“Hyaenodontidae”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Hyaenodontids of Hyaenodontidae are characterized by long skulls, slender jaws, slim bodies, and a plantigrade stance. They generally ranged in size from 30 to 140 cm at the shoulder.^[2] While Hyaenodon gigas, the largest Hyaenodon species, was as much as 1.4 m high at the shoulder, 10 feet long and weighed about 500 kg{{Verify source|date=July 2007}}, most were in the 5–15 kg range, equivalent to a mid-sized dog.^[4] The anatomy of their skulls show that they had a particularly acute sense of smell, while their teeth were adapted for shearing, rather than crushing.^[2]

Because of their size range, it is probable that different species hunted in different ways, which allowed them to fill many different predatory niches. Smaller ones would hunt in packs during the night like wolves, and bigger, fiercer ones would hunt alone during the daylight, using their sheer size and their mighty jaws as their principal weapon. The carnassials in a hyaenodontid are generally the second upper and third lower molars. However, some hyaenodontids possessed as many as three sequential pairs of carnassials or carnassial-like molar teeth in their jaws.^[3] Hyaenodontids (like all creodonts) lacked post-carnassial crushing molar teeth (such as those found in many carnivoran families, especially the Canidae and Ursidae), and thus lacked dental versatility for processing any foods other than meat.^[4]

Hyaenodontids are very unusual in regards to their tooth replacement. Studies on Hyaenodon show that juveniles took 3–4 years in the last stage of tooth eruption, implying a very long adolescent phase. In North American forms, the first upper premolar erupts before the first upper molar, while European forms show an earlier eruption of the first upper molar.^[8]

At least one hyaenodontid lineage, Apterodontinae, was specialised for aquatic, otter-like habits.^[5]

Range

Having evolved in Africa during the Paleocene,^[5]^[6] hyaenodontids soon after spread into India and Europe, implying close biogeographical connections between these areas.^[7] Afterwards they dispersed into Asia from either Europe or India, and finally North America.^[8]^[9]

They were important hypercarnivores in Eurasia, Africa and North America during the Oligocene, but gradually declined, with almost the entire family becoming extinct by the close of the Oligocene. Only four genera, Megistotherium, its sister genera Hyainailouros and Dissopsalis, and the youngest species of Hyaenodon, H. weilini, survived into the Miocene, of which, only Dissopsalis survived long enough to go extinct at the close of the Miocene.^[1] Traditionally this has been attributed to competition with carnivorans, but no formal examination of the correlation between the decline of hyaenodontids and the expansion of carnivorans has been reccorded, and the latter may simply have moved into vacant niches after the extinction of hyaenodontid species.

Relations

Hyaenodontids were historically classified in Creodonta, alongside other predatory mammal groups like oxyaenids. Some researchers consider the clade a wastebasket taxon containing two unrelated clades assumed to be closely related to or ancestral to Carnivora.^[10]^[5]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] However, a recent phylogenetic analysis of Paleogene mammals supports the monophyly of Creodonta, and places them in Ferae, close to Pholidota.^[15]

Genera

The Machaeroidinae are sometimes placed here, e.g. by Egi, 2001.^[18] Hyainailourinae was elevated to family rank in 2015.^[19]

References

1. ^¹{{aut|Barry, J. C.}} (1988): Dissopsalis, a middle and late Miocene proviverrine creodont (Mammalia) from Pakistan and Kenya. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 48(1): 25-45.
2. ^¹²{{aut|Lambert, David and the Diagram Group}} (1985): The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. Facts on File Publications, New York. {{ISBN|0-8160-1125-7}}
3. ^Wang, Xiaoming; and Tedford, Richard H. Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. p15
4. ^Wang, Xiaoming; and Tedford, Richard H. Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. p15-7
5. ^¹²{{cite journal|last1=Laudet|first1= V.|last2=Grohé|first2= C.|last3= Morlo|first3= M.|last4=Chaimanee|first4= Y.|last5=Blondel|first5= C.|last6= Coster|first6= P.|last7=Valentin|first7= X.|last8=Salem|first8= M.|last9= Bilal|first9= A. A.|last10= Jaeger|first10= J.-J.|last11= Brunet|first11= M.|title=New Apterodontinae (Hyaenodontida) from the Eocene Locality of Dur At-Talah (Libya): Systematic, Paleoecological and Phylogenetical Implications|journal=PLoS ONE|volume= 7|issue=11|date= 2012-11-21|pages= e49054|doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0049054|pmid=23185292|pmc=3504055}}
6. ^Gheerbrant E, Iarochene M, Amaghzaz M, Bouya B. Geol Mag. 2006;143:475–489.
7. ^Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith, Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals(Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida)near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story, GEOLOGICA BELGICA (2013) 16/4: 254-261
8. ^"HYAENODONTS AND CARNIVORANS FROM THE EARLY OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE XIANSHUIHE FORMATION, LANZHOU BASIN, GANSU PROVINCE, CHINA"
9. ^"New Remains of Hyaenodontidae (Creodonta, Mammalia) From the Oligocene of Central Mongolia" {{cite web |url=http://www.oeaw.ac.at/kfq/downloads_Nagel/ANNPAL_2074.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-05-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508021919/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/kfq/downloads_Nagel/ANNPAL_2074.pdf |archivedate=2010-05-08 |df= }}
10. ^¹{{cite journal | last1 = Bastl | first1 = Katharina Anna | year = 2013 | title = First evidence of the tooth eruption sequence of the upper jaw in Hyaenodon (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) and new information on the ontogenetic development of its dentition | url = | journal = Paläontologische Zeitschrift | volume = 88 | issue = 4| pages = 481–494 | doi = 10.1007/s12542-013-0207-z }}
11. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Morlo | first1 = M. | last2 = Gunnell | first2 = G. | last3 = Polly | first3 = P.D. | year = 2009 | title = What, if not nothing, is a creodont? Phylogeny and classification of Hyaenodontida and other former creodonts | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2009.10411818 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 29 | issue = Supplement 3| page = 152A }}
12. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Polly | first1 = P.D. | year = 1994 | title = What, if anything, is a creodont? | doi = 10.1080/02724634.1994.10011592 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 14 | issue = Supplement 3| page = 42A }}
13. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Polly | first1 = P.D. | year = 1996 | title = The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et comb. nov. and the cladisitic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia) | url = | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 16 | issue = 2| pages = 303–319 | doi=10.1080/02724634.1996.10011318}}
14. ^Grohé et al. 2012
15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Halliday|first1=Thomas J. D.|last2=Upchurch|first2=Paul|last3=Goswami|first3=Anjali|title=Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals|journal=Biological Reviews|volume=92|year=2015|pages=n/a–n/a|issn=1464-7931|doi=10.1111/brv.12242}}
16. ^The Paleobiology Database Hyaenodontidae page
17. ^F. Solé, J. Falconnet, and L. Yves. 2014. New proviverrines (Hyaenodontida) from the early Eocene of Europe; phylogeny and ecological evolution of the Proviverrinae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171:878-917
18. ^¹{{aut|Egi, Naoko}} (2001): Body Mass Estimates in Extinct Mammals from Limb Bone Dimensions: the Case of North American Hyaenodontids. Palaeontology 44(3): 497-528. {{doi|10.1111/1475-4983.00189}}
19. ^Solé F, Amson E, Borths M, Vidalenc D, Morlo M, Bastl K (2015) A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia). PLoS ONE10(9): e0135698. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135698

General characteristics

Range

Relations

Genera

References