| 词条 | Imee Marcos |
| 释义 |
|name = Imee Marcos |image = Imee Marcos COC 2019 elections filing (cropped).jpg |office = Governor of Ilocos Norte |deputy = Angelo Barba |term_start = June 30, 2010 |term_end = |predecessor = Michael Marcos Keon |successor = |office1 = Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's 2nd district |term_start1 = June 30, 1998 |term_end1 = June 30, 2007 |predecessor1 = Simeon Valdez |successor1 = Bongbong Marcos |birth_name = María Imelda Josefa Romualdez Marcos |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|11|12}} |birth_place = Mandaluyong, Philippines |death_date = |death_place = |party = Kilusang Bagong Lipunan {{small|(1980–2009)}} Nacionalista Party {{small|(2009–present)}} |spouse = Tommy Manotoc {{small|(separated)}} |partner = Mark Chua |father = Ferdinand Marcos |mother = Imelda Marcos |relations = Bongbong Marcos (brother) |children = 3 }}María Imelda Josefa Romualdez Marcos (born November 12, 1955), informally known as Imee Marcos, is a Filipino politician best known for being the daughter of former President Ferdinand E. Marcos and former First Lady Imelda R. Marcos,[1][2] for her role in the torture and murder of Archimedes Trajano,[3] and for her involvement in the 2017 Tobacco Excise Tax funds scandal.[4] During her father's martial law rule, she played various political roles including chairperson of the Kabataang Barangay and as assemblyman to the Batasang Pambansa, during which Archimedes Trajano was murdered after he questioned the appointment of Imee Marcos as the director of the Kabataang Barangay.[5] Under her parents' conjugal dictatorship, Marcos falsified her graduation from at least four schools, falsely claiming that she graduated as "cum laude" and "class valedictorian" in two of them.[6][7][8][9] She was 30 years old when the 1986 People Power revolution forced the Marcoses out of power and into exile in Honolulu.[5] After her family was able to return to the Philippines in the 1990s, she served three terms as Representative of the 2nd District of Ilocos Norte in the Philippine House of Representatives from 1998 until 2007 and is the current governor of Ilocos Norte. She has also filed her candidacy for a senatorial position in the 2019 Philippine general elections.[10] Her conviction in the 1993 Trajano v. Marcos case (978 F 2d 493) before the U.S. district court in Honolulu, Hawaii, is noted in U.S. legal circles for exposing the weaknesses of the act of state doctrine, allowing for similar suits to be filed.[3][11][12] She has been linked to the unexplained wealth of her family, identified as a beneficiary of various Marcos offshore holdings as revealed in the Panama Papers[13] and the findings in the court convictions of her mother Imelda Marcos.[14] These holdings were defined as "ill-gotten wealth" by the Philippines' Supreme Court, and are the subject of repatriation efforts by the Presidential Commission on Good Government.[15][16] Early lifeMarcos was born on November 12, 1955, in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, as the eldest child of former president Ferdinand Marcos, and former first lady Imelda Marcos, both of whom exercised autocratic rule over the Philippines from December 1965 to February 1986.[17] She has three other siblings: Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos, Jr., a former Senator of the Philippines (2010–16); Irene Marcos-Araneta,[18] a socialite; and Aimee Marcos, who was adopted and works as an entrepreneur and musician.[19] Marcos grew up as a young child in the Malacañan Palace, the official residence of the president. She turned ten years old the day after her father was elected in 1965. In an interview with Filipinas Magazine in 1999, she admitted that she was uncomfortable living in the palace because it was too confining, very formal, and fixed. She also added that it is "not necessarily the most appropriate place to bring up a kid but it was quite nice".[20] While living at the palace, Marcos attended regular schools in Manila, but had to discontinue as the First Family found it difficult to go out because of protest rallies outside Malacañang.[23] EducationImee's educational background has been steeped in controversy. Under her parents' conjugal dictatorship, Marcos falsified her graduation from at least four schools (including two universities), falsely claiming that she graduated as "cum laude" and "class valedictorian" in two of them.[21][22][23][24] Primary and secondary educationMarcos went to the Institucion Teresiana (now Saint Pedro Poveda College) from Kindergarten to Grade IV. She earned First Honors. She attended Assumption Convent at Herran Street in Manila for Grade V to First Year High School where she also earned First Honors. Then, she went to the American School (now International School Manila) in Makati.[17] Falsification of Santa Catalina high school graduationMarcos has claimed that she graduated as "class valedictorian" in Santa Catalina Convent, now called Santa Catalina School, in Monterey, California, for more than four decades.[8] In March 21, 2019, no less than Santa Catalina School assistant head of school John Aimé disproved Imee's claims, stating: '[Imee Marcos] attended our school for a brief period in the fall of 1972, she is not a graduate.'[8] Undergraduate educationIn 1973, Imee Marcos enrolled in Princeton University, where she took a variety of courses in Religion and Politics, but never stated a major.[25] Marcos' stay at Princeton was marred with controversy with black and Asian students (Asian-American Students Association - AASA) protesting her admission for allowing the daughter of a dictator to study at the university and as a potential threat to students who opposed the Marcos regime.[25][26] She withdrew from Princeton in 1976, returned in 1977, and then withdrew for the last time in 1979.[27][28] She did not receive a degree from Princeton.[25][27][28][39] She had flunked out, according to Princeton alumnus Richard Klein in the August 1983 issue of Town Topics.[29] In the book "Some Are Smarter Than Others," author Ricardo Manapat reveals that after the EDSA revolution, investigators of the Presidential Commission on Good Government found out that Imee Marcos' tuition, US$10,000 monthly allowance, and the 18th century estate Imee Marcos stayed in while studying at Princeton was paid for using taxpayer money that could be traced partly to the intelligence funds of the office of the president, and partly to some of the 15 bank accounts that the Marcoses had secretly opened in the US under assumed names.[2] Failure to graduate from PrincetonImee Marcos' time as a student at Princeton became a public issue once again in 2018, when she filed her candidacy for the Philippine Senate in the 2019 Philippine Midterm elections.[27] Marcos claimed in numerous venues, including a campaign leaflet and her official website, that she had graduated from Princeton. This resulted in social media uproar which brought up old news articles to show that Imee Marcos had not.[30] Journalist Mara Cepeda eventually reached out to Princeton University, and was told by Princeton deputy university spokesperson Michael Hotchkiss, who confirmed that Imee Marcos had not graduated, saying that "[Their] records do not show that Ms Marcos was awarded a degree."[30] False Princeton graduation claimsOn her campaign website, she uploaded an official biography that claimed that she was “one of the first female graduates from an Ivy League School—Princeton University, graduating with honors,”[31] but this claim was quickly disproven by news reports and on social media.[27][28] In addition, she had stated in her curriculum vitae during her stay at the House of Representatives that she had graduated with honors from Princeton with an Independent Major in Religion and Politics.[32] In a later interview with news anchor Tina Marasigan on DZMM TeleRadyo, she was asked whether she really graduated from Princeton or not, and whether her status as a Princeton Graduate could be proven. She evaded the question and answered:[33] {{Quote|text=Yes, correct: it really is the season -- it's election season even though it hasn't been declared by COMELEC. This was also done to Bongbong and to others we know. My record speaks for itself. I think, performance-wise, we can see that we know what we are doing and we were able to help many. Most of all, we have many solutions that can help the multitude. I believe that this is the first generation in which we can really end hunger and poverty. The science is already there for agriculture, the medicine is also there so that no one will die from infections and other diseases. So we really have no excuse. There is also big data and technology so we can monitor each and every poor person in the Philippines. Let us end poverty in this decade.[34]}}DZMM TeleRadyo's parent network, ABS-CBN News, noted that the video went viral as Marcos opted not to answer the question. [35]News agency Interaksyon noted that Marcos had "avoided answering the question and instead diverted the topic to the scholastic records of her brother Bongbong Marcos." [36] In January 2019, Princeton deputy university spokesperson Michael Hotchkiss stated that university records "do not show that Ms Marcos was awarded a degree," effectively proving that Marcos fabricated her Princeton degree.[28] On February 26, 2019, the student newspaper of Princeton, The Daily Princetonian, stated that Marcos falsely claims that she graduated from the university. In an e-mail to The Daily Princetonian, Hotchkiss repeated "Our records do not show that Ms. Marcos was awarded a degree."[26] Admission to and non-graduation from the UP College of LawAfter her stay at Princeton, she then enrolled at the UP College of Law of the University of the Philippines Diliman [27] her admission was controversial because the student body protested the fact that she had failed to meet the normal requirement of having a college degree, while they had to go through a stringent admissions process.[37] According to University of the Philippines Cebu history professor Madrileña de la Cerna, Imee Marcos did not take 35 units worth of courses at the College of Law by the time she was supposed to graduate. Despite the missing units, the college faced political pressure to allow her to graduate, but the Faculty, led by Haydee Yorac, refused to approve her graduation.[37] Staged ceremony and false graduation and honors claimsA few days after the University of the Philippines held its recognition ceremonies for 1983, a televised recognition ceremony held at the Meralco Theater showed Imee Marcos graduating, and being honored magna cum laude even though she had not actually graduated. The ceremony was pushed by her parents, Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos, who then controlled the Philippines under their conjugal dictatorship.[37][27] In the book Some Are Smarter Than Others published in 1991 and written by Ricardo Manapat, the author detailed, "It appeared that Imee never had the proper qualification to enter the school and that her name never appeared in the list of approved graduates nor among the candidates endorsed for graduation by a committee."[7] Marcos claimed in her curriculum vitae during her time at the House of Representatives that she graduated with a bachelor degree from the UP College of Law. She also falsely noted that she was cum laude.[32] In an e-mail with Rappler, UP Executive Vice President Teodoro Herbosa stated that: "There is no record of her graduation from UP [Diliman] nor any honors or academic distinctions received with the University Registrar's office".[38] A viral Facebook post later circulated in the social platform, claiming that Imee graduated from the University of the Philippines in 1983 as a 'class valedictorian'. The post included an alleged yearbook, which had Marcos in it.[39] The yearbook's authenticity was later proven to be false, as Marcos did not appear in any authenticated UP yearbook from 1983.[39] Coincidentally, Marcos' eldest son Borgy was also born in 1983, making it impossible for Marcos to graduate from UP Law on time.[40] According to former UP Law dean Froilan Bacungan in the book The Turning Point: Twenty-six accounts of February events in the Philippines:[41] {{quote|"There was indeed some kind of a ceremony held which looked as if she graduated. I was there. It was a little bit PR that, strictly speaking, we should not have participated in, It borders in fact on a little bit of misrepresentation. No less than the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court graced the occasion......I allowed her to enter the College of Law in spite of the fact that she couldn't present a certificate proving that she had a bachelor's degree which was the basic requirement... Imee had sounded very confident that she would submit the certificate. Maybe she was not telling the truth --- how can I know? Four years afterwards, when she could be considered for graduation, we discovered that she never submitted her [undergraduate] diploma. She was not given a bachelor of law degree and that meant she could not take the bar examination,"[41]}} Falsification of Master in Management degreeAfter Imee's third educational attainment claim was disproved, the Asian Institute of Management (AIM) refused to provide information on whether Marcos was enrolled or had graduated from their school, as Marcos has claimed through her government resume that she also earned a "MA Management and Business Administration (MA MBA)" from AIM. However, on March 22, 2019, the Registrar and Student Enterprise Director of the school, Bryan Magbutay, reiterated, "In our 50 years of providing world class programs we never offered an MA MBA,” effectively disproving Imee's claims.[42] Career under the Marcos administrationDeclaration of martial lawMarcos and her siblings (Ferdinand Jr. and Irene) were studying overseas before Marcos signed Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972. The siblings stayed there until they ended their studies, but would come home for Christmas and summer holidays using government funds.[43] She turned 17 less than two months after the declaration of Martial Law, and played various political roles - as chairperson of the Kabataang Barangay and as assemblyman to the Batasang Pambansa - before the People Power revolution deposed the Marcos administration in 1986, when she was aged 30. Administrative and political rolesKabataang BarangayAfter returning from Princeton, Marcos entered the world of politics as chairperson of the Kabataang Barangay—the youth organization that would eventually be replaced by the Sangguniang Kabataan—in 1977.[43] She was founding chair of the Kabataang Barangay Foundation from 1975 to 1986.[71] Assemblyman for Ilocos Norte to the Batasang PambansaOn June 30, 1984, she won a seat as one of two assemblyman to the Batasang Pambansa for Ilocos Norte (the other assemblyman was Antonio V. Raquiza). She formally held this role until the Batasang Pambansa was dissolved in the aftermath of the 1986 EDSA Revolution.[71] National Media Production Center and Experimental Cinema of the PhilippinesFrom 1979 to 1986, she was consultant to the minister of the National Media Production Center in Quezon City. From 1981 to 1986, she was director general of the Experimental Cinema of the Philippines (ECP).[44] She served as co-producer of the films The Boatman, Brutal, and Scorpio Nights, but was not listed as producer or co-producer of other ECP films.[45] In a 2002 interview with Philippine cinema academician Joel David, Marcos confirmed that she had "half-jokingly" named the “Experimental Cinema of the Philippines” as a reference to Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, the institution founded during the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini - a reference to a cinema institution put up under a prior dictatorship which Professor David surmised to also be a tease aimed at Imee's parents.[46] As the mid-1980s approached, the collapse of the Philippine economy forced government to reduce the budget of the ECP, and to raise funds, it began screening what critics deemed skin flicks, which were called "Bomba" or "Bold" films in the local slang.[76] At around this time, Imee Marcos promoted Johnny Litton, who had been deputy director general to chief executive officer of the ECP under her, and Litton's decision to screen extremely explicit films such as Scorpio Nights (Regal Films), Company Of Women (Athena Productions, Inc.) and Hubo (lit. "Naked" FLT Films International) were scored by industry critics. By 1985 ECP was producing "about twenty sexually exlplicit quickies" which they hoped to screen at the three screening rooms of the National Film Center. The films were assured of a neat profit despite the few screening venues.[47] Unexplained Marcos wealthThe Marcoses got much criticism during the last part of Ferdinand Marcos' reign because of their conspicuous spending,[2][48] which was far beyond their legal means, as expressed in the Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos' legally-required Statements of Assets Liabilities and Net Worth (SALN).[49][50] Some of the specific things Imee Marcos enjoyed were her own "Marcos Mansions" in Baguio and in the Metro Manila area,[2] and her own purchases of Marcos jewels just like her mother.[2][49] In one instance recounted by British journalist Caroline Kennedy, Imee Marcos effectively used Philippine Airlines flights as a courrier for breastmilk when she was travelling in Europe but had left her child in the Philippines. According to Kennedy, Imee had explained that she "expressed her milk every day and then Daddy sent a Philippine Airlines plane to wherever she was and it would bring the milk back."[2][49] Kennedy noted that this coincided with a time when many Europe-based Philippine expats complained of a lot of flight delays and cancellations.[49] All this was aside from the uber-VIP treatment that the Marcoses regularly received. For example, when Imee Marcos enrolled in the University of the Philippines, the university broke its own policy of not having airconditioned classrooms, and made sure the lecture halls Imee had classes in were equipped with AC.[48] Other roles before the 1986 revolutionOther media workFrom 1975 to 1986, Marcos produced the television shows Kulit Bulilit and Kaluskos Musmos.[51] She was also a consultant/writer of the Children's Television Workshop for Asia and New York (1977–1979).[51] Marcos was columnist of Manila Bulletin (then known as Bulletin Today) in Manila, publisher of the Filipino Film Review, publisher and editor of the Kabataang Barangay Foundation, Makati, Metro Manila, and special consultant to the chairperson of the board of BBC-2, RPN 9, and IBC 13.[44] She was also the producer of Metro Magazine (1975–1986).[51] Legal workMarcos also worked as counsel at the Center for Legal Aid at the U.P. College of Law, and consultant for corporate taxation for different real estate corporations, such as Independent Realty Corp., Anchor Corp., and Prime Holdings. Torture and murder of Archimedes TrajanoThe torture and killing of Archimedes Trajano was attributed to Imee Marcos, then the National Chairman of the Kabataang Barangay. "On August 31, 1977, Archimedes Trajano, a 21-year-old student of Mapua Institute of Technology, attended an open forum with Imee Marcos, 21-year-old daughter of the dictator. Her father had appointed her National Chairman of the Kabataang Barangay youth organization. When Trajano questioned her about her appointment, Imee apparently became irritated. Her guards seized Trajano and dragged him away. His body was found hours later: he had been severely tortured and beaten to death."[52] Nine years after the killing of Archimedes Trajano, his mother, Agapita Trajano, pressed charges against Imee Marcos and her accomplices for "false imprisonment, kidnapping, wrongful death, and a deprivation of rights" of her son. Marcos and her lawyers did not deny that Trajano was tortured—instead, they argued that as agents of the state, the soldiers who killed Trajano were immune from suit in a foreign state.[53] The Honolulu district court awarded $2.5 million in punitive damages, $1.25 million for mental anguish to Agapita Trajano and $246,966 in attorney's fees and costs against Imee Marcos for the murder of Archimedes Trajano, by Marcos's personal bodyguards.[54] Imee Marcos retaliated by saying, "Yes, Archimedes Trajano was tortured and killed but it's none of your business."[55] 1986 ouster, and life in exileIncreasing unrest springing from the economic collapse of the Philippines in the years after the assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino in 1983 came to a head in February 1986, when the EDSA Revolution succeeded in unseating the Marcoses from Malacañang palace.[56] Fearful of a scenario in which Marcos' presence in the Philippines would lead to a civil war,[56] the Reagan administration flew Marcos and a party of about 80 individuals[57] - the extended Marcos family and a number of close associates[58] - from the Philippines to Hawaii despite Marcos' objections.[56] Imee and her family were on the flight with her parents.[59] The exiles stayed at Hickam Air Force Base at the expense of the US Government. A month later, they moved into a pair of residences in Makiki Heights, Honolulu, which were registered to Antonio Floirendo and Bienvenido and Gliceria Tantoco.[57] Marcos would eventually die in exile in 1989.[60] President Corazon Aquino eventually allowed the Marcoses, including Imee, to return to the Philippines in order to face various charges.[61] News reports from the period record that Marcos supporters organized crowd from Manila's slums to welcome the Marcoses on their return.[61] Post-exile careerReturn to politicsTwelve years after her family's exile, Marcos returned to the world of politics. She ran as Congresswoman of the 2nd District of Ilocos Norte and won. She assumed office on June 30, 1998, and ended June 30, 2007. In the 2010 elections, she ran as governor of Ilocos Norte against her cousin, Michael Marcos Keon, who was the governor during that time. She defeated her cousin in the elections. Imee had 196,160 votes while her cousin, Gov. Michael had 86,005 votes. She assumed office on June 30, 2010. She was re-elected as governor in the 2013 polls, unopposed. On October 16, 2015, she filed as a candidate for her third and final term. She was reelected in the 2016 elections. During the 3rd Sulong Pilipinas Convention last 2016, President Rodrigo Duterte named Imee as one of his campaign contributors, saying that she borrowed money to fund his campaign. However, Duterte's Statement of Contributions and Expenditures (SOCE) does not include her as a donor. Imee denied the claim saying that she just helped him get votes from the Ilocos Region.[62][63] In 2018, she expressed her desire to run for senator "to bring back the Marcoses to Malacañang Palace one day."[64] On January 25, 2019, Marcos tweeted that Ilocos Norte's poverty incidence rate lessened under her governorship; however, the very same tweet showed poverty incidence rate actually increased during her rule. Poverty reduction rate was 17% in 2006, while it dropped to 5% in 2015.[65] The tweet was afterwards deleted.[66] Establishment of the Marcos political dynastyImee Marcos' entrance into politics, beginning with her term as congresswoman of the 2nd District of Ilocos Norte in 1998, saw her taking over the position previously held by her brother, Ferdinand Marcos Jr., who became governor of Ilocos Norte that same year.[112] In the context of their mother Imelda Marcos' similar return to politics as congresswoman in Leyte in 1995,[112] journalists and academics noted that the Marcoses had cemented a polittical dynasty after their return from exile,[114][67] despite the explicit anti-dynasty provision in Article II Section 26 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.[68] Saying that this was a common occurrence because of the way Philippne society is structured, Imee Marcos asserted in a November 2012 interview with the Sydney Morning Herald[114] that: {{quote|"It's pretty feudal in the Philippines still, even though we like to fool ourselves."[69]}} Political scientist Ramon Casiple, in an interview with the South China Morning Post,[70] noted:{{quote|“The Marcos support through the years is based on their maintaining the Marcos loyalists, largesse to Ilocos Norte bailiwick, and cultivating the myth of a golden era during the Marcos regime.”[70]}} Renegade and establishment of CREAMMarcos has been president and executive producer of Renegade Filmamakers since 1996.[51] In 2007, along with some industry luminaries, Imee Marcos established the Creative Media and Film Society of the Philippines (CREAM). A year after CREAM evolved into CREAM Content Distribution, Inc., a production company that specializes in animation, game and film production. She is currently the president of CREAM.[71] Unexplained wealthImee Marcos was named in the Offshore Leaks – Panama Papers,[72] along with her three sons, Fernando Martin, Matthew Joseph, Ferdinand Richard Michael,[73] her sister Irene Marcos,[74][75][76][77] her brother-in-law Gregorio Maria Araneta III,[77] and her estranged husband Tommy Manotoc's relatives Ricardo Gabriel Kalaw Manotoc and Teodoro Kalaw Manotoc.[78][79] According to records uncovered by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Imee and her three sons are beneficiaries of the Sintra Trust, which was formed in June 2002 in the British Virgin Islands. Other documents, the latest dated 2010, also name Imee as a financial adviser for the Sintra Trust as well as ComCentre Corporation, which was formed in January 2002 and is still in operation. She is also identified as a "master client" for the M Trust, which was formed in July 1997 and closed July 2009. However, these three offshore accounts do not appear in Imee's Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net worth (SALN).[80][73] The SALN is required of all public officials and employees, and should include all of the officials' assets and liabilities.[81] Misuse of tobacco funds{{Main|Ilocos Norte Tobacco Excise Tax funds controversy}}On March 2, 2017, House Majority Leader Rodolfo Fariñas, along with Pampanga representatives Aurelio Gonzales Jr. and Juan Pablo Bondoc, filed House Resolution 882, which requested the House Committee on Good Government to "conduct an inquiry" about the misues of PHP 66.45 million from Ilocos Norte's share of excise tax funds to obtain more than 110 units of motor vehicles. The resolution cited that the "highly irregular purchase" violated 2 republic acts—RA No. 7171, "An Act to Promote the Development of the Farmer in the Virginia Tabacco Producing Provinces," [82] and RA No. 9184, "Government Procurement Reform Act[83] --and 1 presidential decree: PD No. 1445, Government Auditing Code of the Philippines.[84][85] The investigation began on May 2, 2017.[86] The vehicles were said to be for distribution to the different baranggays and municipalities.[85] Marcos justified the purchase as a response to the multiple requests of farmers asking for vehicles,[87] although Fariñas had pointed out that RA 7171 does not include purchasing vehicles as a means to utilize the excise tax. He also pointed out that a baranggay captain from Laoag City received vehicles, despite the fact that there are no tobacco farms in that area.[86] Other baranggay captains have also complained that the vehicles were not duly registered under the Land Transportation Office (LTO), or filed as government property, so costs for oil and gas could not be reimbursed by the baranggay budget.[88] On July 24, 2017 hearing, six local officials confessed that they have access to tobacco excise tax funds used to pay 70 mini-trucks.[89] Pedro Agcaoili, Eden Batulayan, Josephine Calajete, Encarnacion Gaor, Genedine Jambaro, and Evangeline Tabulog[90] also acknowledged that their signatures were written on pertinent documents, a fact that they had previously denied.[91] Marcos also admitted that the said mini-trucks were bought from a direct contractor, and was not up for public bidding, as was the protocol when government property is procured.[89] Upon continued investigation and hearings, the House committee discovered that all the purchased vehicles "were overpriced by PHP21,450,000."[92][93] The direct contractor who sold 40 units of mini cab was identified as Mark Chua, who is also currently Marcos' long-time boyfriend, who overpriced the mini cabs by PHP7,800,000 overall.[92][93] The committee also verified the complaints from baranggay captains that the vehicles did not have registrations from the LTO. Committee Report No. 638 therefore concluded and recommended that charges be filed against Marcos, Chua, and several local officials.[92] As of July 2018, another "fact-finding investigation" initiated by the Office of the Ombudsman is underway. If they find enough cause, the Ombudsman will then open a formal investigation.[94] As beneficiaries of illegal Swiss foundationsIn the conviction of her mother Imelda Marcos for seven counts of graft in November 2018,[95] the Sandiganbayan anti-graft court found that illegal Swiss foundations were used to earn from investments and interests to benefit Imelda and Ferdinand Marcos and their beneficiaries Imee Marcos, Bongbong Marcos, and Irene Marcos-Araneta.[96] The Sandiganbayan's 5th Division convicted former Imelda Marcos for creating and maintaining seven private foundations in Switzerland while holding government positions from 1968 to 1986. The Imee and her siblings were named as beneficiaries of two of the illegal foundations: the Trinidad Foundation and the Xandy Foundation.[96] 2019 Senatorial campaignIn 2018, she expressed her desire to run for senator "to bring back the Marcoses to Malacañang Palace one day."[64] She filed her certificate of candidacy on October 16, 2018, accidentally arriving at the same time as human rights advocate Chel Diokno, who was also filing his candidacy.[97] Because Chel Diokno's crowds supported his human rights advocacy, political chants quickly transitioned into protest chants concerning the Marcos martial law legacy, including the traditional protest chants "Never Again to Martial Law" and "Marcos Hitler Diktador Tuta!" (Marcos: Hitler, Dictator, Lapdog").[98] Imee Marcos did not acknowledge either Chel Diokno or the protest chants of his supporters.[97] On November 10, 2018, the anti-graft court Sandiganbayan found that she and her siblings benefited from the illegal Swiss foundations that her mother, Imelda Marcos, created and maintained.[99][100] On November 25, 2018, Marcos said that she intends to 'help' coco farmers once elected;[101] however, she dodged questions regarding her family's involvement in the Coco Levy Fund scam, which used coco farmers to enrich the Marcos family and its cronies.[102] Despite the senatorial campaign not yet in effect, Marcos began a premature[103] senatorial campaign in numerous provinces. In her campaigns, she noted that she was a graduate of Princeton University in the United States.[104] However, Princeton deputy university spokesperson Michael Hotchkiss stated that Imee's claim was false and completely fabricated, as she never graduated from Princeton University.[28][6] In another campaign meet-up, Marcos stated that she was "too young" to have any power during her father's dictatorship, and that she should not be blamed for the things she did due to her youth. However, records show that she was already 30 years old when her family was ousted from power in 1986.[169][170] On January 17, 2019, the government of Cebu City took down political tarpaulins of Marcos that she ordered to be installed in the city during the Sinulog Festival. The city government criticized Marcos for 'politicizing' a religious festivity.[105] On January 25, 2019, Marcos tweeted that Ilocos Norte's poverty incidence rate lessened under her governorship; however, the very same tweet showed poverty incidence rate actually increased during her rule. Poverty reduction rate was 17% in 2006, while it dropped to 5% in 2015.[106] The tweet was afterwards deleted.[107] At the same time, Imee's claim that she was a cum laude from the University of the Philippines Diliman was found to be fabricated. UP Executive Vice President Teodoro Herbosa noted that "there is no record of [Imee's] graduation from UPD (University of the Philippines Diliman) nor any honors or academic distinctions received with the University Registrar's office."[7] During a February 9, 2019, senatorial debate, Marcos called on the government to remove term limits in elections, sparking criticism.[108] Term limit removal was used by her father, the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos, in the 1970s which led to a 21-year brutal regime.[108] On March 6, 2019, amid Imee's fake degrees controversy, President Duterte's daughter, Sara Duterte, backed Marcos, stating, "Honesty should not be an election issue," effectively yielding to Imee's fabricated claims.[109] Marcos has also claimed she graduated from Santa Catalina School as "class valedictorian" for more than four decades. In March 21, 2019, Santa Catalina School assistant head of school John Aimé disproved Imee's claims, stating: '[Imee Marcos] attended our school for a brief period in the fall of 1972, she is not a graduate.'[8] After Imee's third educational attainment claim was disproved, the Asian Institute of Management (AIM)'s Registrar and Student Enterprise Director, Bryan Magbutay, reiterated, "In our 50 years of providing world class programs we never offered an MA MBA,” effectively disproving Imee's fourth educational attainment claim.[110] Party affiliationShe formerly belonged to the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, or KBL, the political party of her father.[17] Subsequently, she joined the alliance of the Nacionalista Party of Manny Villar in support of her mother and her brother. She is the sister of former Senator Bongbong Marcos. Martial law revisionismAs with other Marcos family members who have stayed in the public eye since their return to the Philippines,[111][112][183] Imee Marcos has received significant criticism[184] for instances of historical revisionism, and the denial or trivializing of the human rights violations and economic plunder that took place during the Marcos administration, and of the role she played in the administration.[113][114] Prominent examples of statements by Imee Marcos which have received such criticism include her 2016 statement that she was "too young" to have any power during her father's administration (although she was already 31 years old in 1986),[115] and her 2018 assertion that critics should just "move on" regarding the crimes and excesses of the martial law era.[170] "Move on from torture, corruption and murder" commentOn August 21, 2018, the anniversary of the assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. who had flown back to the Philippines to face her father, Imee Marcos told Filipinos to "move on" from the abuses, murders and massacres during her father's dictatorship. Imee Marcos stated "The millennials have moved on, and I think people at my age should also move on as well".[116] To this, various sectors of the youth protested, releasing statements such as "She has no right to claim what our stand is on the issue. Not in our name, Imee Marcos," "The millennials, the youth in general, have not moved on and we will never move on from the Marcoses’ crimes against the Filipino people. Not until justice has been served to the thousands of Filipinos who were killed, abducted and tortured under their reign, we will not move on",[117] "Binubuo pa lang ako ng magulang ko may utang na ako. Paano ako nagmo-move on Imee Marcos?" (I was still being formed by my parents in the womb, already I had debts. How can I move on, Imee Marcos?),[118] "When your family’s in jail, when you return what you stole, when Marcos is taken out of Libingan ng mga Bayani, then we move on," and "The gall of Imee Marcos to ask why many have not “moved on” from the turbulent past they caused is like asking someone who got robbed to just think of the stolen item as donation. Sauli nyo mga ninakaw nyo! (Return what you stole!)"[119] In a statement before media, Marcos said "...what I've heard is that there are calls for an apology tantamount on admission, which we would never do" and stated that she didn't know what her family should admit to in the first place.[120] Family denialImee Marcos denies that human rights abuses occurred during her family's regime and called them political accusations.[121] In a press briefing, she said "Kung ang dinedemand ay admission (of guilt) ay palagay ko hindi pwede 'yun." (If what is demanded is an admission of guilt, I don't think that's possible) When asked why, she replied: "Bakit kami mag-aadmit sa hindi namin ginawa?" (Why would we admit to something we did not do?) She then falsely claimed: "As we all know, these are political accusations that have not been proven in court."[121] She was convicted before a U.S. district court through the 1993 Trajano v. Marcos case (978 F 2d 493).[122][123][52] Personal lifeMarcos is the eldest daughter of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Romuáldez Marcos. Her siblings are, Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., Irene Marcos-Araneta, and Aimee Marcos. She also has a number of half-siblings who are not as known by the public at large.[124][2] This includes three siblings which her father had with Carmen Ortega of the Ortega clan of La Union, who was his common-law wife before he married Imelda Romuáldez as a political strategy.[125][124] Imee Marcos was married to golfer and former professional basketball coach Tommy Manotoc, but their marriage was controversial as the Philippines has no divorce law and Manotoc was still married to Aurora Pijuan at the time, officially making Marcos a mistress.[126] Marcos and Manotoc have three sons: Fernando Martín ("Borgy"), a commercial model and club DJ; Ferdinand Richard Michael ("Mike"), a lawyer; and Matthew Joseph ("MJ"), a sports agent and the Senior Provincial Board Member (2nd district) of Ilocos Norte since June 30, 2016.[127][51] She has two stepchildren through her marriage to Manotoc, including ABS CBN reporter and news anchor TJ Manotoc.[128] Since her legal separation from Manotoc, Marcos has been in a long-term relationship with Singaporean businessman and resident Mark Chua, since the 1990s.[129] Marcos and Chua have been linked to the 64.5 million peso Ilocos Norte Tobacco Excise Tax Funds Scandal.[130][131] References1. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2019/214440-video-crowds-comelec-jeer-at-imee-marcos-loyalists-shout-back |title=WATCH: Comelec crowds jeer at Imee Marcos, loyalists shout back |work=Rappler |access-date=November 5, 2018 |language=en}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Manapat, Ricardo (1991) Some Are Smarter Than Others. Aletheia Press. 3. ^1 Mendoza, Meynardo. "Is Closure Still Possible for the Marcos Human Rights Victims?" Social Transformations: Journal of the Global South 1, no. 1 (2013): 127. doi:10.13185/st2013.01106. 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/660226/ombudsman-investigating-imee-marcos-p66-45-m-tobacco-excise-tax-mess/story/|title=Ombudsman investigating Imee Marcos, P66.45-M tobacco excise tax mess|publisher=|access-date=September 3, 2018}} 5. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/11/22/16/no-martial-law-babies-imee-bongbong-held-key-posts-under-dads-rule |title=No 'Martial Law' babies: Imee, Bongbong held key posts under dad's rule |last=Punzalan |first=Jamaine |date=2016-11-22 |work=ABS CBN News and Public Affairs |access-date=2019-02-08}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//newsbreak/fact-check/221395-false-imee-marcos-princeton-degree|title=FALSE: Imee Marcos 'earned degree from Princeton'|first=Mara|last=Cepeda|date=|website=Rappler|access-date=March 22, 2019}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//newsbreak/fact-check/222831-imee-marcos-record-up-college-law-graduated-cum-laude|title=FALSE: Imee Marcos ‘graduated cum laude from UP College of Law’|first=Janella|last=Paris|date=|website=Rappler|access-date=March 22, 2019}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//newsbreak/fact-check/226319-imee-marcos-class-valedictorian-santa-catalina-school-california|title=FALSE: Imee Marcos was ‘class valedictorian’ from California boarding school|first=Mara|last=Cepeda|date=|website=Rappler|access-date=March 22, 2019}} 9. ^https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/22/19/imee-marcos-aim-degree-true-or-false 10. ^{{Cite news |url=http://mobile.interaksyon.com/politics-issues/2018/10/16/136029/chel-diokno-and-imee-marcos-file-candidacies-at-the-same-time/ |title=Chel Diokno and Imee Marcos file candidacies at the same time - Interaksyon |last=Madarang |first=Catalina Ricci S. |date=October 16, 2018 |work=Interaksyon |access-date=November 5, 2018 |language=en-US}} 11. ^{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=isF30B-VCH0C&pg=PA369&lpg=PA369&dq=trajano+v+marcos+sovereign&source=bl&ots=RgyfeO3MZe&sig=2xMhtK4x77laFkrdEN5OccOnaVs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiV8NLk54zeAhWMp48KHUR8BC8Q6AEwB3oECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=trajano%2520v%2520marcos%2520sovereign&f=false |title=International Human Rights Litigation in United States Courts |last=Stephens |first=Beth |date=January 1, 2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=1571053530 |language=en}} 12. ^{{Cite journal |last=Steinhardt |first=Ralph G. |year=1995 |title=Volume 20 Issue 1 Article 3 1995 Fulfilling the Promise of Filartiga: Litigating Human Rights Claims Against the Estate of Ferdinand Marcos |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com.ph/&httpsredir=1&article=1656&context=yjil |format=PDF |journal=Yale Journal of International Law |volume=20 |issue=1}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/search?c=PHL&cat=1&e=&q=manotoc&utf8=%25E2%259C%2593|title=Search results for “manotoc” - ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database|author=|date=|website=offshoreleaks.icij.org|access-date=March 22, 2019}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//nation/216289-imelda-marcos-guilty-of-graft-sandiganbayan-orders-arrest|title=Imelda Marcos guilty of 7 counts of graft; court orders her arrest|first=Lian|last=Buan|date=|website=Rappler|access-date=March 22, 2019}} 15. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/07/10bn-dollar-question-marcos-millions-nick-davies|title=The $10bn question: what happened to the Marcos millions?|last=Davies|first=Nick|date=7 May 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=26 May 2018|issn=0261-3077}} 16. ^{{Cite book|title=Through the Years, PCGG at 30: Recovering Integrity –A Milestone Report|publisher=Republic of the Philippines Presidential Commission on Good Government|year=2016|location=Manila}} 17. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/cv/marcoscv.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224170710/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/cv/marcoscv.pdf |archive-date=December 24, 2005 |title=Curriculum Vitae: Hon. Imee R. Marcos |publisher=Republic of the Philippines House of Representatives}} 18. ^Ferdinand Edralin Marcos www.op.gov.ph Retrieved November 24, 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123025144/http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_marcos.asp |date=January 23, 2009 }} 19. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0545905/bio Biography for Imelda Marcos] www.imdb.com Retrieved November 24, 2006. 20. ^Imee Marcos (Filipinas, November 1999, by Marites N. Sison). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422103213/http://www.imeermarcos.com/contents_articles/content-art-filipinasimee.html |date=April 22, 2007 }} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//newsbreak/fact-check/221395-false-imee-marcos-princeton-degree|title=FALSE: Imee Marcos 'earned degree from Princeton'|first=Mara|last=Cepeda|date=|website=Rappler|access-date=March 22, 2019}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//newsbreak/fact-check/222831-imee-marcos-record-up-college-law-graduated-cum-laude|title=FALSE: Imee Marcos ‘graduated cum laude from UP College of Law’|first=Janella|last=Paris|date=|website=Rappler|access-date=March 22, 2019}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//newsbreak/fact-check/226319-imee-marcos-class-valedictorian-santa-catalina-school-california|title=FALSE: Imee Marcos was ‘class valedictorian’ from California boarding school|first=Mara|last=Cepeda|date=|website=Rappler|access-date=March 22, 2019}} 24. ^https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/22/19/imee-marcos-aim-degree-true-or-false 25. ^1 2 {{Cite news |title=Imee Marcos’ Princeton years controversial |last=Horowitz |first=Cindy |date=March 2, 1986 |work=Asbury Park Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=23284345 |page=4}} 26. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Eid |first1=Karolen |title=Filipino governor, senate candidate falsely claims to have graduated from U. |url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2019/02/filipino-governor-senate-candidate-falsely-claims-to-have-graduated-from-u |publisher=The Daily Princetonian |date=February 26, 2019}} 27. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite magazine |date=October 18, 2018 |title=As Imee Marcos Guns for a Senate Seat, the Internet Casts Doubt on Her University Years |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/politics/imee-marcos-princeton-up-law-school-college-graduate-a00203-20181018 |magazine=Esquire Magazine Philippines |access-date=October 30, 2018}} 28. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |last1=Malasig |first1=Jeline |title=The case of Imee Marcos and her Princeton years resurfaces |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/rumor-cop/2018/10/23/136365/imee-marcos-degree-princeton-university/ |publisher=Interaksyon |date=October 23, 2018}} 29. ^{{cite news |last1=Klein |first1=Richard |title=Dear Brooke: Here's the Lowdown on Coping With Your New Role as a Princeton Freshman |url=http://theprince.princeton.edu/princetonperiodicals/?a=d&d=TownTopics19830831-01.2.60&srpos=31&e=-------en-20--21--txt-txIN-imee+marcos------ |publisher=Town Topics |date=August 31, 1983}} 30. ^1 2 {{Cite news |url= https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/221395-false-imee-marcos-princeton-degree |title= FALSE: Imee Marcos 'earned degree from Princeton' |last1=Cepeda |first1=Mara |date=2019-01-20 |website=rappler.com |archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url= |access-date=2019-01-20}} 31. ^{{Cite web |url=https://imeemarcos.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/IRM_CV-compressed.pdf |title=Governor Imee R. Marcos (IRM CV Compressed) |date=November 2018 |website=imeemarcos.ph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228050342/https://imeemarcos.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/IRM_CV-compressed.pdf |archive-date=December 28, 2018 |dead-url=Yes |access-date=December 28, 2018}} 32. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Marcos |first1=Imee R. |title=Curriculum Vitae, Hon. Imee R. Marcos, Representative, 2nd District, Ilocos Norte |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224170710/http:/www.congress.gov.ph/download/cv/marcoscv.pdf |website=www.congress.gov.ph |publisher=House of Representatives of the Philippines |access-date=February 6, 2019}} 33. ^{{cite news |last1=Marcos |first1=Imee |title=DZMM TeleRadyo: MESSAGE 'SEN' - Imee Marcos, may sagot sa netizens |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRvB88wIcBE&t=149 |publisher=DZMM TeleRadyo |date=December 13, 2018}} 34. ^Original Filipino quote: Yes, tama po. Talagang it's the season, talagang eleksyon na eleksyon na kahit hindi pa nagdedeklara ang Comelec, ginawa rin yan kay Bongbong at sa iba pang mga ah nakikilala natin na, my record speaks for itself. Palagay ko, performance man lang, eh, makikita naman natin, na alam naman natin ang ginagawa at marami naman tayong natulungan. Higit sa lahat, marami tayong solysyon na maidudulot at nakakatulong sa nakararami. Naniniwala ako na ito ang unang henerasyon na talagang tayo puedeng magtapos na ng gutom at kahirapan. Nandiyan na ang siyensiya, ang agham para sa agrikultura, nandiyan na rin sa medisina para walang nang namamatay sa infections at iba pang sakit. So wala na tayong excuse, nandiyan pa ang big data at technology para ma-monitor ang bawat isa sa mahihirap sa Pilipinas. Tapusin natin ang kahirapan sa dekadang ito. 35. ^{{cite news|url= https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/21/18/viral-princeton-graduate-imee-marcos-dodges-question | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181221112751/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/21/18/viral-princeton-graduate-imee-marcos-dodges-question}} 36. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/trends-spotlights/2018/12/21/141018/imee-marcos-avoided-answering-direct-question-graduated-princeton-university/| archive-url=https://archive.is/16grq}} 37. ^1 2 {{cite news |last1=de la Cerna |first1=Madrileña |title=A taste of fake news |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/147322/taste-fake-news |publisher=Cebu Daily News |date=September 17, 2017}} 38. ^{{cite news |last1=Paris |first1=Janella |title=FALSE: Imee Marcos ‘graduated cum laude from UP College of Law’ |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/222831-imee-marcos-record-up-college-law-graduated-cum-laude |publisher=Rappler |date=February 6, 2019}} 39. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Madarang |first1=Catalina Ricci S. |title=No record, yearbook entry for Imee Marcos’ graduation at UP |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/rumor-cop/2019/02/22/144607/imee-marcos-graduation-up-record-yearbook/ |publisher=Interaksyon |date=February 22, 2019}} 40. ^{{cite news |last1=Viray |first1=Patricia Lourdes |title=Viral UP Law yearbook with Imee Marcos not from 1983 |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/06/1899168/viral-law-yearbook-imee-marcos-not-1983 |publisher=The Philippine Star |date=March 6, 2019}} 41. ^1 {{cite news |title=Imee Marcos' UP law 'grad' a 'PR' stunt, late UP law dean's account shows |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/02/19/imee-marcos-up-law-grad-a-pr-stunt-late-up-law-deans-account-shows |publisher=ABS-CBN News |date=March 2, 2019}} 42. ^{{cite news |last1=Sabillo |first1=Kristine |title=Imee Marcos’ AIM 'degree': True or false? |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/22/19/imee-marcos-aim-degree-true-or-false |publisher=ABS-CBN News |date=March 22, 2019}} 43. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.imeermarcos.com/articles.html |title=Special Report: Imee Marcos |first=Tati V. |last=Cruz |work= The Leader |date=September 2002 |volume =1 |issue=3 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124163926/http://www.imeermarcos.com/articles.html |archive-date=November 24, 2006}} 44. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.i-site.ph/Databases/Congress/13thHouse/personal/marcos-personal.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20060719184130/http://www.i-site.ph/Databases/Congress/13thHouse/personal/marcos-personal.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 19, 2006 |title= Marcos, Ma. Imelda Romualdez |publisher=Congress, 13th House Database}} 45. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/rumor-cop/2018/11/02/137290/imee-marcos-claims-she-produced-of-himala-and-oro-plata-mata/ |title=Imee Marcos claims she produced 'Himala' and 'Oro, Plata, Mata' - Interaksyon |last=Malasig |first=Jeline |date=November 2, 2018 |work=Interaksyon |access-date=November 5, 2018 |language=en-US}} 46. ^{{Cite paper |last=David |first=Joel |title=THE COLD WAR AND MARCOS-ERA CINEMA IN THE PHILIPPINES |url=http://images.gmanews.tv/pdf/aseanconf/DAVID%20Joel.pdf |journal=Conference on Dynamics of Cold War culture in East Asia: Cultural changes in the region during the Cold War in the 1960s-70s and cultural politics of the nation-state |type=Conference Paper |publication-place=Sungkonghoe University, Seoul |publication-date=April 2007}} 47. ^1 Devera, Jojo. "ECP And The Filipino Films Of The 80's". Sari-Saring Sineng Pinoy. https://archive.is/aUVQ 48. ^1 Seagrave, Sterling. 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Of course not, says FVR|last=Placido|first=Dharel|date=November 21, 2016|website=ABS-CBN News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-09}} 116. ^1 2 {{cite news |last1=Villamor |first1=Felipe |title=Ferdinand Marcos’s Daughter Tells Filipinos to ‘Move On’ Beyond Father’s Misdeeds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/22/world/asia/imee-marcos-ferdinand-marcos-philippines.html |publisher=The New York Times |date=August 22, 2018}} 117. ^{{cite news |last1=Mateo |first1=Janvic |title=Millennials tell Imee Marcos: 'No, we haven’t moved on' |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/08/24/1845306/millennials-tell-imee-marcos-no-we-havent-moved-on |publisher=The Philippine Star |date=August 24, 2018}} 118. ^{{cite news |last1=Malasig |first1=Jeline |title=These millennials didn’t take that ‘millennials have moved on’ remark well |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/millennials-imee-marcos-move-on-remark/ |publisher=Interaksyon |date=August 23, 2018}} 119. ^{{cite news |last1=Vergara |first1=Robert |title=Imee Marcos draws ire for 'move on' remark |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/08/22/imee-marcos-move-on-draws-ire.html |publisher=CNN Philippines |date=August 23, 2018}} 120. ^{{cite news |last1=Lalu |first1=Gabriel Pabico |title=Imee Marcos apologizes to people ‘inadvertently’ hurt during father’s rule |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1026884/imee-marcos-apologizes-to-people-inadvertently-hurt-during-fathers-rule |publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=August 31, 2018}} 121. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Cathrine |title=Imee says HR abuses during father’s rule are just ‘political accusations’ |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1043463/imee-says-hr-abuses-during-fathers-rule-are-just-political-accusations |publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=October 16, 2018}} 122. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=isF30B-VCH0C&pg=PA369&lpg=PA369&dq=trajano+v+marcos+sovereign&source=bl&ots=RgyfeO3MZe&sig=2xMhtK4x77laFkrdEN5OccOnaVs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiV8NLk54zeAhWMp48KHUR8BC8Q6AEwB3oECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=trajano%2520v%2520marcos%2520sovereign&f=false|title=International Human Rights Litigation in United States Courts|first=Beth|last=Stephens|date=January 1, 2008|publisher=BRILL|access-date=March 22, 2019|via=Google Books}} 123. ^https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?httpsredir=1&article=1656&context=yjil 124. ^1 Pedrosa, Carmen. The Untold Story of Imelda Marcos 125. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/08/26/15/romance-began-deception|title=A romance that began with deception|first=By Buddy|last=Gomez|date=|website=ABS-CBN News|access-date=March 22, 2019}} 126. ^{{cite news |last1=Hollie |first1=Pamela G. |title=MARCOS SON-IN-LAW ISSUES AN APOLOGY |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/10/world/marcos-son-in-law-issues-an-apology.html |publisher=The New York Times |date=February 10, 1982}} 127. ^{{Cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/philippines/imelda-s-daughter-laments-there-are-no-granddaughters-to-inherit-imeldific-shoes-1.993884 |title=Imelda's daughter laments there are no granddaughters to inherit Imeldific shoes |last=Dacanay |first=Barbara Mae |date=March 14, 2012 |work=GulfNews |access-date=August 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702030131/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/philippines/imelda-s-daughter-laments-there-are-no-granddaughters-to-inherit-imeldific-shoes-1.993884 |archive-date=July 2, 2015 |dead-url=No}} 128. ^{{cite news |last1=Babao |first1=Cathy |title=TJ Manotoc is all right–but it wasn’t an easy journey |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/284855/tj-manotoc-alright-wasnt-easy-journey/ |date=2018-01-23}} 129. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/184715-mark-chua-imee-marcos-ilocos-norte-funds-contempt|title=House panel cites Imee Marcos' Singaporean boyfriend in contempt|work=Rappler|access-date=August 24, 2018|language=en}} 130. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//nation/183293-ilocos-norte-tobacco-funds-mark-chua-imee-marcos|title=Mark Chua, Imee boyfriend, still a no-show in House hearing|first=Bea|last=Cupin|date=|website=Rappler|access-date=March 22, 2019}} 131. ^{{cite web|url=https://northluzon.politics.com.ph/imees-bf-mark-chua-started-p64-5m-tobacco-scam/|title=Imee's BF, Mark Chua, started P64.5M tobacco scam|author=|date=October 9, 2017|website=politics.com.ph|access-date=March 22, 2019}} Further reading
External links{{commonscatinline}}
26 : 1955 births|Living people|Princeton University alumni|Filipino exiles|Ateneo de Manila University alumni|Governors of Ilocos Norte|Women members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|Marcos family|Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Ilocos Norte|Nacionalista Party politicians|Kilusang Bagong Lipunan politicians|People from Ilocos Norte|Filipino politicians of Chinese descent|Filipino politicians of Japanese descent|Filipino people of Spanish descent|Ilocano people|People from Mandaluyong|Children of Presidents of the Philippines|Romualdez family|Manila Bulletin people|People named in the Panama Papers|20th-century women politicians|21st-century women politicians|Members of the Batasang Pambansa|Women provincial governors of the Philippines|Imee Marcos |
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