“Inclosure Acts”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Inclosure Acts^[1] were a series of Acts of Parliament that empowered enclosure of open fields and common land in England and Wales, creating legal property rights to land that was previously held in common. Between 1604 and 1914, over 5,200 individual enclosure acts were passed, covering {{convert|6.8|e6acre|ha km2}}.^[2]

History

Prior to the enclosures in England, a portion of the land was categorized as "common" or "waste" or not in use. "Common" land was under the control of the lord of the manor, but a number of rights on the land (such as pasture, pannage, or estovers) were variously held by certain nearby properties, or (occasionally) held in gross by all manorial tenants. "Waste" was land without value as a farm strip – often very narrow areas (typically less than a yard wide) in awkward locations (like cliff edges, or inconveniently shaped manorial borders), but also bare rock, and so forth; "waste" was not officially used by anyone, and thus was often cultivated by landless peasants^[3].

The remainder of the land was organised into a large number of narrow strips, with each tenant possessing a number of disparate strips throughout the manor, as would the manorial lord. Called the open field system, it was administered by manorial courts, which exercised some kind of collective control^[3]. Thus what might now be considered a single field, would under this system have been divided among the lord and his tenants; poorer peasants (serfs or copyholders, depending on the era) would be allowed to live on the strips owned by the lord, in return for cultivating his land.^[4] This system facilitated common grazing and crop rotation.^[4]

Any particular individual might possess several strips of land within the manor, often separated by some distance from one another. In search of better financial returns, landowners looked for more efficient farming techniques^[5]; enclosure Acts for small areas had been passed sporadically since the 12th century, but with the rise of new agricultural knowledge and technology in the 18th century, they became more commonplace. Because tenants (even copyholders) had legally enforcable rights on the land, substantial compensation was provided to extinguish them; as a result, many tenants were active supporters of enclosure, but the Acts enabled landlords to force reluctant tenants to comply with the process.

With legal control of the land, landlords utilised innovations in methods of crop production, increasing profits and supporting the Agricultural Revolution; the higher productivity also enabled landowners to justify higher rents for the people working the land. In 1801, the Inclosure (Consolidation) Act was passed to tidy up previous acts. In 1845, another General Inclosure Act allowed for the appointment of Inclosure Commissioners who could enclose land without submitting a request to Parliament.

The tenants displaced by the process often left the countryside to work in the towns. This contributed to the industrial revolution – at the very moment new technological advances required large numbers of workers, a concentration of large numbers of people in need of work had emerged; the former country tenants and their descendants became workers in industrial factories within cities^[6].

List of acts

See also

Notes

1. ^"Inclosure" is an old or formal spelling of the word now more usually spelled "enclosure". Both spellings are pronounced {{IPAc-en|ᵻ|n|ˈ|k|l|oʊ|ʒ|ər}}.
2. ^{{cite web|title=Enclosing the Land|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/landscape/overview/enclosingland/|work=www.parliament.uk|accessdate=12 December 2013}}
3. ^¹{{cite journal |last=Clark|first=Gregory |author2=Anthony Clark|title=Common Rights to Land in England|journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=December 2001| volume=61| issue=04| page=1009-1036| doi=10.1017/S0022050701042061 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=104888&jid=JEH&volumeId=61&issueId=04&aid=104887&bodyId=&membershipNumber=&societyETOCSession= |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|title=open-field system|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/429652/open-field-system/ |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
5. ^{{cite journal |last=Motamed |first=Mesbah J. |author2=Raymond J.G.M Florax |author3=William A. Masters |title=Agriculture, Transportation and the Timing of Urbanization: Global Analysis at the Grid Cell Level |date=October 31, 2013| pages=4 |url=http://sites.tufts.edu/willmasters/files/2010/07/MFM_GeographyUrbanization_Rev31Oct2013.pdf |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
6. ^{{cite web |title=Enclosing the Land |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/landscape/overview/enclosingland/ |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
7. ^The Short Titles Act 1896, section 2(1) and second schedule

References

History

List of acts

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links