| 词条 | HMS Hawke (1891) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HMS Hawke, launched in 1891, was the seventh British warship to be named Hawke. She was an {{sclass-|Edgar|cruiser|0}} protected cruiser. ConstructionHawke was laid down at Chatham Dockyard on 17 June 1889, one of nine Edgar-class cruisers ordered for the Royal Navy under the Naval Defence Act 1889, and launched on 11 March 1891.[1] Sea trials in March 1892 were satisfactory, with her engines reaching the required power,[2] and the ship was completed on 16 May 1893.[1]Hawke was {{convert|387|ft|6|in|m|2}} long overall and {{convert|360|ft|m|2}} between perpendiculars, with a beam of {{convert|60|ft|m|2}} and a draught of {{convert|23|ft|9|in|m|2}}. She displaced {{convert|7350|LT|t|lk=in}}.[1]Armament consisted of two 9.2 inch guns, on the ships centreline, backed up by ten six-inch guns, of which four were in casemates on the main deck and the remainder behind open shields. Twelve 6-pounder and four 3-pounder guns provided anti-torpedo-boat defences, while four 18 inch torpedo tubes were fitted.[1] The Edgars were protected cruisers, with an arched, armoured deck {{convert|5|-|3|in|mm}} thick at about waterline level. The casemate armour was {{convert|6|in|mm|0}} thick, with {{convert|3|in|mm}} thick shields for the 9.2 inch guns and {{convert|10|in|mm|0}} armour on the ship's conning tower.[1][3] Hawke{{'s}} machinery was built by Fairfields, with four double-ended cylindrical boilers feeding steam at {{convert|150|psi}} to 2 three-cylinder triple expansion engines,[2] which drove two shafts. This gave {{convert|12000|ihp|lk=in}} under forced draught, giving a speed of {{convert|20|kn|lk=in}}.[1]ServiceOn commissioning, Hawke joined the Mediterranean Fleet, remaining on that station for most of the rest of the decade.[4] In early 1897, Hawke deployed to Crete to serve in the International Squadron, a multinational force made up of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, French Navy, Imperial German Navy, Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), Imperial Russian Navy, and Royal Navy that intervened in the 1897-1898 Greek uprising on Crete against rule by the Ottoman Empire. The uprising prompted Greece to land a Greek Army expeditionary force of 1,500 men on Crete to support the Cretan insurgency, which in turn precipitated the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also known as the Thirty Days War, in April 1897. The war ended in a quick and disastrous Greek defeat, and the ceasefire agreement required the Greek Army to withdraw from Crete. Accordingly, the Greek expeditionary force embarked aboard Hawke on 23 May 1897 for transportation to Greece.[5][6] The uprising on Crete continued, however, and the International Squadron continued to operate off Crete until December 1898. In August 1901 Hawke was paid off at Chatham and placed in the Fleet Reserve.[7] In February 1902 she received orders to prepare to convey relief crews to the Cape of Good Hope Station,[8] and she was commissioned for this duty by Captain Algernon Horatio Anson on 1 April.[9] She left Chatham the following week with new crews for the British vessels {{HMS|Forte|1893|2}}, {{HMS|Dwarf|1899|2}} and {{HMS|Partridge|1888|2}},[10] and arrived at Simon's Town on 10 May.[11] She left South Africa ten days later,[12] stopping at Saint Helena, Ascension, Sierra Leone, Las Palmas and Madeira before she arrived at Plymouth on 16 June 1902.[13] Captain Julian Charles Allix Wilkinson was appointed to the ship on 23 July,[14] but Anson remained in command when she took part in the fleet review held at Spithead on 16 August 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII.[15] Following the review Anson was still in command when she left Chatham to convey relief crews for the vessels HMS Vulcan, HMS Foam, HMS Bruizer, HMS Dragon, and HMS Boxer, all serving on the Mediterranean Station.[16] She arrived at the station head quarter at Malta on 27 August.[17] Wilkinson had taken the command when she returned to Chatham the following month with the relieved crews of the Vulcan, Boxer, Bruiser, and Foam.[18] She paid off into the A division of the Fleet Reserve at Chatham on 4 October 1902.[19] In November 1904, Hawke became Boy's Training Ship as part of the 4th Cruiser Squadron, serving in that role until August 1906, when she joined the torpedo school at Sheerness. In 1907, Hawke joined the Home Fleet.[4][20] Collision with the liner OlympicOn 20 September 1911, Hawke, under command of Commander W.F. Blunt, collided in the Solent with the White Star ocean liner {{ship|RMS|Olympic}}. In the course of the collision, Hawke lost her bow. (This was replaced by a straight bow). The subsequent trial pronounced Hawke to be free from any blame. During the trial, a theory was advanced that the large amount of water displaced by Olympic had generated a suction that had drawn Hawke off course. The White Star Line lost on appeal.[21] SinkingIn February 1913, Hawke joined the training squadron based at Queenstown, Ireland (now known as Cobh), where she served along with most of the rest of the Edgar class. In August 1914, on the outbreak of the First World War, Hawke, together with the other Edgars from Queenstown, formed the 10th Cruiser Squadron, operating on blockade duties between the Shetland Islands and Norway.[22][23][24] In October 1914, the 10th Cruiser Squadron was deployed further south in the North Sea as part of efforts to stop German warships from attacking a troop convoy from Canada. On 15 October, the squadron was on patrol off Aberdeen, deployed in line abreast at intervals of about 10 miles. Hawke stopped at 9:30 am to pick up mail from sister ship {{HMS|Endymion|1891|2}}. After recovering her boat with the mail, Hawke proceeded at {{convert|13|kn}} without zig-zagging to regain her station, and was out of sight of the rest of the Squadron when at 10:30 a single torpedo from the German submarine {{SMU|U-9||2}} (which had sunk three British cruisers on 22 September), struck Hawke, which quickly capsized. The remainder of the squadron only realised anything was amiss, when, after a further, unsuccessful attack on {{HMS|Theseus|1892|2}}, the squadron was ordered to retreat at high speed to the northwest, and no response to the order was received from Hawke. The destroyer {{HMS|Swift|1907|2}} was dispatched from Scapa Flow to search for Hawke and found a raft carrying one officer and twenty-one men, while a boat with a further forty-nine survivors was rescued by a Norwegian steamer.[25][26][27] 524 officers and men died,[20] including the ship's captain, Hugh P. E. T. Williams, with only 70 survivors (one man died of his wounds on 16 October).[25][28] Citations1. ^1 2 3 4 5 Chesneau and Kolesnik 1979, p. 66. 2. ^1 {{cite magazine|title=H.M.S. Hawke|magazine=The Engineer|date=18 March 1892|page=229|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/images/b/b4/Er18920318.pdf#page3}} 3. ^Brown 2003, pp. 132–134. 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_i.pdf|title=NMM, vessel ID 368320|work=Warship Histories, vol i|publisher=National Maritime Museum|accessdate=31 May 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612053014/http://www.rmg.co.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_i.pdf|archivedate=12 June 2012|df=dmy-all}} 5. ^Clowes, p. 445. 6. ^McTiernan, p. 27. 7. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Friday |date=23 August 1901 |page_number=4 |issue=36541| }} 8. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence|day_of_week=Thursday |date=6 February 1902 |page_number=10 |issue=36684| }} 9. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Wednesday |date=2 April 1902 |page_number=8 |issue=36731| }} 10. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Wednesday |date=9 April 1902 |page_number=10 |issue=36737| }} 11. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Tuesday |date=13 May 1902 |page_number=10 |issue=36766| }} 12. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Wednesday |date=14 May 1902 |page_number=12 |issue=36767| }} 13. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence|day_of_week=Wednesday |date=18 June 1902 |page_number=14 |issue=36797| }} 14. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence|day_of_week=Wednesday |date=23 July 1902 |page_number=7 |issue=36827| }} 15. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=The Coronation - Naval Review |day_of_week=Wednesday |date=13 August 1902 |page_number=4 |issue=36845| }} 16. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Thursday |date=17 July 1902 |page_number=9 |issue=36822| }} 17. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Thursday |date=28 August 1902 |page_number=4 |issue=36858| }} 18. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Wednesday |date=17 September 1902 |page_number=5 |issue=36875| }} 19. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Friday |date=3 October 1902 |page_number=8 |issue=36889| }} 20. ^1 Gardiner and Gray 1985, p. 11. 21. ^{{cite book |last1=Mayo |first1=Jonathan |title=Titanic: Minute by Minute |date=2016 |publisher=Short Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-78072-269-6 |page=37}} 22. ^Gardiner and Gray 1985, pp. 10–11. 23. ^Dittmar and Colledge 1972, p. 38. 24. ^Jellicoe 1919, p. 11. 25. ^1 {{cite web|last=Corbett|first=Julian S.|title=History of the Great War - Naval Operations, Volume 1, To the Battle of the Falklands, December 1914 (Part 1 of 2)| publisher=Naval-History.net|year=2013|origyear=Originally published by Longmans, Green and Co.: London, 1920|url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Book-RN1a.htm|accessdate=31 May 2014}} 26. ^Massie 2007, p. 139. 27. ^Jellicoe 1919, pp. 142–143. 28. ^{{cite web|last=Kindell|first=Don|title=1st - 31st October 1914: in date, ship/unit & name order|work= World War 1 - Casualty Lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies|publisher=Naval-History.net|year=2011|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKCas1914-10Oct.htm|accessdate=31 May 2014}} References
External links
11 : Edgar-class cruisers|Ships built in Chatham|Victorian-era cruisers of the United Kingdom|World War I cruisers of the United Kingdom|Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I|World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea|1891 ships|Maritime incidents in 1914|October 1914 events|September 1911 events|Maritime incidents in 1911 |
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