“Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone (Alexander Augustus Frederick William Alfred George; born Prince Alexander of Teck; 14 April 1874 – 16 January 1957), was a British Army commander and major-general who served as the fourth Governor-General of the Union of South Africa and as Governor General of Canada, the 16th since the Canadian Confederation.

Prince Alexander was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of Teck and was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In 1904, he married Princess Alice of Albany and rose in the military ranks through his service in African campaigns of the First World War, receiving numerous honours and decorations.

A cousin and also brother-in-law of King George V, he in 1917 relinquished his German titles, including that of Prince of Teck in the Kingdom of Württemberg, and was elevated to the peerage as the Earl of Athlone. He was in 1923 appointed as South Africa's governor-general by the King, on the recommendation of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Stanley Baldwin, to replace Prince Arthur of Connaught, and he occupied the viceregal post until succeeded by the Earl of Clarendon in 1930. Athlone then served as Chancellor of the University of London until, in 1940, he was appointed as Canada's governor general by King George VI,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] on the recommendation of Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King, to replace Lord Tweedsmuir, and he occupied the post until succeeded by Viscount Alexander of Tunis in 1946. Athlone helped galvanise the Canadian war effort and was a host to British and American statesmen during the Second World War.

After returning to the United Kingdom, Athlone sat on the organising committee for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. He died at Kensington Palace in 1957 and was interred in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore.

Early life, education, and military career

Prince Alexander of Teck was born at Kensington Palace on 14 April 1874,^[5] the fourth child and third son of Prince Francis, Duke of Teck, and Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck. Although his mother was a granddaughter of King George III and first cousin to Queen Victoria, Athlone, as the son of a prince of Teck in Württemberg, was styled from birth as His Serene Highness and held the title Prince Alexander of Teck.^[5]^[6] He was known, however, to his family and friends as Alge, derived from the first two letters of Alexander and George,^[7] and was characterised as a meticulous individual with a quick, but short-lived, temper and an ability to be cautious and tactful.^[7]

When Prince Alexander was nine years old, his parents fled the United Kingdom for continental Europe to escape their high debts. They stayed there for two years. The Prince remained at Eton College before moving on to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.^[6] In October 1894, having completed his officer's training, Prince Alexander was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 7th Queen's Own Hussars,^[6]^[8] and shortly after served in the Second Matabele War. He was mentioned in despatches during the conflict and, after its cessation, was appointed on 8 December 1898 by Queen Victoria as a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.^[9] He received a promotion to lieutenant in June 1899 and to captain the following April.^[10]^[11] For his actions in the Second Boer War, Alexander was in April 1901 appointed by King Edward VII as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order.^[12]

The announcement came on 16 November 1903 that Prince Alexander had become engaged to his second cousin once removed,^[13] Princess Alice of Albany, daughter of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, and thus a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and niece of the then soon-to-be Governor General of Canada, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. The two were wed at St. George's Chapel, in Windsor Castle, on 10 February 1904 and,^[5]^[6] six days later, in celebration of the wedding, the Prince was promoted to the grade of a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order.^[14] The couple thereafter had three children: Princess May of Teck, born 1906; Prince Rupert of Teck, born 1907; and Prince Maurice Francis George of Teck.^[15]^[16] Maurice, however, lived only for less than six months, between 29 March and 14 September 1910.

In the same year Prince Alexander was appointed Chairman of Middlesex Hospital.^[7]

First World War

Prior to the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, Prince Alexander, who had been promoted to major in January 1911 and was a brevet lieutenant-colonel commanding the 2nd Life Guards,^[17] was nominated by the British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith to serve as Governor General of Canada. However, the Prince was called up for active service with his regiment,^[18] taking him to battle in France and Flanders. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, with the temporary rank of brigadier-general, in December 1915.^[19] at the same time he was serving as the head of the British Mission to the Belgian Army.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} For his service on the battlefields, in June 1917 Prince Alexander was appointed by his brother in law, King George V, as a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.^[20]

During the war, anti-German sentiment throughout the British Empire led the King to change the name of the royal house from the Germanic House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the more English House of Windsor, while simultaneously renouncing all Germanic titles for himself and all members of the Royal Family. Through a royal warrant issued on 14 July 1917, Alexander, along with his brother, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Teck, similarly relinquished all of his German titles, styles, and honours, choosing instead the name of Cambridge, after his grandfather, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge.^[21] Alexander was then known simply as Sir Alexander Cambridge (being entitled to the honorific Sir through his knighthoods in the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of the Bath), until, on 7 November 1917, the King created him Earl of Athlone and Viscount Trematon.^[22] Athlone had declined a marquessate, as he thought the title did not sound British enough. Athlone's wife retained her royal style and title, while their surviving children became the Lady May Cambridge and Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon. Rupert was to inherit the title of Earl of Athlone, but he died on 15 April 1928, ten days shy of his twenty-first birthday, meaning the third creation of the title became extinct with the death of the first earl.

Post-war career and Governor-General of the Union of South Africa

Following the cessation of hostilities in Europe in 1918, Athlone was promoted to the brevet rank of colonel in June 1919, and retired from the army that November, with the honorary rank of brigadier-general.^[23]^[24] He took up posts in the civilian world, continuing at Middlesex Hospital. Because of his experience there, he was appointed in 1921 to chair an investigative committee on the needs of doctors. Known as the Athlone Committee, its work resulted in the creation of post-graduate schools for medical education and research,^[7] such as the Royal Postgraduate Medical School at Hammersmith Hospital and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. In March 1922, he was promoted to the rank of colonel in the Regular Army Reserves, retaining his honorary rank of brigadier-general,^[25] and, in 1937, was appointed chair of a committee of inquiry into the arrangements for "recruitment, training and registration and terms and conditions of service" for nurses.^[26]

For their London residence, the Athlones used the grace and favour apartments of Princess Alice's mother, the late Duchess of Albany, in the Clock House at Kensington Palace and, in 1923, they acquired a country residence, Brantridge Park, in West Sussex.^[27]

In December of the same year, Athlone was appointed by the King as both an honorary major-general and as the Governor-General of the Union of South Africa,^[7] replacing his wife's cousin, Prince Arthur of Connaught.^[28] He arrived in Pretoria in January 1924 and was immediately at work with his viceregal duties, opening the newly finished parliament building, just weeks before his South African prime minister, Jan Smuts, suddenly advised him to prorogue the legislature.^[29]

In the ensuing election—the running of which forced Athlone to cancel the planned tour of Prince Edward, Prince of Wales^[29]—the National Party won a majority of seats in the National Assembly, meaning Athlone appointed the party's leader, James Barry Munnik Hertzog, as his new prime minister. At the time, Afrikaner nationalism was increasing in the dominion, and Hertzog was a republican who promoted the secession of South Africa from the British Empire. As such, he proposed the country adopt its own flag over the Union Flag. Athlone, however, proved sympathetic and tactful, and resolved the issue by advancing a flag that was unique to South Africa, but which still contained the Union Flag within it, despite opposition from numerous Afrikaners. He also gained popularity with South Africans of all races through his frequent tours of the country,^[7] performing a number of ceremonial duties, including opening Pioneer Park in Johannesburg.^[30]

For his service to the Crown in South Africa, Athlone was appointed by George V as a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter, on 17 April 1928,^[31] and, upon his return to the UK, was made on 4 August 1931 the Governor and Constable of Windsor Castle.^[32] The following year, he was also selected as the Chancellor of the University of London, which post he held until 1955.^[33]

In January 1939, Athlone was appointed president of The Football Association.^[34] The move represented the first time the FA had appointed someone that was not a football administrator to the position.^[35]

Governor General of Canada

In Canada in the late 1930s, there had been calls from government circles and the media alike for the King to appoint a Canadian-born individual as governor general. However, with the rush to fill the post after the unexpected death of the incumbent viceroy, Lord Tweedsmuir, and with the country embroiled in the Second World War, Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King advised King George VI that the time was not right for such a change in viceregal tradition.

Instead, it was George's uncle, the Earl of Athlone, whose name Mackenzie King put forward and the Earl accepted.{{#tag:ref|his appointment was formally made on 2 June 1940 by commission under the king's royal sign-manual and signet.^[33]^[36]}} Subsequently, Athlone, along with his wife and his aide-de-camp, Alastair Windsor, Earl of Macduff,{{#tag:ref|Lord Macduff (originally Prince Alastair of Connaught), who would succeed to the title of Duke of Connaught and Strathearn in 1942, was the grandson of the previous Governor General of Canada, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, and the son of former South African governor general Prince Arthur of Connaught. He died at Rideau Hall in 1943.|group=n|name=Capt}}^[37] voyaged to Canada to take up his position, their liner using a submarine-evading zig-zag pattern across the Atlantic Ocean to Halifax, Nova Scotia.^[38] After travelling on to Ottawa by train, Athlone was sworn in during a ceremony in the Senate chamber on 21 June 1940. The Athlones' three grandchildren, Anne, Richard, and Elizabeth, lived with them in Canada for the duration of the war.^[39]

Athlone immediately made himself active in the support of the war effort, travelling across the country and focusing much of his attention on the troops, either those training at military facilities or those injured and in hospital. Viewing his position as governor general as a link between Canadians and their monarch, Athlone also communicated in speeches that the King stood with them in their fight against Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime.^[33]

The war was brought close to home for the Athlones also because many of those belonging to displaced European royal families sought refuge in Canada and resided at or near the royal and viceroyal residence, Rideau Hall. Among the royal guests were Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway; Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix of Luxembourg; King Peter of Yugoslavia; King George of Greece; Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Austria) and her daughters; as well as Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and her daughter, Princess Juliana.^[40] Further, in December 1941, British prime minister Winston Churchill arrived at the residence, where he presided over British Cabinet meetings via telephone from his bed.^[41]

It was Athlone's duty to play host at Quebec City to his prime minister, still Mackenzie King, as well as Churchill and United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt, who all gathered to take part in what would become known as the Quebec Conferences, with the first taking place between 17 and 24 August 1943 at the viceregal residence in La Citadelle, and the second occurring from 12 to 16 September 1944 at the Château Frontenac. It was at these meetings that the four men discussed the Allied strategies that would eventually lead to victory over Nazi Germany and Japan. When Germany fell on 8 May 1945 and Japan on 15 August of the same year, Athlone led the national celebrations held on Parliament Hill and elsewhere. He thereafter spoke in speeches about Canada's future being marked not by war but by a strong role in reconstruction and reconciliation.^[33]

During his time as the Canadian viceroy, Athlone also lent his status to various charitable and other social events, and mounted a number of activities of his own, such as tobogganing parties and skating lessons on the grounds of Rideau Hall, as well as skiing in Gatineau Park. When he departed Canada at the end of his time as the King's representative, Athlone left as a legacy the Athlone-Vanier Engineering Fellowship, awarded by the Engineering Institute of Canada.^[33]

Post-viceregal life

After Lord Athlone's replacement as governor general was appointed on 21 March 1946, he returned to the United Kingdom to retirement, taking up residence again in a grace and favour apartment at Kensington Palace and, on 1 September of that year, resigning as colonel of the 7th Queen's Own Hussars.^[42] He did not completely remove himself from public activity, however, and was, along with his Canadian viceregal successor, Lord Alexander of Tunis, appointed to the committee charged with organising the coronation in 1953 of Athlone's great-niece, Queen Elizabeth II,^[43] and continued to sit as Chancellor of the University of London until 1955.^[33]

The Earl of Athlone died at Kensington on 16 January 1957, and he was interred in the Royal Burial Ground at Frogmore.

Titles, styles, honours, and arms

Titles and styles

Honours

Honorary military appointments

Honorific eponyms

Arms

Ancestry

See also

Notes

1. ^{{citation|last=Galbraith |first=William |title=Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit |journal=Canadian Parliamentary Review |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=7–9 |publisher=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association |location=Ottawa |year=1989 |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/12/3/12n3_89e.pdf |accessdate=14 December 2009 |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5lMOJu1h1?url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/12/3/12n3_89e.pdf |archivedate=17 November 2009 |df=dmy }}
2. ^{{cite news| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gZpTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VjgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1321,2215340&dq=george-vi+king-of-canada&hl=en| last=Wayling| first=Thomas| title=George VI Becomes King of Canada| date=22 May 1939| newspaper=The Leader-Post| accessdate=23 July 2013}}
3. ^{{cite news| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=883&dat=19390512&id=muFOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XUwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1846,4234628| title=George IV, Dominion Will See First 'King of Canada'| date=12 May 1939| newspaper=The Canadian Jewish Chronicle| accessdate=23 July 2013}}
4. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.thespec.com/opinion-story/2110530-this-jubilee-day-is-also-a-sad-anniversary/| last=Tidridge| first=Nathan| title=This Jubilee day is also a sad anniversary| date=5 February 2012| newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator| accessdate=23 July 2013}}
5. ^¹²{{cite book| last=Eilers| first=Marlene A.| title=Queen Victoria's Descendants| publisher=Genealogical Publishing Co.| year=1987| location=Baltimore| page=215| isbn=978-0-938311-04-1}}
6. ^¹²³{{cite book| last=Cokayne| first=G. E.|author2=et. all| title=The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant| publisher=Alan Sutton Publishing| year=2000| location=Gloucester| volume=XIII| page=258| isbn=978-0-904387-82-7| ref=CITEREF_Cokayne_2000}}
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web| url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/~lysic/1920s/athlonelord.htm| title=Earl of Athlone (1874–1957)| publisher=University of Warwick| accessdate=25 March 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090416061942/http://www.warwick.ac.uk/~lysic/1920s/athlonelord.htm| archivedate= 16 April 2009 | deadurl= no}}
8. ^{{London Gazette| issue=26563|page=5929| date=23 October 1894}}
9. ^{{London Gazette| issue=27032|page=8045| date=13 December 1898}}
10. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27106|page=4895|date=8 August 1899}}
11. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27180|page=2283|date=6 April 1900}}
12. ^{{London Gazette| issue=27306|pages=2707–2710| date=19 April 1901}}
13. ^{{London Gazette| issue=27616|page=7013| date=16 November 1903 |supp=y}}
14. ^{{London Gazette| issue=27647|page=1013| date=16 February 1904}}
15. ^{{Harvnb| Cokayne| 2000| p=259}}
16. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10094.htm#i10093| title=Person Page – 10094 > Prince Maurice| publisher=Peerage.com| accessdate=25 July 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110715233739/http://www.thepeerage.com/p10094.htm| archivedate= 15 July 2011 | deadurl= no}}
17. ^{{London Gazette| issue=28466|pages=1238–1238| date=17 February 1911}}
18. ^{{cite web| first=Bede| last=Clifford| title=Cambridge, Alexander Augustus Frederick William Alfred George, earl of Athlone (1874–1957)| work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2004| url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32255| accessdate=31 March 2008| doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32255}}
19. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29433 |supp=y|page=435|date=7 January 1916}}
20. ^{{London Gazette| issue=30111|pages=5458–5459| date=1 June 1917 |supp=y}}
21. ^{{London Gazette| issue=30374|pages=11592–11594| date=9 November 1917}}
22. ^{{London Gazette| issue=30374| date=9 November 1917|page=11594}}
23. ^{{London Gazette|issue=31395|page=7421|date=6 June 1919}}
24. ^{{London Gazette|issue=31630 |supp=y|page=13522|date=4 November 1919}}
25. ^{{London Gazette|issue=32626 |supp=y|page=1796|date=1 March 1922}}
26. ^{{cite book |last1=Abel-Smith |first1=Brian |title=A History of the Nursing Profession |date=1975 |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=9780043532003 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Lm2vJQAACAAJ&dq=Abel-Smith,+Brian+(1960).+A+History+of+the+Nursing+Profession.+London:+Heinemann.+p.+145&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo7Iyv99rfAhVii1QKHYgQCU4Q6AEIOjAD |language=en}}
27. ^{{cite book| last1=Aronson| first1=Theo| title=Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone| date=1981| publisher=Cassell| location=London| isbn=0304307572| page=123| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mBnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22brantridge+park%22&dq=%22brantridge+park%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi43J72xojNAhVOOFIKHWI9AXIQ6AEITTAF|accessdate=2 June 2016}}
28. ^{{London Gazette|issue=32884|page=8329|date=30 November 1923}}
29. ^¹{{cite journal|title=U.S.A. Crisis |journal=Time |volume=III |issue=16 |publisher=Time Inc. |location=New York |date=21 April 1924 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,929273,00.html |issn=0040-781X |accessdate=25 March 2009 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329081604/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C929273%2C00.html |archivedate=29 March 2009 |deadurl=no }}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jhbcityparks.com/find-a-park/wemmer-pan/pioneer-park.html |title=Wemmer Pan/Pioneer Park |publisher=Johannesburg City Parks |accessdate=19 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229134724/http://www.jhbcityparks.com/find-a-park/wemmer-pan/pioneer-park.html |archivedate=29 December 2008 }}
31. ^{{London Gazette| issue=33376| date=17 April 1928|page=2737}}
32. ^{{London Gazette| issue=33741|page=5110| date=4 August 1931}}
33. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|url=http://www.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/athlone_e.asp |last=Office of the Governor General of Canada |title=Governor General > Former Governors General > Major General The Earl of Athlone |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |accessdate=24 March 2009 |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090211100844/http://www.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/athlone_e.asp |archivedate=11 February 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
34. ^{{cite news|title=Earl of Athlone President of F.A.| newspaper=The Straits Times| date=24 January 1939| page=19| url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19390124-1.2.125| via=National Library Board Singapore}}
35. ^{{cite news| title=Uncle of the King as president of F.A.| newspaper=Morning Tribune| date=11 February 1939| page=4| url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/morningtribune19390211-1.2.99.13| via=National Library Board Singapore}}
36. ^[https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/canada-gazette/093/001060-119.01-e.php?document_id_nbr=8482&image_id_nbr=322970&f=g&PHPSESSID=idq65j9rj8eld16j94haa74jk1 Canada Gazette, volume 74, number 2, 13 July 1940, page 55]
37. ^{{cite book| last=Hubbard| first=R.H.| title=Rideau Hall| publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press| year=1977| location=Montreal and London| isbn=978-0-7735-0310-6| ref=Hubbard}}
38. ^{{harvnb| Hubbard| 1977| p=196}}
39. ^{{cite journal |title=Life Calls on the Earl of Athlone |journal=Life |date=August 7, 1944 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=94–97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-04EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94&dq=earl+of+athlone&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiiisau1ITdAhUkTd8KHSlVBd4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=24 August 2018}}
40. ^{{harvnb| Hubbard| 1977| p=201}}
41. ^{{Harvnb| Hubbard| 1977| p=202}}
42. ^{{London Gazette| issue=37706| date=27 August 1946|page=4347}}
43. ^{{London Gazette| issue=39578| date=20 June 1952|page=3395}}
44. ^{{London Gazette| issue=27702|page=5047| date=5 August 1904}}
45. ^{{London Gazette| issue=28505| date=16 June 1911|page=4592 |supp=y}}
46. ^{{London Gazette| issue=32877| date=6 November 1923|page=7547}}
47. ^{{London Gazette| issue=34300|page=4155| date=30 June 1936}}
48. ^{{London Gazette| issue=33731|page=4241| date=30 June 1931}}
49. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Dodds | first1 = E. C. | authorlink1 = Charles Dodds| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1957.0001 | title = Alexander, Earl of Athlone 1874-1957 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 3 | pages = 1–21 | jstor = 769348| year = 1957 | pmid = | pmc = }}
50. ^{{London Gazette| issue=34119|page=7| date=28 December 1934| supp=y}}
51. ^{{London Gazette| issue=29312|page=9642| date=1 October 1915}}
52. ^{{London Gazette| issue=29486|page=2075| date=22 February 1916|supp=y}}
53. ^{{London Gazette| issue=29854|page=12039| date=8 December 1916 |supp=y}}
54. ^{{London Gazette| issue=30476|page=827| date=14 January 1918|supp=y}}
55. ^{{London Gazette| issue=30638|page=4716| date=16 April 1918|supp=y}}
56. ^{{London Gazette| issue=28380|page=3859| date=31 May 1910| |supp=y}}
57. ^¹²{{cite web| url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/about-org-structure/governor-general.page| author=Government of Canada| title=Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=November 20, 2017}}
58. ^¹{{cite web| url=http://athlonebursaries.yolasite.com/who-we-are.php/| title=Who We Are| publisher=Athlone Institute Bursary Project Fund| accessdate=29 July 2017}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.athloneboys.co.za/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113071107/http://www.athloneboys.co.za/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=13 November 2010 |title=Athlone Boys School |publisher=Athlone Boys School |accessdate=2 October 2014 }}