- Estimation in children
- Fluctuation
- Ideal body weight Devine formula Hamwi method
- Usage Sports Medicine
- Average weight around the world By region By country Global statistics
- See also
- References
- External links
Human body weight refers to a person's mass or weight. Body weight is measured in kilograms, a measure of mass, throughout the world, although in some countries such as the United States it is measured in pounds, or as in the United Kingdom, stones and pounds. Most hospitals, even in the United States, now use kilograms for calculations, but use kilograms and pounds together for other purposes.
Strictly speaking, body weight is the measurement of weight without items located on the person. Practically though, body weight may be measured with clothes on, but without shoes or heavy accessories such as mobile phones and wallets and using manual or digital weighing scales. Excess or reduced body weight is regarded as an indicator of determining a person's health, with body volume measurement providing an extra dimension by calculating the distribution of body weight.
Estimation in children
There are a number of methods to estimate weight in children for circumstances (such as emergencies) when actual weight cannot be measured. Most involve a parent or health care provider guessing the child's weight through weight-estimation formulas. These formulas base their findings on the child's age and tape-based systems of weight estimation. Of the many formulas that have been used for estimating body weight, some include the APLS formula, the Leffler formula, and Theron formula.[1] There are also several types of tape-based systems for estimating children's weight, with the most well-known being the Broselow tape.[1] The Broselow tape is based on length with weight read from the appropriate color area. Newer systems, such as the PAWPER tape, make use of a simple two-step process to estimate weight: the length-based weight estimation is modified according to the child's body habitus to increase the accuracy of the final weight prediction.[2]
The Leffler formula is used for children 0–10 years of age.[1] In those less than a year old it is
and for those 1–10 years old it is
where m is the number of kilograms the child weighs and am and ay respectively are the number of months or years old the child is.[1]
The Theron formula is
where m and ay are as above.[3]
Fluctuation
Body weight varies throughout the day, as the amount of water in the body is not constant. It changes frequently due to activities such as drinking, urinating, or exercise.[4][5] Professional sports participants may deliberately dehydrate themselves to enter a lower weight class, a practice known as weight cutting.[6]
Ideal body weight
Ideal body weight (IBW) was initially introduced by Devine in 1974 to allow estimation of drug clearances in obese patients;[7] researchers have since shown that the metabolism of certain drugs relates more to IBW than total body weight.[8] The term was based on the use of insurance data that demonstrated the relative mortality for males and females according to different height–weight combinations.
The most common estimation of IBW is by the Devine formula; other models exist and have been noted to give similar results.[8] Other methods used in estimating the ideal body weight are body mass index and the Hamwi method. The IBW is not the perfect fat measurement as it does not show the fat or muscle percentage in one's body. For example, athletes' results show that they are overweight when they are actually very fit and healthy. Machines like the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can accurately measure the percentage and weight of (fat, muscle, bone) in a body.
Devine formula
The Devine formula for calculating ideal body weight in adults is as follows:[8]
- Male ideal body weight = {{convert|50|kg}} + {{convert|0.9|kg}} × (height (cm) − 152)
- Female ideal body weight = {{convert|45.5|kg}} + {{convert|0.9|kg}} × (height (cm) − 152)
Hamwi method
The Hamwi method is used to calculate the ideal body weight of the general adult:[9]
- Male ideal body weight = {{convert|48|kg}} + {{convert|1.1|kg}} × (height /cm − 152)
- Female ideal body weight = {{convert|45.4|kg}} + {{convert|0.9|kg}} × (height /cm − 152)
Usage
Sports
Participants in sports such as boxing, mixed martial arts, wrestling, rowing, judo, Olympic weightlifting, and powerlifting are classified according to their body weight, measured in units of mass such as pounds or kilograms. See, e.g., wrestling weight classes, boxing weight classes, judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics, boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
Medicine
Ideal body weight, specifically the Devine formula, is used clinically for multiple reasons, most commonly in estimating renal function in drug dosing, and predicting pharmacokinetics in morbidly obese patients.[10][11]
Average weight around the world
By region
| Region | Adult population (millions) | Average weight | Overweight population / total population | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | 535 | 60.7|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 28.9% | [17] |
| Asia | 2,815 | 57.7|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 24.2% | [12] |
| Europe | 606 | 70.8|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 55.6% | [12] |
| Latin America and the Caribbean | 386 | 67.9|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 57.9% | [12] |
| North America | 263 | 80.7|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 73.9% | [12] |
| Oceania | 24 | 74.1|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 63.3% | [12] |
| World | 4,630 | 62.0|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 34.7% | [12] |
By country
| Country | Average male weight | Average female weight | Sample population / age range | Methodology | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | 72.7|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 62.5|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 20–74 | Measured | 2008–2009 | [13] |
| Canada | 80.3|kg|abbr=on|0}} | Measured | date=December 2014}} | |||
| Chile | 77.3|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 67.5|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 15+ | Measured | 2009–2010 | [14] |
| Finland | 82.1|kg|abbr=on|0}} | Measured | date=December 2014}} | |||
| France | 77.1|kg|abbr=on|0}} | 62.7|kg|abbr=on|0}} | 15+ | Measured | 2005 | [15] |
| Germany | 82.4|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 67.5|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 18+ | Measured | 2005 | [16] |
| South Korea | 68.6|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 56.5|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 18+ | Measured | 2007 | [17] |
| Sweden | 81.9|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 66.7|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 16–84 | Measured | 2003-2004 | [18] |
| UK – Wales | 84.0|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 69.0|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 16+ | Measured | 2009 | [19] |
| United States | 88.8|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 76.4|kg|abbr=on|1}} | 20+ | Measured | 2011-2014 | [20] |
Global statistics
Researchers at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine published a study of average weights of adult humans in the journal BMC Public Health and at the United Nations conference Rio+20.[21]
| Rank | Country | Kilograms | Pounds | Relative size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Micronesia | 87.398 | 192.68 | 2} |
| 2 | Tonga | 87.344 | 192.56 | 2} |
| 3 | United States | 81.928 | 180.62 | 2} |
| 4 | Samoa | 78.544 | 173.16 | 2} |
| 5 | Kuwait | 77.791 | 171.50 | 2} |
| 6 | Australia | 77.356 | 170.54 | 2} |
| 7 | Malta | 76.956 | 169.66 | 2} |
| 8 | Qatar | 76.866 | 169.46 | 2} |
| 9 | Croatia | 76.412 | 168.46 | 2} |
| 10 | United Kingdom | 75.795 | 167.10 | 2} |
| 11 | UAE | 75.532 | 166.52 | 2} |
| 12 | Greece | 75.038 | 165.43 | 2} |
| 13 | Cyprus | 74.802 | 164.91 | 2} |
| 14 | Egypt | 74.271 | 163.74 | 2} |
| 15 | Barbados | 73.831 | 162.77 | 2} |
| 16 | Belarus | 73.663 | 162.40 | 2} |
| 17 | Bahrain | 73.550 | 162.15 | 2} |
| 18 | Germany | 73.042 | 161.03 | 2} |
| 19 | Solomon Islands | 72.797 | 160.49 | 2} |
| 20 | Austria | 72.743 | 160.37 | 2} |
| 21 | Saudi Arabia | 72.638 | 160.14 | 2} |
| 22 | Iceland | 72.584 | 160.02 | 2} |
| 23 | Trinidad & Tobago | 72.538 | 159.92 | 2} |
| 24 | Argentina | 72.434 | 159.69 | 2} |
| 25 | Bahamas | 72.380 | 159.57 | 2} |
| 26 | Finland | 72.348 | 159.50 | 2} |
| 27 | Israel | 71.912 | 158.54 | 2} |
| 28 | Czech Rep. | 71.640 | 157.94 | 2} |
| 29 | New Zealand | 71.631 | 157.92 | 2} |
| 30 | Bulgaria | 71.459 | 157.54 | 2} |
| 31 | Russia | 71.418 | 157.45 | 2} |
| 32 | Slovenia | 71.200 | 156.97 | 2} |
| 33 | Slovakia | 71.060 | 156.66 | 2} |
| 34 | Albania | 71.019 | 156.57 | 2} |
| 35 | Bosnia | 71.001 | 156.53 | 2} |
| 36 | Switzerland | 70.987 | 156.50 | 2} |
| 37 | Rep. of Moldova | 70.978 | 156.48 | 2} |
| 38 | Venezuela | 70.788 | 156.06 | 2} |
| 39 | Chile | 70.593 | 155.63 | 2} |
| 40 | Georgia | 70.561 | 155.56 | 2} |
| 41 | Spain | 70.556 | 155.55 | 2} |
| 42 | Azerbaijan | 70.484 | 155.39 | 2} |
| 43 | Hungary | 70.443 | 155.30 | 2} |
| 44 | Libya | 70.429 | 155.27 | 2} |
| 45 | Luxembourg | 70.270 | 154.92 | 2} |
| 46 | Tajikistan | 70.234 | 154.84 | 2} |
| 47 | Portugal | 70.193 | 154.75 | 2} |
| 48 | Lithuania | 70.153 | 154.66 | 2} |
| 49 | Grenada | 70.139 | 154.63 | 2} |
| 50 | Panama | 69.939 | 154.19 | 2} |
| 51 | Ireland | 69.926 | 154.16 | 2} |
| 52 | Canada | 69.767 | 153.81 | 2} |
| 53 | Jordan | 69.649 | 153.55 | 2} |
| 54 | St Vincent & Grenadines | 69.590 | 153.42 | 2} |
| 55 | Belize | 69.377 | 152.95 | 2} |
| 56 | Poland | 69.241 | 152.65 | 2} |
| 57 | Macedonia | 69.209 | 152.58 | 2} |
| 58 | Italy | 69.205 | 152.57 | 2} |
| 59 | Jamaica | 69.064 | 152.26 | 2} |
| 60 | Sweden | 69.064 | 152.26 | 2} |
| 61 | Turkey | 69.046 | 152.22 | 2} |
| 62 | Cuba | 69.037 | 152.20 | 2} |
| 63 | Mexico | 69.023 | 152.17 | 2} |
| 64 | Mongolia | 68.910 | 151.92 | 2} |
| 65 | Uruguay | 68.873 | 151.84 | 2} |
| 66 | Belgium | 68.801 | 151.68 | 2} |
| 67 | Suriname | 68.778 | 151.63 | 2} |
| 68 | Latvia | 68.778 | 151.63 | 2} |
| 69 | Norway | 68.774 | 151.62 | 2} |
| 70 | Netherlands | 68.746 | 151.56 | 2} |
| 71 | Ukraine | 68.674 | 151.40 | 2} |
| 72 | Guatemala | 68.579 | 151.19 | 2} |
| 73 | Saint Lucia | 68.438 | 150.88 | 2} |
| 74 | Armenia | 68.424 | 150.85 | 2} |
| 75 | Nicaragua | 68.415 | 150.83 | 2} |
| 76 | Vanuatu | 68.229 | 150.42 | 2} |
| 77 | El Salvador | 68.220 | 150.40 | 2} |
| 78 | Lebanon | 68.170 | 150.29 | 2} |
| 79 | Ecuador | 68.166 | 150.28 | 2} |
| 80 | Fiji | 68.048 | 150.02 | 2} |
| 81 | Bolivia | 68.034 | 149.99 | 2} |
| 82 | Dominican Rep. | 67.993 | 149.90 | 2} |
| 83 | Denmark | 67.957 | 149.82 | 2} |
| 84 | Costa Rica | 67.853 | 149.59 | 2} |
| 85 | Tunisia | 67.726 | 149.31 | 2} |
| 86 | Iran | 67.608 | 149.05 | 2} |
| 87 | Turkmenistan | 67.563 | 148.95 | 2} |
| 88 | Paraguay | 67.445 | 148.69 | 2} |
| 89 | Peru | 67.440 | 148.68 | 2} |
| 90 | Syria | 67.422 | 148.64 | 2} |
| 91 | Guyana | 67.032 | 147.78 | 2} |
| 92 | France | 66.782 | 147.23 | 2} |
| 93 | Estonia | 66.732 | 147.12 | 2} |
| 94 | Equatorial Guinea | 66.451 | 146.50 | 2} |
| 95 | Romania | 66.401 | 146.39 | 2} |
| 96 | Colombia | 66.370 | 146.32 | 2} |
| 97 | Uzbekistan | 66.351 | 146.28 | 2} |
| 98 | Kazakhstan | 66.265 | 146.09 | 2} |
| 99 | Brazil | 66.093 | 145.71 | 2} |
| 100 | Mauritius | 66.052 | 145.62 | 2} |
| 101 | Iraq | 66.034 | 145.58 | 2} |
| 102 | Lesotho | 65.966 | 145.43 | 2} |
| 103 | Honduras | 65.834 | 145.14 | 2} |
| 104 | Oman | 65.803 | 145.07 | 2} |
| 105 | South Africa | 65.667 | 144.77 | 2} |
| 106 | Kyrgyzstan | 65.413 | 144.21 | 2} |
| 107 | Botswana | 65.045 | 143.40 | 2} |
| 108 | Cameroon | 64.832 | 142.93 | 2} |
| 109 | Morocco | 64.764 | 142.78 | 2} |
| 110 | South Korea | 64.392 | 141.96 | 2} |
| 111 | Mauritania | 64.179 | 141.49 | 2} |
| 112 | Algeria | 63.639 | 140.30 | 2} |
| 113 | Gabon | 62.845 | 138.55 | 2} |
| 114 | Ghana | 62.491 | 137.77 | 2} |
| 115 | Cape Verde | 62.296 | 137.34 | 2} |
| 116 | Papua New Guinea | 62.251 | 137.24 | 2} |
| 117 | Swaziland | 62.097 | 136.90 | 2} |
| 118 | Djibouti | 62.015 | 136.72 | 2} |
| 119 | Haiti | 61.698 | 136.02 | 2} |
| 120 | Comoros | 61.044 | 134.58 | 2} |
| 121 | Zimbabwe | 61.022 | 134.53 | 2} |
| 122 | Brunei | 60.945 | 134.36 | 2} |
| 123 | Sierra Leone | 60.854 | 134.16 | 2} |
| 124 | Nigeria | 60.745 | 133.92 | 2} |
| 125 | Malaysia | 60.682 | 133.78 | 2} |
| 126 | China | 60.555 | 133.50 | 2} |
| 127 | Angola | 60.387 | 133.13 | 2} |
| 128 | Senegal | 60.373 | 133.10 | 2} |
| 129 | Benin | 60.282 | 132.90 | 2} |
| 130 | Mali | 60.078 | 132.45 | 2} |
| 131 | Yemen | 59.802 | 131.84 | 2} |
| 132 | Philippines | 59.715 | 131.65 | 2} |
| 133 | Namibia | 59.584 | 131.36 | 2} |
| 134 | Sudan | 59.407 | 130.97 | 2} |
| 135 | Togo | 59.280 | 130.69 | 2} |
| 136 | Guinea | 59.112 | 130.32 | 2} |
| 137 | Japan | 59.017 | 130.11 | 2} |
| 138 | Pakistan | 58.976 | 130.02 | 2} |
| 139 | Singapore | 58.935 | 129.93 | 2} |
| 140 | Thailand | 58.786 | 129.60 | 2} |
| 141 | Côte d'Ivoire | 58.727 | 129.47 | 2} |
| 142 | Laos | 58.436 | 128.83 | 2} |
| 143 | Chad | 58.196 | 128.30 | 2} |
| 144 | Niger | 57.933 | 127.72 | 2} |
| 145 | Maldives | 57.647 | 127.09 | 2} |
| 146 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 57.561 | 126.90 | 2} |
| 147 | Burkina Faso | 57.456 | 126.67 | 2} |
| 148 | Congo | 57.384 | 126.51 | 2} |
| 149 | Tanzania | 57.293 | 126.31 | 2} |
| 150 | Gambia | 57.071 | 125.82 | 2} |
| 151 | Uganda | 57.007 | 125.68 | 2} |
| 152 | Afghanistan | 56.935 | 125.52 | 2} |
| 153 | Malawi | 56.681 | 124.96 | 2} |
| 154 | Rwanda | 56.635 | 124.86 | 2} |
| 155 | Myanmar | 56.354 | 124.24 | 2} |
| 156 | Kenya | 56.264 | 124.04 | 2} |
| 157 | Guinea-Bissau | 56.087 | 123.65 | 2} |
| 158 | Mozambique | 55.955 | 123.36 | 2} |
| 159 | Central African Rep. | 55.946 | 123.34 | 2} |
| 160 | Zambia | 55.910 | 123.26 | 2} |
| 161 | Cambodia | 55.742 | 122.89 | 2} |
| 162 | Liberia | 55.533 | 122.43 | 2} |
| 163 | Somalia | 55.375 | 122.08 | 2} |
| 164 | Madagascar | 55.157 | 121.60 | 2} |
| 165 | Burundi | 54.127 | 119.33 | 2} |
| 166 | Congo | 53.501 | 117.95 | 2} |
| 167 | Ethiopia | 53.057 | 116.97 | 2} |
| 168 | India | 52.943 | 116.72 | 2} |
| 169 | North Korea | 52.589 | 115.94 | 2} |
| 170 | Indonesia | 52.467 | 115.67 | 2} |
| 171 | Eritrea | 52.041 | 114.73 | 2} |
| 172 | Timor-Leste | 51.950 | 114.53 | 2} |
| 173 | Bhutan | 51.142 | 112.75 | 2} |
| 174 | Vietnam | 50.725 | 111.83 | 2} |
| 175 | Nepal | 50.476 | 111.28 | 2} |
| 176 | Sri Lanka | 50.421 | 111.16 | 2} |
| 177 | Bangladesh | 49.591 | 109.33 | 2} |
| — | world average | 61.997 | {{bartable>136.68||2}} |
See also
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}- Anthropometry
- Bergmann's Rule
- Birth weight
- Body Mass Index (BMI)
- Body volume index
- Hesse's Rule
- History of anthropometry
- Human height
- List of the heaviest people
- Obesity
- Emaciation
- Overweight
- Underweight
- Weight loss and weight gain
- Weight phobia
References
2. ^{{cite journal|last=Wells|first=Mike|journal=Sanguine|year=2011|volume=1|issue=2|title=Clinical: The PAWPER Tape|url = http://www.ecssa.org.za/sanguine-2011-2.aspx#|accessdate=13 June 2013 }}
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=So TY, Farrington E, Absher RK |title=Evaluation of the accuracy of different methods used to estimate weights in the pediatric population |journal=Pediatrics |volume=123 |issue=6 |pages=e1045–51 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19482737 |doi=10.1542/peds.2008-1968 |url=}}
4. ^{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Jessica|title=Stop Hating the Scale|url=http://www.shape.com/lifestyle/mind-and-body/when-your-weight-fluctuates-whats-normal-and-whats-not|website=Shape Magazine|accessdate=23 January 2017|date=16 May 2013}}
5. ^{{cite web|last1=Talens|first1=Dick|title=What the Number on the Scale Really Means|url=http://greatist.com/health/understanding-scale-bloat-and-weight-loss|website=Greatist|accessdate=23 January 2017|date=30 November 2014}}
6. ^{{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Orion|title=Making Weight: Why Fighters Cut Weight and 3 Tips for Doing It|url=https://breakingmuscle.com/learn/making-weight-why-fighters-cut-weight-and-3-tips-for-doing-it|website=Breaking Muscle|accessdate=23 January 2017}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Devine|first1=Ben J|title=Gentamicin therapy|journal=Drug Intell Clin Pharm|date=1974|volume=8|issue=11|pages=650–5|doi=10.1177/106002807400801104}}
8. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Pai|first=Manjunath P|author2=Paloucek, Frank P|title=The Origin of the "Ideal" Body Weight Equations|journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy|date=September 2000|volume=34|pages=1066–1069|doi=10.1345/aph.19381|pmid=10981254|issue=9}}
9. ^{{cite book |title=Geriatric Nutrition Handbook|page=15|isbn=978-0412136412}}
10. ^{{cite journal |PMC=3100285 |year=2011 |last1=Jones |first1=Graham RD |title= Estimating Renal Function for Drug Dosing Decisions |volume=32 |issue= 2 |pages=81–88 |journal=The Clinical Biochemist Reviews |pmid=21611081}}
11. ^{{cite journal|year=2011 |last1=van Kraligen |first1=S |last2=van de Garde |first2=EMW |last3=Knibbe |first3=CAJ |last4=Diepstraten |first4=J|last5=Wiezer |first5=MJ |last6=van Ramshorst |first6=B |last7=Dongen |first7=EPA |title= Comparative evaluation of atracurium dosed on ideal body weight vs. total body weight in morbidly obese patients |volume=71 |issue= 1|pages=34–40 |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03803.x |pmid=21143499|pmc=3018024 }}
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/439/abstract|title=The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass|author=Walpole, Sarah C|publisher=BMC Public Health 2012, 12:439|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-12-439|date=18 June 2012|accessdate=12 July 2012|last2=Prieto-Merino|first2=David|last3=Edwards|first3=Phil|last4=Cleland|first4=John|last5=Stevens|first5=Gretchen|last6=Roberts|first6=Ian|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=12|pages=439|pmid=22709383|pmc=3408371|issue=1|display-authors=etal}}
13. ^{{cite web|author=Do G1, em São Paulo |url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2010/08/metade-dos-adultos-brasileiros-esta-acima-do-peso-segundo-ibge.html |title=G1 - Metade dos adultos brasileiros está acima do peso, segundo IBGE - notícias em Brasil |publisher=G1.globo.com |date=2010-08-27 |accessdate=2012-07-13}}
14. ^Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009–2010 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312040633/http://www.redsalud.gov.cl/portal/url/item/99c12b89738d80d5e04001011e0113f8.pdf |date=12 March 2011 }} (p. 81)
15. ^Commission européenne, Eurobaromètre EB64.3 - calculs SPF Économie Direction générale Statistique et Information économique
16. ^{{cite web|author=© wissenmedia in der inmediaONE] GmbH, Gütersloh/München |url=http://www.wissen.de/wde/generator/wissen/ressorts/bildung/index,page=3496378.html |title=Bauer sucht Frau aus dem Lexikon |language=de |publisher=wissen.de |accessdate=2012-07-13}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/07/27/2009072700489.html |title=The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea - Average Korean Now Overweight |publisher=English.chosun.com |date=2009-07-27 |accessdate=2012-07-13}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Levnadsforhallanden/Levnadsforhallanden/Undersokningarna-av-levnadsforhallanden-ULFSILC/12202/2012A02B/Behallare-for-Press/6-kilo-mer-man-och-4-kilo-mer-kvinna/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140227131642/http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Levnadsforhallanden/Levnadsforhallanden/Undersokningarna-av-levnadsforhallanden-ULFSILC/12202/2012A02B/Behallare-for-Press/6-kilo-mer-man-och-4-kilo-mer-kvinna/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2014-02-27 |language=Swedish |title=6 kilo mer man och 4 kilo mer kvinna |accessdate=2014-02-27 }}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2010/100915healthsurvey09en.pdf |title=The Welsh Health Survey 2009, p. 58|publisher=Wales.gov.uk |date=2010-09-15 |accessdate=2011-01-22}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03_039.pdf |title=Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011–2014 |format=PDF |accessdate=2018-01-10}}
21. ^Data extracted from {{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/9345086/The-worlds-fattest-countries-how-do-you-compare.html|title=The world's fattest countries: how do you compare?|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=21 June 2012|accessdate=22 September 2016}}
External links
- {{Commonscat-inline|Body weight}}
- Online calculator for Hamwi method
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