| 词条 | Holkar |
| 释义 |
| royal_title = Holkar Maharaja | border = | realm = Indore | image2 = Flag of Hesse.svg | caption2 = Flag of Indore | coatofarms = Holkar Maharaja of Indore.jpg | coatofarmssize = 140px | coatofarmscaption = Coat of arms of Indore State | image = Indore Rajwada.jpg | caption = The gate of Rajwada, royal palace of the Holkar dynasty, Indore | first_monarch = Malhar Rao Holkar I | last_monarch = Yashwantrao Holkar II | style = | residence = Rajwada, Indore | appointer = | began = 2 November 1731 | ended = 26 June 1948 | pretender = }} The Holkar dynasty was a Maratha clan of Dhangar origin in India.[1][2][3][4] The Holkars were generals under Peshwa Baji Rao I, and later becane Maharajas of Indore in Central India as an independent member of the Maratha Empire until 1818. Later, their kingdom became a princely state under the protectorate of British India. The dynasty was founded with Malhar Rao, who joined the service of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire in 1721, and quickly rose to the ranks of Subedar. The name of the dynasty was associated with the title of the ruler, who was known informally as Holkar Maharaja. Establishment of Holkar ruleMalhar Rao Holkar (1694-1766), a Maratha chief serving Peshwa Baji Rao, established the dynasty's rule over Indore. In the 1720s, he led Maratha armies in Malwa region, and in 1733 was granted 9 parghanas in the vicinity of Indore by the Peshwa. The township of Indore had already existed as an independent principality established by Nandlal Mandloi of Kampel, Nandlal Mandloi was won by the Maratha force and allowed them to camp across the Khan (Kanh) River. In 1734, Malhar Rao established a camp later called Malharganj. In 1747, he started the construction of his royal palace, the Rajwada. By the time of his death, he ruled much of Malwa, and was acknowledged as one of the five virtually independent rulers of the Maratha Confederacy. He was succeeded by Ahilyabai Holkar (r. 1767–1795), his daughter-in-law. She was born in the Chaundi village in Maharashtra. She moved the capital to Maheshwar, south of Indore on the Narmada River. Rani Ahilyabai was a prolific builder and patron of Hindu temples in Maheshwar and Indore. She also built temples at sacred sites outside her kingdom, from Dwarka in Gujarat east to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple at Varanasi on the Ganges. The adopted son of Malhar Rao Haolkar, Tukoji Rao Holkar (r. 1795-1797) briefly succeeded Rani Ahilyabai upon her death. Tukoji Rao had been a commander under Ahilyabai for her entire rule. Extending the Holkar dominionHis son Yashwantrao Holkar (r. 1797–1811) (also called as Jaswant Rao) succeeded him upon his death. He tried to free the Delhi Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II from the British in the unsuccessful Second Anglo-Maratha War. The grateful Shah Alam gave him the title of Maharajadiraj Rajrajeshwar Alija Bahadur in honor of his bravery. Attempts by Yashwantrao Holkar to unite the kings failed, and he was approached to sign a peace treaty with the British. The Treaty of Rajghat, signed late December 1805, recognised him as a sovereign king. Battle of MahidpurIn 1811, the four-year-old Maharaja Malharrao Holkar II succeeded Yashwantrao Holkar. His mother, Maharani Tulsabai Holkar, looked after the administration. However, with the help of Pathans, Pindaris, and the British, Dharama Kunwar and Balaram Seth plotted to imprison Tulsabai and Malharrao.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} When Tulsabai learnt about this, she beheaded both of them in 1815 and appointed Tantia Jog. As a result, Gaffur Khan Pindari secretly signed a treaty with the British on 9 November 1817 and killed Tulsabai on 19 December 1817. The treaty was signed on 6 January 1818 at Mandsaur. Bhimabai Holkar did not accept the treaty, and kept attacking the British by guerilla methods. Rani Lakshmibai of Jhanshi took inspiration from Bhimabai Holkar and also fought against the British. At the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the Holkars lost much of their territory to the British and were incorporated into the British Raj as a princely state of the Central India Agency. The capital was shifted from Bhanpura to Indore. Princely State{{main|Indore State}}Malharrao Holkar III entered Indore on 2 November 1818. Tantia Jog was appointed his Diwan as he was a minor. As the old palace was destroyed by the army of Daulat Rao Scindia, a new palace was constructed in its place. Malharrao III was succeeded by Martandrao Holkar, who formally ascended to the throne on 17 January 1834. But he was replaced by Harirao Holkar, nephew of Yashwantrao, who ascended to the throne on 17 April 1834. He adopted Khanderao Holkar on 2 July 1841 and died on 24 October 1843. Khanderao was formally installed as the ruler on 13 November 1843, but he suddenly died on 17 February 1844. Tukojirao Holkar II (1835–1886) was installed on the throne on 27 June 1844. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, he was loyal to the British East India Company. In October 1872, he appointed T. Madhava Rao as the Diwan of Indore. He died on 17 June 1886 and succeeded by his eldest son, Shivajirao. Yashwantrao Holkar II (reigned 1926–1948) ruled Indore state until shortly after India's independence in 1947, when he acceded to the Indian Government. Indore became a district of Madhya Bharat state, which was merged into Madhya Pradesh state in 1956. Holkar Maharajas of Indore
On 22 April 1948 the Maharaja of Indore signed a covenant with the rulers of the adjoining princely states to form a new state known as Madhya Bharat. Madhya Bharat was created on 28 May 1948. On 16 June 1948, the princely state of Indore, which the House of Holkar ruled, merged with the newly independent Indian states. See also
Notes1. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA200#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1|author=Richard M. Eaton|publisher=Cambridge university press|pages=200|quote=For example, Malhar Rao Holkar, who led successful expeditions north of the Narmada river between the 1720s and 1760s, became celebrated as a great Maratha, even an arch-Maratha, although he had come froma community of Dhangars...}} 2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA285&dq=holkar+maratha+clan John Stewart Bowman ed. Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture.] 3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=OT9uAAAAMAAJ&q=holkar+maratha+clan&dq=holkar+maratha+clan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NoBSU96PLsS4rgfirYH4Bg&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw A.R. Kulkarni, Studies in history of the Deccan.] 4. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hT9WAAAAYAAJ&q=holkar%20maratha%20clan&dq=holkar%20maratha%20clan|title=Students' Britannica India: I to M (Iblis to Mira Bai)|first1=Dale|last1=Hoiberg|first2=Indu|last2=Ramchandani|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India)|accessdate=3 March 2017|via=Google Books}} References
External links{{commons category|Holkar}}
7 : Holkar|Dynasties of India|Maratha Empire|History of Malwa|History of Indore|Dhangar clans|Hindu dynasties |
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