August 2016}}
17. ^1 [https://swarajyamag.com/culture/did-climate-change-kill-the-indus-civilisation Did Climate Change Kill The Indus Civilisation?], Swarajya magazine, 31 May 2016.
18. ^{{citation |url=http://thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/rakhigarhi-the-biggest-harappan-site/article5840414.ece |title=Rakhigarhi, the biggest Harappan site |publisher=The Hindu |date=27 March 2014 }}
19. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=e9Q6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA497#v=onepage|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period: Ed. from the Posthumous Papers of the Late Sir H. M. Elliot ..|last=Elliot|first=Sir Henry Miers|last2=Dowson|first2=John|date=1871|publisher=Trübner and Company|pages=427-31}}
20. ^{{cite book|title=Haryana, Ancient and Medieval|last=Phadke|first=H.A.|date=1990|publisher=Harman Publishing House|page=123}}
21. ^{{cite book |author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky |author2=Roger D. Long |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA300 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37462-3 |page=300 }}
22. ^{{citation|title=the punjab reorganisation act, 1966 - Chief Secretary, Haryana|url=http://csharyana.gov.in/WriteReadData/Acts/Re-Organisation/1474.pdf}}
23. ^{{citation|url=http://www.haryana-online.com/History/history_1966-.htm |title=History of Haryana - Haryana Day: A new state is born! |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002001513/http://haryana-online.com/History/history_1966-.htm |archivedate=2 October 2013 }}
24. ^{{citation|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/haryana-will-get-chandigarh-punjab-can-claim-lahore-or-shimla-says-peeved-hooda/1/296302.html|title=Haryana will get Chandigarh, Punjab can claim Lahore or Shimla, says a peeved Hooda|date=25 July 2013|publisher=}}
25. ^{{citation|title=List of Haryana Chief Ministers from November 1, 1966 till date|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/list-of-haryana-chief-ministers-from-november-1-1966-till-date|publisher=The Indian Express|date=21 October 2014}}
26. ^1 {{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archivedate=25 August 2015}}
27. ^{{cite news|title=Haryana government announced the formation of rules to register Anand Karaj, the Sikh marriage ceremony|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/haryana-notifies-anand-marriage-registration-rules.html}}
28. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_haryana.pdf | title=Census India 2001 | year=2001 | accessdate=28 March 2013 | author=Govt. of India, Census}}
29. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |format=PDF |accessdate=4 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bgq|title=Bagri|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf|title=Revised Land and Revenue Settlement of Hisar District 9006-9011|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517124050/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf|archivedate=17 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mina-South-Asian-people|title=Mina - South Asian people|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
33. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=YRZHAQAAIAAJ&q=Mewati&dq=Mewati | title=Social structure and regional development: a social geography perspective : essays in honour of Professor Moonis Raza | publisher=Rawat Publications Original from-the University of California | author=Moonis Raza | year=1993 | pages=166}}
34. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/story-MTUeEQDE4fRCbEyPkAm63N.html |title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi |work=Hindustan Times |author=IANS |date=28 January 2010 |accessdate=2 January 2019}}
35. ^Sachchidananda Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes Volume 1 - 1996 817141298X p416.
36. ^{{cite news|last=Bhatia|first=Sheveta|title=Second Innings|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/second-innings/661605/|accessdate=17 March 2011|newspaper=Indian Express|date=17 August 2010}}
37. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journalfall04.html|title=Journal of Punjab Studies - Center for Sikh and Punjab Studies - UC Santa Barbara|website=www.global.ucsb.edu|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
38. ^1 A Glossary of the tribes & castes of Punjab by H. A Rose
39. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Manorma Sharma, 2007, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?isbn=8131300463 Musical Heritage of India], Page 65-125.
40. ^1 2 3 4 S. C. Bhatt and Gopal K. Bhargava, 2006, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?isbn=8178353652 Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: 21 Arts and Crafts of Haryana].
41. ^1 2 [S. Gajrani, 2004, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?isbn=818205060X History, Religion and Culture of India], Volume 1, Page 96.
42. ^From plate to plough: A clear trend towards non-vegetarianism in India, Indian Express, 23 October 2016.
43. ^Cuisine of Haryana, Haryana Tourism.
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45. ^{{cite web|title= Hills of Morni | url= http://www.hillsofmorni.com/morni-hills/karoh-peak-the-highest-point-in-morni | work = | publisher = www.hillsofmorni.com | accessdate = 24 March 2016}}
46. ^{{cite web|title= Interesting Facts About Haryana | url= http://www.quickgs.com/interesting-facts-about-haryana/ | work = | publisher = www.quickgs.com | accessdate = 24 March 2016}}
47. ^ {{cite peakbagger| name = Karoh Peak |pid=53260| accessdate = 24 March 2016}}
48. ^{{cite web | title= Gazetteer of India | url= http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_376.gif | work = | publisher = University of Chicago | accessdate = 24 March 2016}}
49. ^{{citation|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/haryana/river-saraswati-is-for-real-found-in-haryana_1591937.html|title=River Saraswati is for real, found in Haryana|work=Zee Nees|date=8 May 2015}}
50. ^1 {{Cite book | title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5 | author=Britannica, Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani | publisher=Popular Prakashan, 2000 | isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC | quote=... The Ghaggar River rises in the Shiwalik Range, northwestern Himachal Pradesh State, and flows about 320 km southwest through Haryana State, where it receives the Saraswati River. Beyond the Otu Barrage, the Ghaggar River is known as the Hakra River which loses itself in the Thar Desert. Just southwest of Sirsa it feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan. ... | postscript={{inconsistent citations}}| year=2000 }}
51. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.ambalaonline.in/city-guide/rivers-in-ambala|title=Rivers in Ambala, Markanda River Ambala, Tangri River Ambala|website=www.ambalaonline.in|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
52. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/overflowing-ghaggar-tangri-inundate-some-villages-along-punjabharyana-border/687474/ | newspaper=The Indian Express | title=Overflowing Ghaggar, Tangri inundate some villages along Punjab-Haryana border | first=Sanjeev | last=Chopra | date=25 September 2010 | accessdate=9 April 2017 }}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hillsofmorni.com/around-morni/kaushalya-dam/|title=Kaushalya Dam|date=13 December 2012|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
54. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-3016245/Scam-worth-Rs-217-crore-failed-Kaushalya-Dam-says-CAG.html | newspaper=Daily Mail | title=Scam worth Rs 217 crore behind 'failed' Kaushalya Dam, says CAG | first=Manjeet | last=Sehgal | date=28 March 2015 | accessdate=9 April 2017 }}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm|title=HaryanaOnline - Geography of Haryana|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201121800/http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm|archivedate=1 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}
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58. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.indiamapped.in/revers-in-india/haryana/sahibi-river|title=Sahibi river|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PjJD61h8Q0C&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=sahibi+river#v=onepage&q=sahibi+river|title=River Pollution|first=|last=A.k.jain|date=4 December 2017|publisher=APH Publishing|accessdate=4 December 2017|via=Google Books}}
60. ^1 2 [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=812460049X Minerals and Metals in Ancient India: Archaeological evidence], Arun Kumar Biswas, Sulekha Biswas, University of Michigan. 1996. {{ISBN|812460049X}}.
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=138509|title=Latest News, Breaking News Live, Current Headlines, India News Online - The Indian Express|website=cities.expressindia.com|accessdate=4 December 2017}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=Capankajsmilyo |fix-attempted=yes }}
62. ^Environment Minister raises a stink over Najafgarh jheel{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=Capankajsmilyo |fix-attempted=yes }}, 22 February 2005, The Indian Express
63. ^Najafgarh basin Delhi’s most polluted area, 25 December 2009, The Indian Express
64. ^Najafgarh drain 11th among highly polluted industrial clusters, 25 Dec 2009, The Times of India
65. ^drain causes less pollution in Yamuna now{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 4 July 2006, The Indian Express
66. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm |title=Geography of Haryana - Map, Shivaliks, Ghaggar, Yamuna, Saraswati, Morni - India |work=haryana-online.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201121800/http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm |archivedate=1 February 2016 }}
67. ^{{citation|title=Haryana to meet Rajasthan over stopping of river waters|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haryana-to-meet-Rajasthan-over-stopping-of-river-waters/articleshow/45399754.cms|work=Times of India|author=Siwach, Sukhbir|date=7 December 2014}}
68. ^Sudhir Bhargava,"Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati River is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati River", International Conference, 20–22 Nov. 2009, "Saraswati-a perspective" pages 114–117, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana.
69. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Western_Yamuna_Canal_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI01653|title=Western Yamuna Canal Major Irrigation Project JI01653 -|website=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
70. ^1   {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207085128/http://india.gov.in/sectors/water_resources/sutlej_link.php|date=7 February 2009}}
71. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rmar2003/04032003/r040320035.html|title=PIB Press Releases|website=pib.nic.in|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
72. ^Ramtanu Maitra: The Indira Gandhi Canal: greening the desert in India EIR Volume 14, Number 7, 13 February 1987
73. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.hillsofmorni.com/around-morni/kaushalya-dam/ | title=Kaushalya Dam | publisher=Hills of Morni | date=13 December 2012 | accessdate=14 June 2014}}
74. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Tak|first=Prakash C.|author2=Jagdish P. Sati|author3=Anjum N. Rizvi|title=Status of waterbirds at Hathnikund Barrage wetland, Yamunanagar District, Haryana, India|date=April 2010|volume=2|issue=4|pages=841|url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/April/o220026iv10841-844.pdf|accessdate=10 July 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317104520/http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/April/o220026iv10841-844.pdf|archivedate=17 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}
75. ^{{cite journal|last=Tak|first=Prakash C.|author2=Jagdish P. Sati|author3=Anjum N. Rizvi|title=Status of waterbirds at Hathnikund Barrage wetland, Yamunanagar District, Haryana, India|date=April 2010|volume=2|issue=4|pages=841|url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/April/o220026iv10841-844.pdf|accessdate=10 July 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317104520/http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/April/o220026iv10841-844.pdf|archivedate=17 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}
76. ^1 {{cite book|last=Haberman|first=David L.|title=River of love in an age of pollution: the Yamuna River of northern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63uDsPPr48gC&pg=PA78|accessdate=2 June 2011|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24789-5|page=78}}
77. ^1 {{Cite book|last=Peck|first=Lucy|title= Delhi - A thousand years of Building|work= Suraj Kund dam and Surajkund tank |page=29 |publisher= Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi |year=2005 |isbn=81-7436-354-8 |url= https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|accessdate=2009-09-05 |quote=One of the two significant structures in the area, the dam lies about {{cvt|1|km|disp=sqbr}} to the north of the Anangpur village. A path from the main village street will lead you in to flat pastureland. Head for the small rocky hill ahead of you and climb over it. On the other side is another flat area, rather thickly covered in thorn trees. It is worth finding a way through them to the dam that straddles the gap between the two nearby hills. The dam is an impressive edifice {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} wide and {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} high built from accurately hewn quartzite blocks.---There is a passage for the egress of water at the level of the ground on the dammed side. The flat land across which you have walked is clearly caused by centuries of silt deposits in the lake that once existed behind this dam. The land around has been vwey heavily quarried recently, so further archaeological finds are unlikely.}}
78. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.isprs.org/congresses/istanbul2004/comm5/papers/676.pdf|format=pdf|title= Spatial Data Modeling in GIS for Historical Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Heritage of Seven Cities of Delhi|author=Madan Mohan|accessdate=2009-09-07|publisher=Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) New Delhi, India}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
79. ^{{Citation | title=Imperial gazetteer of India | author=Sir William Wilson Hunter, India Office | publisher=Clarendon Press, 1908 | isbn= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUAKAQAAIAAJ | quote=... It was agreed between the British Government and the State of Bikaner that the Dhanur lake, about 8 miles from Sirsa, should be converted into a reservoir by the construction of a masonry weir at Otu ... two canals, the northern and southern ... constructed with famine labor in 1896-7 ... 6.3 lakhs, of which 2.8 lakhs was debited to Bikaner ...| year=1908 }}
80. ^{{Citation | title=Tau here, Tau there, Tau everywhere | author=Mukesh Bhardwaj | date=7 April 2002 | accessdate=28 November 2010 | newspaper=Indian Express | isbn= | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/449/ | quote=... The prestigious Panipat Thermal Plant was named after Devi Lal, as was the new tourist complex at Ottu weir in Sirsa ...}}
81. ^{{Citation | title=बस साल भर बाद खेतों की प्यास बुझाएगी ओटू झील (Ottu reservoir will begin quenching the thirst of fields in only a year) | date=27 May 2010 | accessdate=28 November 2010 | newspaper=Dainik Jagran | isbn= | url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/haryana/4_6_6421654.html | quote=... किसानों की समस्या से निजात दिलाने में सहायक ओटू झील की याद बरबस किसानों व सिंचाई विभाग को आना लाज़िमी है। सिंचाई विभाग ने किसानों के हित को ध्यान में रखते हुए झील की खुदाई की गति तेज़ कर दी है (it is obvious that the suffering farmers and the irrigation department would look to the Ottu reservoir. Mindful of the farmers' interests, the irrigation department has accelerated the work to deepen Ottu reservoir) ...}}
82. ^{{cite web|title=Badkhal |url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/badkhal.asp |publisher=Haryana Tourism, Government of Haryana |accessdate=2014-03-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302053727/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/badkhal.asp |archivedate=2014-03-02 |df= }}
83. ^{{cite web | title = Delhi's water bodies face threat of extinction|publisher=India Today | url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-water-bodies-extinct-mcd-delhi-parks-and-lakes-society/1/346248.html|date=1 March 2014 |accessdate = 2014-03-18 }}
84. ^{{cite web| title = Lakes left high and dry: Study finds Delhi has lost over 190 of its 611 water bodies... and is doing nothing to save the rest | publisher=Daily Mail| url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2570563/Lakes-left-high-dry-Study-finds-Delhi-lost-190-611-water-bodies-doing-save-rest.html |date=28 February 2014| accessdate = 2014-03-18}}
85. ^{{cite news|last1=United New of India|title=Lakhs take dip in Brahma Sarovar on Occasion of Solar Eclipse|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2006/03/29/lakhs-take-dip-in-brahma-sarovar-on-occasion-of-solar-eclipse-1143642694.html|accessdate=25 October 2014|agency=UNI|publisher=oneindia.in|date=29 March 2006}}
86. ^{{cite news|last1=Dutt|first1=K.G.|title=Three hundred thousand take holy dip|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug23/head2.htm|accessdate=25 October 2014|publisher=The Tribune India|date=23 August 1998}}
87. ^{{cite web | title = Religious Places in Kurukshetra - Brahma Sarovar | publisher = Kurukshetra district website | url = http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/010-brahmsarovar/index.htm#top | accessdate = 2014-08-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140729232051/http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/010-brahmsarovar/index.htm#top#top | archive-date = 29 July 2014 | dead-url = yes | df = dmy-all }}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/vets-screen-geese-shut-hisar-s-bluebird-lake/21336.html|title=Title: The Tribune - Hisar Bluebird lake, Published 23 December 2014, Accessed: 26 March 2016|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
89. ^{{cite web|url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/bluebird.asp|title=Blue Bird (Hisar)|date=11 October 2011|publisher=|accessdate=4 December 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011073014/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/bluebird.asp|archivedate=11 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}
90. ^Damdama lake, official website.
91. ^Rajiv Tiwari, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=FBRYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT117&dq=damdama+lake#v=onepage&q=damdama%20lake "Delhi A Travel Guide"], {{ISBN|9798128819703}}.
92. ^Page 153, Tourism: Theory, Planning, and Practice, By K.K. Karma, Krishnan K. Kamra, Published 1997, Indus Publishing, {{ISBN|81-7387-073-X}}
93. ^{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Y.D |title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood |page=100 in 161 |work=Surjakund and Anagpur Dam |accessdate=2009-09-05 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |quote=Page 100: Suraj Kund lies about 3 km south-east of Tughlaqabad in district Gurgaon---The reservoir is believed to have been constructed in the tenth century by King Surjapal of Tomar dynasty, whose existence is based on Bardic tradition. Page 101: About 2 km south-west of Surajkund, close to the village of Anagpur (also called Arangpur is a dam ascribed to Anagpal of the Tomar Dynasty, who is also credited with building the Lal Kot |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |archivedate=31 August 2005 |df=dmy-all }}
94. ^{{cite web |url= http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_haryana_surajkund.asp |title= Ticketed Monuments – Haryana: Suraj Kund |accessdate= 2009-09-05 |publisher= National Informatics Centre, Government of India |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091011023435/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_haryana_surajkund.asp |archive-date= 11 October 2009 |dead-url= yes |df= dmy-all }}
95. ^Page 149, India: A Travel Guide, By B.R. Kishore, published 2001, Diamond Pocket Books (P) Limited, {{ISBN|81-284-0067-3}}
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97. ^{{cite web|url=http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|title=Protected Area|website=haryanaforest.gov.in|accessdate=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232130/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|archive-date=12 May 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
98. ^"Haryana to develop 50-60 small lakes, water bodies in NCR: Manohar Lal Khattar", Indian Express, 1 November 2017.
99. ^"Haryana to constitute pond management authority ", Business Standard, 1 November 2017.
100. ^"Sohna Hot Spring.", The Tribune.
101. ^{{cite web|url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5617&serviceid=39|title=Hotel Detail - Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited.|website=haryanatourism.gov.in|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
102. ^2004, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=MvAdAQAAMAAJ&q=sulphur+tosham&dq=sulphur+tosham "Records, Volume 135, Part 1."], Geological Survey of India, Page 144.
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104. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070615001645/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=15 June 2007|format=PDF|title=State animals, birds, trees and flowers|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|accessdate=5 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}
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108. ^{{citation|url=http://www.haryana-online.com/fauna.htm |title=Fauna of Haryana |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202230620/http://haryana-online.com/fauna.htm |archivedate=2 December 2015 }}
109. ^{{citation|title=Parks, Reserves and Other Protected Areas in Haryana|url=http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|access-date=11 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232130/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|archive-date=12 May 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
110. ^{{cite web|title=Protected Area|url=http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|publisher=haryanaforest.gov.in|accessdate=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232130/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|archive-date=12 May 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
111. ^[https://translate.google.com/translate?&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-air-pollution-effect-from-punjab-to-patna-17024258.html "From Punjab to Patna pollution spreads."], Dainik Jagran, 12 November 2017.
112. ^1 2 Reorganisation of Haryana divisions, Daily Pioneer, 3 January 2017.
113. ^Haryana approves to create two new revenue divisions, 2 Feb 2017.
114. ^[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/authority-set-up-to-rejig-administrative-units-across-haryana/articleshow/56302722.cms Authority set up to rejig administrative units across Haryana], Times of India, 3 Jan 2017.
115. ^[https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20170202/3048081.html Haryana approves to create two new revenue divisions], Web India, 2 Feb 2017.
116. ^[https://translate.google.com/translate?&sl=auto&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fharyana%2Fgurgaon-municipal-tax-increase-17339518.html Municipal taxes will be sanctioned to the weak bodies of the state], [https://www.jagran.com/haryana/gurgaon-municipal-tax-increase-17339518.html Dainik Jagran news], 11 Jan 2018.
117. ^Haryana establishes five police ranges, business Standard, 16 January 2017.
118. ^{{citation |title=Haryana Police |url=http://haryanapoliceonline.gov.in |work=Haryana Police}}
119. ^{{citation |title=HC starts e-filing, gets Wi-Fi complex |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/courts/hc-starts-e-filing-gets-wi-fi-complex/13112.html |work=The Tribune |date=1 December 2014 |location=Chandigarh |agency=Tribune News Service }}
120. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/digital-india-campaign-panchkula-comes-out-on-top-among-all-districts-of-haryana|title=Digital India campaign: Panchkula comes out on top among all districts of Haryana|date=26 December 2015|work=The Indian Express}}
121. ^[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/government-unveils-umang-app-for-citizen-services/articleshow/61769676.cms "Government unveils Umang app for citizen services."], Economic Times, 23 Nov 2017.
122. ^"Govt's Umang app finally sees the light of the day: All you need to know.", Business Standard, 23 Nov 2017.
123. ^1 [https://www.ibef.org/states/haryana-presentation Industrial Development & Economic Growth in Haryana], India Brand Equity Foundation, Nov 2017.
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125. ^1 India’s Top 12 Tech Cities: Digital Indian Cities Survey, 2016, CEOWORLD magazine, Nov 2016.
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  • {{cite book |title= Sculptures from Haryana: Iconography and style|last= Handa|first= Devendra|year= 2006|publisher= Indian Institute of Advanced Study|isbn= 81-7305-307-3|page= 286|accessdate=11 July 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=dfDVAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana&dq=haryana}}
  • {{cite book |title= Journal of Haryana Studies|year= 2008|publisher= Kurukshetra University|location= Kurukshetra|accessdate=11 July 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=aFVuAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana&dq=haryana}}
  • {{cite book |title= Atlas of the birds of Delhi and Haryana|last1= Harvey|first1= Bill|last2= Harvey|first2= William|last3= Devasar|first3= Nikhil|last4= Grewal|first4= Bikram|author5=Oriental Bird Club|year= 2006|publisher= Rupa & Co.|isbn= 81-291-0954-9|page= 352|accessdate=11 July 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Y2cQAQAAMAAJ&q=haryana&dq=haryana}}
{{Refend}}

External links

{{Wikiquote}}{{Sister project links |species=no|n= Haryana|wikt=Haryana|voy=Haryana|q=no |s=no |b=no |v=no}}
Government
  • The Official Site of the Government of Haryana
  • Official Tourism Site of Haryana, India
General information
  • [https://www.britannica.com/place/Haryana Haryana] Encyclopædia Britannica entry
  • {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Haryana}}
  • {{osmrelation-inline|1942601}}
{{Haryana}}{{States and Union Territories of India}}{{Authority control}}

6 : Haryana|North India|States and union territories of India|States and territories established in 1966|1966 establishments in India|Punjabi-speaking countries and territories
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