| 词条 | Ikonos | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Ikonos-2 | mission_type = Earth observation | operator = DigitalGlobe {{small|Formerly GeoEye, Space Imaging}} | COSPAR_ID = 1999-051A | SATCAT = 25919 | mission_duration = Final: {{time interval|24 September 1999 18:22|31 March 2015|show=ymd|sep=,}} | spacecraft_bus = LM-900[1] | manufacturer = Lockheed Martin Space Systems | launch_mass = {{convert|817|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}}[1] | dimensions = {{convert|1.83|xx|1.57|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}[1] | power = 1,500 W[1] | launch_date = {{nowrap| {{start-date|24 September 1999, 18:22}} UTC[2] }} | launch_rocket = Athena II, LM-007 | launch_site = Vandenberg AFB SLC-6 | launch_contractor = Lockheed Martin | entered_service = December 1999[1] | disposal_type = Decommissioned | deactivated = {{end-date|31 March 2015}}[7] | orbit_reference = Geocentric | orbit_regime = Low Earth | orbit_semimajor = | orbit_eccentricity = 0.00028 | orbit_periapsis = {{convert|678|km|mi|abbr=on}} | orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|682|km|mi|abbr=on}} | orbit_inclination = 98.2° | orbit_period = 98.4 minutes | orbit_epoch = 24 September 1999, 18:22 UTC[2] | apsis = gee | telescope_type = Cassegrain[1] | telescope_diameter = {{convert|70|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}[1] | telescope_focal_length= {{convert|10|m|in|0|abbr=on}}[1] | telescope_focal_ratio = {{f/|14.3}} | telescope_area = | telescope_wavelength = Panchromatic: 450–900 nm[1] Multispectral: 450–860 nm[1] | telescope_resolution = Panchromatic: {{convert|0.82|-|1|m|in|abbr=on|disp=x|[1] {{in5}}(|)}} Multispectral: {{convert|3.28|-|4|m|in|abbr=on|disp=x|[1] {{in5}}(|)}} }} IKONOS was a commercial Earth observation satellite, and was the first to collect publicly available high-resolution imagery at 1- and 4-meter resolution. It collected multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (PAN) imagery. The capability to observe Earth via space-based telescope has been called "one of the most significant developments in the history of the space age", and IKONOS brought imagery rivaling that of military spy satellites to the commercial market.[3] IKONOS imagery began being sold on 1 January 2000, and the spacecraft was retired in 2015. HistoryIKONOS originated under the Lockheed Corporation as the Commercial Remote Sensing System (CRSS) satellite. In April 1994 Lockheed was granted one of the first licenses from the U.S. Department of Commerce for commercial satellite high-resolution imagery.[4] On 25 October 1995 partner company Space Imaging received a license from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to transmit telemetry from the satellite in the eight-gigahertz Earth Exploration Satellite Services band.[5] Prior to launch, Space Imaging changed the name of the satellite system to IKONOS. The name comes from the Greek word eikōn, for "image".[6]Two satellites were originally planned for operation. IKONOS-1 was launched on 27 April 1999 at 18:22 UTC from Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 6,[7][8] but Athena II rocket's payload fairing did not separate due to an electrical malfunction, resulting in the satellite failing to reach orbit and falling into the atmosphere over the South Pacific Ocean.[9] IKONOS-2 was built in parallel with and as an identical twin to IKONOS-1. Completion of its construction was projected for July 1999 with a January 2000 launch.[10] In reaction to the loss of IKONOS-1, the spacecraft was renamed IKONOS[10][11] and its processing accelerated, resulting in a launch on 24 September 1999 at 18:22 UTC, also from Vandenberg aboard an Athena II rocket.[2] The company began selling IKONOS imagery on the market on 1 January 2000.[1][12]In December 2000, IKONOS received the "Best of What's New" Grant Award in Aviation & Space from Popular Science magazine.[13] The acquisition of Space Imaging and its assets by Orbimage was announced in September 2005 and finalized in January 2006.[14][15] The merged company was renamed GeoEye,[15] which was itself acquired by DigitalGlobe in January 2013.[16] DigitalGlobe operated IKONOS until its retirement on 31 March 2015.[17] During its lifetime, IKONOS produced 597,802 public images, covering more than {{convert|154|e6sqmi|e6km2|order=flip|abbr=unit}} of area.[18] SpecificationsSpacecraftIKONOS was a three-axis stabilized spacecraft designed by Lockheed Martin Space Systems. The design later became known as the LM-900 satellite bus and was optimized to carry remote sensing payloads.[19] Four reaction wheels stabilized the spacecraft's attitude, which was measured by two star trackers and a sun sensor. Orbital position information was provided by a GPS receiver. The spacecraft body was a hexagonal design of {{convert|1.83|by|1.57|m|ft|1|sp=us}} and {{convert|817|kg|lb|-1|sp=us}}, with 1.5 kilowatts of power provided by three solar panels. Its design life was seven years. IKONOS operated in a Sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular orbit at approximately {{convert|680|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.[1]Optical Sensor AssemblyIKONOS{{'s}} primary instrument was the Optical Sensor Assembly (OSA), designed and built by Kodak. It had a primary mirror aperture of {{convert|70|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}, and a folded optical focal length of {{convert|10|m|in|0|abbr=on}} using 5 mirrors. The main mirror featured a honeycomb design to reduce mass.[20] The detectors at the focal plane included a panchromatic sensor with 13,500 pixels cross-track, and four multispectral sensors (blue, green, red, and near-infrared) each with 3,375 pixels along-track. Its nadir image swath was {{convert|11.3|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.[21] Total instrument mass was {{convert|171|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and it consumed 350 watts.[20]
See also{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web |url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/i/ikonos-2 |title=Ikonos-2 |work=eoPortal |publisher=European Space Agency |accessdate=19 September 2016}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1999-051A |title=Launch/Orbital information for Ikonos 2 |work=National Space Science Data Center |publisher=NASA |accessdate=19 September 2016}} 3. ^{{cite news |first=William J. |last=Broad |title=Giant Leap for Private Industry: Spies in Space |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/13/us/giant-leap-for-private-industry-spies-in-space.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 October 1999 |accessdate=23 January 2010}} 4. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/26/business/company-news-lockheed-wins-license-for-satellite-sensing-system.html |title=Company News: Lockheed Wins License for Satellite Sensing System |work=The New York Times |date=26 April 1994 |accessdate=3 December 2016}} 5. ^{{cite press release |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Space+Imaging+granted+FCC+license+for+private+remote+sensing...-a017442820 |title=Space Imaging granted FCC license for private remote sensing satellite system |publisher=Business Wire |via=TheFreeLibrary.com |first=Linda |last=Turner |date=25 October 1995 |accessdate=3 December 2016}} 6. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.geoeye.com/CorpSite/products/imagery-sources/Default.aspx#ikonos |title=Imagery Sources |publisher=GeoEye |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028024925/http://www.geoeye.com/CorpSite/products/imagery-sources/Default.aspx#ikonos |archivedate=28 October 2010 |df=dmy-all}} 7. ^{{cite news |url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/faulty-athena-shroud-ruins-ikonos-1-launch |title=Faulty Athena Shroud Ruins Ikonos 1 Launch |work=Aviation Week & Space Technology |first=Michael |last=Mecham |date=3 May 1999 |accessdate=3 December 2016}} 8. ^{{cite press release |url=https://fas.org/irp/news/1999/04/990427-ikonos.htm |title=Lockheed Martin Athena Launch of Ikonos Satellite Experienced an Anomaly |publisher=Space Imaging |via=FAS.org |first1=Mark |last1=Brender |first2=Linda |last2=Lidov |date=27 April 1999 |accessdate=3 December 2016}} 9. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eszSE5VGvuMC&lpg=PA107&pg=PA107 |title=Space Systems Failures: Disasters and Rescues of Satellites, Rocket and Space Probes |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |first1=David M. |last1=Harland |first2=Ralph D. |last2=Lorenz |page=107 |date=2006 |orig-year=2005 |isbn=0-387-21519-0}} 10. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-01-765A1.txt |title=DA 01-765: Application for Modification of Space Station Authorization |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |date=28 March 2001 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20161203185501/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AeohcVNEDypcJ%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fapps.fcc.gov%2Fedocs_public%2Fattachmatch%2FDA-01-765A1.txt+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archivedate=3 December 2016 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all}} 11. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdZ3uDekqwwC&pg=PA335&lpg=PA335 |title=Manual of Geospatial Science and Technology |publisher=CRC Press |editor-first=John D. |editor-last=Bossler |edition=2nd |page=335 |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-4200-8734-5}} 12. ^{{cite paper |url=http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/app/uploads/2015/01/Livingston_Final.pdf |title=Commercial Remote Sensing Satellites and the Regulation of Violence in Areas of Limited Statehood |series=CGCS Occasional Paper Series on ICTs, Statebuilding, and Peacebuilding in Africa |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |first=Steven |last=Livingston |issue=5 |date=January 2015}} 13. ^{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyBQ4E9G0iQC&lpg=PA44&pg=PA44 |title=Spy Sat for the Rest of Us |journal=Popular Science |volume=257 |issue=6 |page=44 |date=December 2000}} 14. ^{{cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/orbimage-space-imaging-merger-expected-stabilize-industry/ |title=Orbimage-Space Imaging Merger Expected To Stabilize the Industry |work=SpaceNews |first=Missy |last=Frederick |date=19 September 2005 |accessdate=3 December 2016}} 15. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.denverpost.com/2006/01/12/thorntons-space-imaging-acquired/ |title=Thornton's Space Imaging Acquired |work=The Denver Post |first=Andy |last=Vuong |date=12 January 2006 |accessdate=3 December 2016}} 16. ^{{cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/digitalglobe-closes-geoeye-acquisition/ |title=DigitalGlobe Closes GeoEye Acquisition |work=SpaceNews |first=Warren |last=Ferster |date=31 January 2013 |accessdate=3 December 2016}} 17. ^1 {{cite press release |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2015/may/SSC-021415-ikonos-retirement.html |title=DigitalGlobe's IKONOS Satellite Retired After 15 Years of On-Orbit Operation |publisher=Lockheed Martin |date=14 May 2015}} 18. ^{{cite news |url=http://mashable.com/2015/05/28/ikonos-satellite-digitalglobe/ |title=The life and death of Ikonos, a pioneering commercial satellite |work=Mashable |first=Miriam |last=Kramer |date=28 May 2015 |accessdate=14 January 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sat/lockheed_lm-900.htm |title=Lockheed Martin: LM-900 |work=Gunter's Space Page |first=Gunter D. |last=Krebs |date=11 November 2016 |accessdate=10 January 2018}} 20. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JucM8bpLbEC&pg=PA286&lpg=PA286 |title=Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors |publisher=Springer-Verlag |via=Google Books |first=Herbert J. |last=Kramer |edition=4th |pages=286-287 |date=2002 |isbn=3-540-42388-5 |bibcode=2002oees.book.....K}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/ikonos/ |title=IKONOS Satellite Sensor |publisher=Satellite Imaging Corporation |accessdate=3 December 2016}} 22. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp2LBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA824&lpg=PA824 |title=Optical Payloads for Space Missions |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |via=Google Books |editor-first=Shen-En |editor-last=Qian |page=824 |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-118-94514-8}} External links
5 : Commercial imaging satellites of the United States|Lockheed Martin satellites and probes|Spacecraft launched in 1999|2015 disestablishments|Derelict satellites orbiting Earth |
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