| 词条 | ITV Central |
| 释义 |
| name = ITV Central | logo = ITV Central 2013.svg | logo_size = 150 | logo_alt = | logo caption = | image = ITV Central 2015 locator map.svg | image_size = 150 | image_alt = | caption = | type = Region of television network | branding = ITV | country = England | airdate = {{start date and age|1982|1|1|df=yes}} | available = | founded = | founder = | motto = | slogan = | tvtransmitters = Sutton Coldfield, Waltham, Ridge Hill, The Wrekin (formerly Oxford, Lichfield, Membury) | license_area = | headquarters = Birmingham | broadcast_area = Midlands | area = | nation = | regions = | owner = ITV plc | parent = | key_people = | established = | launch_date = | dissolved = lost on-air identity on {{End date|2002|10|27|df=y}} (now known as ITV at all times) | former_names = Central Independent Television (1982–1999) Carlton Central (1999–2004) | Picture format = 1080i HDTV, downscaled to 9 576i for SDTV | affiliation = ITV | groups = | former_affiliations = | webcast = | website = {{URL|http://www.itv.com/news/central/}} | language = English | replaced = ATV | replaced_by = | subsidiary = | footnotes = }} ITV Central, previously known as Central Independent Television, Carlton Central and popularly shortened to Central Television and Central, is the Independent Television contractor for the Midlands,[1] and was created following the restructuring of ATV and commencing broadcast on 1 January 1982. The station is owned and operated by ITV plc, under the licensee of ITV Broadcasting Limited. History{{Further|Timeline of Central Independent Television}}During the 1970s ATV, the previous Midlands licence holder, had often been criticised for its lack of regional output and character. Although ATV had purpose-built a modern colour production complex in the centre of Birmingham, most of its major productions were recorded at its main studios at Elstree in Hertfordshire, a legacy of when the company also served London at the weekends prior to 1968. Equally, its corporate headquarters were in central London. ATV attempted to address its problem in 1980 as part of its franchise re-application; with plans for a second major facility in the area (to be based in Nottingham) and as part of the Independent Broadcasting Authority plan for the contract to be a dual region, providing separate news coverage for both the East and the West Midlands. The company name would also be changed from ATV Network Limited to ATV Midlands Limited, thus reinforcing the greater regional focus. The IBA accepted ATV's assertion that ATV Midlands Ltd planned to take a more local identity, and awarded the contract to ATV Midlands Ltd on the basis that further changes were to be implemented, including that the parent company Associated Communications Corporation would divest 49% of its shareholding in ATV Midlands Ltd in an attempt to introduce local shareholders and that ATV Midlands Ltd's registered office should be within the region. To demonstrate this change of share structure, the IBA insisted that ATV change its company name, to show that it was a substantially new company due to the requirements of a dual region.[2][3] Reputedly, around the time of the franchise changing hands, a local businessman registered dozens of company names (some of which included the words "Central" and "Television"), in the hope of being offered substantial financial compensation to relinquish the rights to one of these, if chosen by the new company. Central got around this by simply inserting "Independent" into their name on registering it (something the businessman had not thought of).[4] LaunchThe station opened transmission at 9:25 am on Friday 1 January 1982 with an authority announcement by duty announcer Su Evans, followed by an extended 5-minute promo entitled Welcome to Central, voiced by Peter Wheeler, previewing the company's network and regional programming and the schedule for the first day of transmission.[5] Central initially ran a sole pan-regional service from Birmingham, as a result of an industrial dispute which prevented its East Midlands service from Nottingham commencing before September 1983. The split allowed Central to serve the West Midlands with its own service from Birmingham.[6] There were few differences between the East and West sub-regions, but each had its own news service, advertisements, and during the early years of operation, continuity. This would lead to the BBC launching its own sub-regional service for the East Midlands during the 1980s, which became a region in its own right in January 1991, with the launch of East Midlands Today. OperationsBy March 1984, the reorganisation of the company was complete, allowing pre-tax profits to double from £3.5 million to £6.5 million in its first two financial years.[7] Shortly afterwards, Zenith Productions was established as a subsidiary of Central Television, which produced programming for the UK and the USA – most famously including the company's television adaptations of the Inspector Morse novels.[8] Central's interests in on-screen fiction saw the company buy the Korda Film Library in 1986.[9][10] In January 1987, Central acquired the European division of the American production company Filmfair for £1.5million,[11] which went on to produce several of the station's networked children's series before being sold onto the Storm Group (Caspian) in 1991.[12][13] On the same day, Central brought a stake in Starstream, who co-founded and operated The Children's Channel – the 22% stake was sold in November 1991 to United Artists Cable International (formerly a subsidiary of United Artists Theatres, the parent company now a division of Regal Entertainment Group, and the former cable company merged into TCI, the predecessor of Liberty Media). A few months later, Central became the first ITV station to broadcast its own overnight service, including short news bulletins, imported output and the long running Jobfinder service – launched in 1986 in partnership with the Manpower Services Commission – which went on to run for 17 years and won a Royal Television Society award. Central was also awarded the Queen's Award to Industry for Export twice, for selling its range of programming to over 80 countries around the world, in April 1987[14] and April 1989[15][16] Under its growing business portfolio, Central created CTE (Central Television Enterprises) in December 1987 and opened international bureaux in Hamburg, New York City and Sydney for sales, sponsorship and newsgathering operations. CTE, the company's key international distributor of programming, would later represent output sales for HTV, Meridian and Carlton,[17] who took over Central in 1994. In 1989, the company founded Zodiac Entertainment – an American entertainment firm specialising in the production and distribution of animated cartoons. Central invested $35 million in the company before deciding to discontinue its production business in 1994, leaving Zodiac to become a distributor. Also in 1989,[18][19] Central established Television Sales and Marketing Services Ltd (TSMS), a joint venture with Anglia Television providing airtime sales and program sponsorships, in part to recover production costs.[20] In March 1994, Anglia acquired Central's stake in the company to take full control with Central moving over to Carlton's sales department.[21] In March 1990, Central formed a partnership with The Observer newspaper to create Central Observer, making environmental themed films for British Satellite Broadcasting and terrestrial channels, with funding from the charity Television Trust for the Environment.[22] Central was unopposed in retaining its franchise in 1993, which allowed the company to bid only a token £2,000 a year (just over £5 a day)[23][24] – though the company stressed the need to cut more jobs to become more cost efficient,[25] as the company had agreed to pay 11% of their annual advertising revenue on top of their winning bid. The station's workforce was reduced to 1500 by 1990 and then to 900 by the start of 1992 – less than half of the payroll Central had employed in 1987. Central also profited from the auction after Meridian, a consortium in which Central held a 20% stake, won the franchise to serve the South and South East of England.[26][27] Post-1993, the company's ITV network presence was further strengthened when it took over commissioning, presentation and compliance responsibility for a number of continuing Thames Television productions, such as Count Duckula, The Tomorrow People, This Is Your Life, Des O'Connor Tonight, Mr. Bean, Minder, Strike It Lucky and Wish You Were Here. By April 1993, with the added increase of 8.8% in advertising revenues to £250 million and its income from programme sales rising to £83.4 million, Central became the most successful ITV company after the start of the new franchises.[28] Ownership and takeoverAlthough the IBA required 49% of the new station to be owned locally by companies and individuals,[29] the take-up was nowhere near as expected, leaving companies outside the region to buy shares including DC Thomson (15%), Ladbrokes (10%), Pergamon (9%) and British Rail (2%). Shortly after the station began broadcasting, Australian entrepreneur Robert Holmes à Court – via his Bell Group – started the process of acquiring ACC, but was halted by the IBA, since the law prohibited foreign companies from controlling British television companies.[30] By March, a rival bid from Gerald Ronson's Heron Corporation also entered the race to takeover ACC.[31][32] In April 1982, ACC was taken-over by Robert Holmes à Court,[33] with the IBA approving the deal in June on condition that ACC's 51 percent stake in Central be put in trust, thus divesting ACC of all voting power until it had reduced its shares in the broadcaster.[34] By January 1983, 167 staff had bought shares in the station for a £1 each as part of an innovative shareholding scheme to help offload shares to local people in the Central region.[35] In May 1983, ACC finally sold off its stake in Central – Sears Holdings purchased 20%[36] while Ladbrokes and DC Thomson also increased their stakes to 20% each, and Pergamon took its ownership to 12.5%, with 27.5% being held by single stakeholders.[37] In March 1987, Carlton Communications acquired 20 per cent of Central from Ladbrokes for £30million[38] which finally gave Carlton its first stake in a terrestrial broadcasting company, after a bid to buy Thames Television was blocked by the IBA two years beforehand.[39] In January 1994[40] Central was bought in its entirety by Carlton for £750 million[41][42] The new owners later restructured the company further by combining Central's operations into one and moving its Birmingham studios to a smaller complex elsewhere in the city centre. Network programmes were now classed as Carlton UK Productions and around 140 jobs were lost from the downgraded Birmingham operation.[43][44] On 6 September 1999, the station was rebranded on-air as Carlton Central, though the registered company name remained Central Independent Television Limited. The new identity, produced by Lambie-Nairn was also used on Central's sister stations in the London and Carlton Westcountry regions. Only the "Carlton" name was used on air, however Central's regional news programmes retained the "Central" brand. With the merger of Carlton and Granada on 2 February 2004, the brand became ITV1 Central. It is currently owned by ITV plc and on 29 December 2006, the registered company name was changed from Central Independent Television Ltd to ITV Central Ltd. This company is, along with most other regional companies owned by ITV plc, listed on www.companieshouse.gov.uk as a "Dormant company". IncidentsOn 5 April 2005, it was revealed ITV Central could be fined by regulator Ofcom for broadcasting a pre-recorded late Central News bulletin for the East Midlands. The regulator later permitted ITV to pre-record some regional news bulletins shortly before transmission.[45] On 15 July 2008, the station was fined £25,000 for contempt of court.[46][47] Studios{{main article|Gas Street Studios|Carlton Studios, Nottingham}}Initially, Central inherited ATV's Broad Street studios, ATV Centre, which was renamed Central House when the contractor changed its name – they were retained as Central's headquarters, West Midlands studios and transmission facilities until 1997. Upon winning the franchise, Central decided to construct new studios for its East sub-region, based in Lenton Lane, Nottingham – the new complex was to be called 'East Midlands Television centre'.[48] Up until the studios were opened, Central's East Midlands operations were based on an industrial estate at Giltbrook, near Eastwood on the outskirts of Nottingham. A temporary radio link from Giltbrook to the Waltham transmitter via BT Bowman/Sheriff (Nottingham) Telephone Exchange provided the contribution feed into the studio/transmission network. The Nottingham studios were to be staffed by employees originally based at Elstree, which led to many problems due to the relocation, including industrial action, which resulted in a long delay for the promised separate news service for the East Midlands until September 1983.[49] The Nottingham studio complex finally opened in January 1984, followed by an official opening by the Duke of Edinburgh on 2 March 1984 [50] Five years later, Central opened a computerized news centre in Abingdon for the launch of its third sub-region, serving the South Midlands.[51] Central News South was broadcast from the Abingdon studios, supplemented by news bureaux in Aylesbury, Gloucester and Swindon. The Broad Street studios in Birmingham – which were rented – came under Central's ownership in November 1991, by which time, its network and large scale programming capability had been transferred to Nottingham, scaling down the Birmingham operation to providing Central News West, regional programming and presentation operations, including those for CITV.[52] In 1994, Central's new owners Carlton acquired land on nearby Gas Street to begin work on building a new, smaller digital studio complex. The new centre was completed in 1997, when Central West's regional news department moved from its Broad Street base, which was eventually demolished during the spring of 2015 to make way for the new 'Arena Central' development."[53] Having been one of the first fully computerised news programmes, Central News South was again a pioneer of new technology when, in the Spring of 2001, state-of-the-art Quantel digital video servers and edit suites were installed, along with a complete re-fit of camera and VTR equipment, placing Central South at the forefront of digital news-gathering in regional news. In February 2004, ITV plc announced plans to close and sell the Lenton Lane production centre in Nottingham with over 350 jobs being axed in the process[54] Following the closure of the studios, a new news-gathering centre was established in the city, but production and transmission of Central News East moved to the Birmingham studio in Spring 2005. The former studio complex is now part of The University of Nottingham and is known as 'King's Meadow Campus'.[55] It still maintains one Studio (Studio 7), and this is rented out to television and film companies, generating income for the University. In October 2004, ITV plc closed Central's presentation/transmission department and moved transmission to the Northern Transmission Centre in Leeds. Although there was heavy opposition, the role of presentation and transmission at Birmingham had been significantly reduced after network presentation was centralised to LNN in London in 2002 and so there was an inevitability that this function would be moved out. CITV (Children's ITV), which had been presented by Central since 1983, was also re-homed to Granada's studios in Manchester, with all content pre-recorded and with out-of vision presentation. A documentary about the Broad Street studios was later released on DVD in October 2011. Entitled 'From ATVLand In Colour' (referring to the nickname used on Tiswas, and the building being purpose-built by ATV for colour broadcasting), the documentary featured presenters, actors, announcers and behind-the-scenes staff talking about their time working in the studios, and the programmes that were made there by Central, and predecessor ATV.[56] The five-part documentary, produced by ATVLAND Productions, was followed up in November 2012 by From Headlines to Tight Lines, a DVD on the history of the regional news magazine programme ATV Today. ITV have since also sold the Gas Street office building to Cube Real Estate, a commercial property developer, which has refurbished the interior of the building. While Central maintains office space and a single ground floor studio, the other studio and floors are available to rent as office space. The property is marketed as '22 Gas Street'. Sub-regionsCentral currently operates two sub-regions:
Initially, as a result of a long-running industrial dispute, Central broadcast a single pan-regional news service from Birmingham. The East Midlands service of news, local advertisements and presentation was launched in September 1983, leaving the Birmingham-based service to adopt its focus on the rest of the region. In January 1989, Central launched a third sub-region for the South Midlands (the Oxford and Ridge Hill transmitters previously served by Central West), carrying its own news service and local advertisements. The Central South region was disbanded in December 2006 after 17 years in operation – with the eastern half of the area merging with Meridian's North region to form an ITV Thames Valley region.[57] At the same time, ITV West's broadcast footprint was expanded to cover North Gloucestershire from the West's Bristol studios, while Herefordshire re-joined Central News West from Birmingham. While all Thames Valley news programmes were broadcast from Meridian's studios in Whiteley in Hampshire, Central's former Abingdon base was retained as a newsgathering centre. Further changes in February 2009 saw the end of wholly separate programmes for Central's East and West sub-regions. The pan-regional service currently includes a short six-minute opt out within the 6pm programme and separate late night bulletins for the two areas. In the former Central South area, ITV's Thames Valley operations were fully merged with those in Meridian's South sub-region[58][59] and its former territory – including Oxfordshire, Swindon and Buckinghamshire – was formally transferred to the Meridian region when the regional licence was renewed in 2014. On 23 July 2013, proposals for a more localised Channel 3 news service were approved by Ofcom – ITV News Central extended the East and West opt-out services from six minutes to twenty minutes during the half hour 6 pm programme, in addition to separate lunchtime and weekend bulletins for the two sub-regions.[60] In the former Thames Valley region, plans were approved for a ten-minute opt out within the 6pm edition of ITV News Meridian for the south of England. IdentityGlobe: 1982–85Upon launch, Central's on screen presentation featured a sphere (which resembled a moon or a total eclipse) which would burst open with light, before reforming, accompanied by a light jingle, but was dropped and revised during 1983, so the moon ident would just appear of darkness with the colour spectrum appearing to its left hand side.[62][63] This ident was dropped locally in 1985, but remained on the front and end of networked programmes until August 1988. Although the symbol is well known as the "globe", Russ J Graham of Transdiffusion said the ident passes through several stages that make the viewer wonder "what is it?", before "revealing nothing", noting he thought of it as an egg, but noted it was apparently based on a UFO hovering over the midlands.[64] Cake: 1985–98On 2 September 1985, a new presentation package was launched, which saw the moon redesigned into a three-dimensional shape. It was initially used solely for regional continuity purposes, but by 1986, it became an ident in its own right. It did not appear as a pre-programme front ident on network programming from Central, however, it having only been adopted for branding network programmes in April 1988, a few months after pre-programme ITV idents were dropped. The new logo was a circle in shape, but with a curved line running down the left hand side and five horizontal lines dividing the sphere up into twelve segments. The left six segments were coloured red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple and the whole symbol was computer animated. The symbol, nicknamed "The Aspirin", or more popularly The Cake, would have a variety of form ups, mainly involved with bringing the segments together or applying the colour to the symbol. The soundtrack was the same composition, but played in a variety of different ways.[65] On 25 April 1987,{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} a new promotional package was introduced with a new slogan Let's Get Together.[66] Central also adopted the ITV 1989 generic look as another ident to use alongside the Cake. The generic ident was used in its raw form, with altered music, and as part of another ident giving greater emphasis to the cake but was dropped a year later.[65] Between 1985 and 1997, well over 10,000 different sequences were made by Central's Presentation team in Birmingham, including break bumpers, idents, "next" animations and trail designs, which give the channel a wider range of presentation than any other British television station. The last batch of Cake idents to be created was introduced on 6 January 1997, in which the cake became more abstract with both more advanced computer graphics used and more live action models & sequences (including a physical neon sign version).[65] Central: 1998–99The cake lasted 12 years before being replaced on 20 April 1998,{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} by adapting a version of the idents used by Carlton who had been using since 25 November 1996. This featured the name Central in the font Gill Sans in centre screen against a bright and colourful background. The idents featured a 2D animation of either the letters interacting in some way, a letter being replaced with another object, or the word being part of a larger scene, such as a cross word of place names in the region. The look was discontinued on 5 September 1999.[65][67] Carlton: 1999–2002{{main article|Carlton Television#1999}}Central adopted the Carlton 'Star' branding on 6 September 1999, shortly before much of the network adopted the second generic look under the theme of 'Hearts'. The Carlton idents featured an opening film featuring a heart at the end, before a star shaped light came from the heart, engulfing the screen, and showing the endboard, which featured a background of spinning stars in different colours with the brand name centre screen above an ITV logo. The ident itself technically was praised, however the presentational package received complaints and criticisms due to the fact that the Central brand was replaced by the Carlton brand. These idents only featured the Carlton name on screen but the announcements that featured with idents used the name "Carlton for the Central Region" and separate continuity was retained.[67][68] ITV CentralOn 11 August 2001, the ITV1 brand was formed in which replaced the 'ITV' on the Carlton idents. As the ITV1 idents began to be used on their own more and more, and Carlton and Granada owned all the franchises in England and Wales, Carlton and Granada decided to axe regional branding, and replace it with a full-time ITV1 identity. Before regional programmes, the logo 'ITV1 Carlton' was used, until late 2003, when they were known as 'ITV1 for Central England'. The regional idents were gradually phased out, and by 2006, on most days, the only regional branding was for the regional news. In November 2006, the Central name was retired, when regional idents were axed. It would then be known as just ITV1 at all times. The Carlton brand continued to be seen on production captions until February 2004, when the caption A Carlton Production or A Carlton Production for Central England being used. This was replaced, following the merger of Granada plc and Carlton Communications to form ITV plc, with an ITV regional logo featuring the word Central below the ITV logo. Today, the majority of productions have been moved away from the Midlands region, and any productions are accredited to ITV Studios.[68] On 14 January 2013, the station's on-air identity reverted to ITV, along with all other ITV plc-owned franchises. ProgrammesTaking over from ATV as one of the 'Big Five' of ITV companies, Central performed strongly on networked output, carrying on several ATV shows, most notably the soap-opera Crossroads and game shows including Bullseye and Family Fortunes. Original programming included comedy series such as Auf Wiedersehen, Pet (more recently revived by the BBC) and the multi award-winning Spitting Image,[69][70] drama series Boon and game shows such as The Price is Right and Blockbusters. Perhaps the station's most successful drama title was its adaptations of the Inspector Morse novels, produced by its subsidiary Zenith Productions. Central also produced the critically acclaimed film Walter – starring Ian McKellen – for Channel 4's first night of transmission. Less successful was one of Central's first networked contributions – the Tiswas spin-off O.T.T., which drew high viewing figures but also heavy criticism for its racy adult content. It was axed after one series and replaced by a low-budget sequel entitled Saturday Stayback. The company also attracted ire with the 1987 sitcom Hardwicke House (starring Roy Kinnear) about an anarchic comprehensive school. The first two episodes received so much public condemnation that the remainder were never transmitted. Central also formed numerous international partnerships to produce major drama and documentary series – including Legacy of Civilization with Maryland Public Television, Nuclear Age with WGBH-TV (another key PBS affiliate) and NHK[20] and Edens Lost (1989) with ABC. In the field of news and current affairs, Central had enhanced and bettered on ATV's reputation as a regional news provider by becoming the first British television station to offer three distinct services for different parts of the transmission area. It was also a major contributor to current affairs locally and nationally – from its documentary output such as Viewpoint, 30 Minutes and England Their England to more populist series, including The Cook Report and the long-running debate show Central Weekend, which ran for 15 years in the Midlands on Friday nights. The programme was also the first on British television to examine seriously the AIDS virus, leading to a drama series on the topic, called Intimate Contact.[16] Central also first reported on the Ethiopian famine in July 1984 with the documentary Seeds of Despair.[71] In the same year, the company completed production on one of its more controversial programmes Question of Leadership, a four-part series directed by Ken Loach about trade unions' responses to government actions. The IBA was concerned it breached balance guidelines, while the unions criticised it as defamatory. Even after several re-edits, the series was never transmitted, which was described as political censorship.[72][73][74] Central also played a major role in the ITV network's infrastructure – not only producing children's and schools programming, but also providing scheduling and presentation services with its dedicated Children's ITV and ITV Schools' strands – the latter moving to Channel 4 in 1987. With the creation of a dedicated ITV Sport network unit, Central also played a significant part in networked sports output under the leadership of Gary Newbon. The station produced nearly all of ITV's football coverage for over a decade – including the FA Cup, UEFA Champions' League, the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA European Championship and Premier League highlights, as well as extensive live regional coverage of Football League matches involving Midlands clubs in The Central Match. The station also played its part in coverage of key European athletics meetings and world championship boxing with The Big Fight Live as a long-standing Saturday night fixture. In 2004, the department was moved to London and merged with the London News Network's operations to form ITV Sport Productions. Children's{{col-start}}{{col-2}}
Drama{{col-start}}{{col-2}}
Comedy{{col-start}}{{col-2}}
Documentaries and features{{col-start}}{{col-2}}
Game shows{{col-start}}{{col-2}}
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The Times, Monday, 29 December 1980; pg. 1 4. ^{{cite web|last=Rogers|first=Jeremy|title=Central Television History|url=http://www.users.zetnet.co.uk/itw/Central/history.html|publisher=Independent TeleWeb|accessdate=20 April 2012}} 5. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNl2CBK6zPg], YouTube, Retrieved 29 December 2015. 6. ^{{cite web|last=Robertson|first=Jason|title=ATV History|url=http://www.sub-tv.co.uk/atvhistory.asp|publisher=sub-TV|accessdate=20 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015259/http://www.sub-tv.co.uk/atvhistory.asp|archive-date=26 March 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^Earnings jump at HTV and Central. By Andrew Cornelius. The Times, Friday, 23 March 1984; pg. 23 8. ^Zenith and the art of film-making, Peter Fiddick The Guardian; 5 October 1984; 9. ^Central.Advert. 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The Times (London, England), Thursday, 15 April 1982; pg. 13 34. ^IBA gives ACC go-aheadThe Guardian (1959–2003); 2 June 1982; 35. ^TV staff willing to buy bigger stake in companyBarker, DennisThe Guardian (1959–2003); 5 January 1983; 36. ^Sears buys stake in Central TV. By Jonathan Clare. The Times, Saturday, 7 May 1983; pg. 11 37. ^Central Independent Television Plc. The Times (London, England), Saturday, 28 May 1983; pg. 13; 38. ^Ladbroke sale fuels takeover speculation. Cliff Feltham. The Times, Monday, 16 March 1987; pg. 19 39. ^Carlton buys Central stake from LadbrokeStoddart, RobinThe Guardian (1959–2003); 16 March 1987; 40. ^Dawtry, Adam, "Carlton's Central Takeover Done Deal," Variety, 10 January 1994, p56 41. ^Too much reward without risk. The Times (London, England), Friday, 4 March 1994; pg. 25; 42. ^TV bid will spark more takeovers. Martin Waller Deputy City Editor. The Times Tuesday, 30 November 1993; pg. 23 43. ^Axing of 180 jobs fuels fears for regional TV, Andrew Culf Media Correspondent The Guardian (1959–2003); 7 September 1994; 44. ^Shake-up at Carlton to cost 180 jobs. Alexandra Frean, Media Correspondent. The Times, Wednesday, 7 September 1994; pg. 24 45. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/apr/05/itv.television ITV faces live news fine] Jason Deans, The Guardian, 5 April 2005 46. ^Attorney General v ITV Central Ltd 5RB, 15 July 2008 47. ^A £25,000 contempt of court fine for ITV Central {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615224059/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/41685 |date=15 June 2013 }} Press Gazette, 16 July 2008 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.transdiffusion.org/tv/studioone/inside_lenton_l|title=Inside Lenton Lane – Studios – Transdiffusion|publisher=Transdiffusion.org|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 49. ^{{cite web|last=Buxton|first=Roddy|title=A trip to Giltbrook|url=http://www.transdiffusion.org/tv/studioone/a_trip_to_giltb|work=Studio One|publisher=Transdiffusion Broadcasting System|accessdate=20 April 2012}} 50. ^Court Circular. The Times, Saturday,3 March 1984; pg10 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/4105574.TV_s_Wesley_says_fond_farewell/|title=TV's Wesley says fond farewell|author=Andrew Ffrench|work=Oxford Mail|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.transdiffusion.org/tv/insidetv/history/the_rise_and_fa|title=The rise and fall of Lenton Lane – Politics – Transdiffusion|publisher=Transdiffusion.org|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 53. ^{{cite web|last=Buxton|first=Roddy|title=A trip to Broad Street|url=http://www.transdiffusion.org/tv/studioone/a_trip_to_broad|work=Studio One|publisher=Transdiffusion Broadcasting System|accessdate=20 April 2012}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/feb/26/broadcasting.ITV1|title=ITV axes up to 400 jobs as Nottingham studio closes|author=Claire Cozens|work=the Guardian|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 55. ^{{cite web|title=King's Meadow Campus|url=http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/about/campuses/kingsmeadowcampus.aspx|publisher=University of Nottingham|accessdate=20 April 2012}} 56. ^{{cite web|title=The Press Release |url=http://www.atvlandproductions.com/atv/project.html |publisher=ATVLAND.production |accessdate=20 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104122055/http://www.atvlandproductions.com/atv/project.html |archivedate=4 January 2012 }} 57. ^{{cite news|last=Holmwood|first=Leigh|title=Launch of ITV region delayed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/sep/20/broadcasting.ITV|accessdate=20 April 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 September 2006|location=London}} 58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ukfree.tv/fullstory.php?storyid=1107052130|title=Whatever happened to Central South, Meridian Newbury and ITV Thames Valley?|author=Brian Butterworth|work=UK Free TV|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/news/4133572.ITV_under_fire_over_new_regional_show/|title=ITV under fire over new regional show|author=Amanda Williams|work=thisisoxfordshire|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 60. ^OFCOM sets out licence terms for ITV, STV, UTV and Channel 5 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726234355/http://media.ofcom.org.uk/2013/07/23/ofcom-sets-out-licence-terms-for-itv-stv-utv-and-channel-5/ |date=26 July 2013 }}, OFCOM, 23 July 2013 61. ^{{cite web|title=Central: Idents|url=http://tvlive.org.uk/tv-presentation/itv/regions/central/|publisher=TV Live|accessdate=20 April 2012}} 62. ^{{cite web|title=Central Ident 1982|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UV1ooMptQWc|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=20 April 2012}} 63. ^{{cite web|url=http://tvlive.org.uk/tv-presentation/itv/regions/central/1982-1985/|title=Central: 1982–1985|work=TV Live|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 64. ^http://www.transdiffusion.org/2004/05/24/central-2 65. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Central Index|url=http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvmidlands/central_index.html|work=TVARK|publisher=TVARK|accessdate=25 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127115631/http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvmidlands/central_index.html|archive-date=27 January 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} Pages contain video images of all the idents. 66. ^{{cite web|url=http://tvlive.org.uk/tv-presentation/itv/regions/central/more-central/|title=More Central|work=TV Live|accessdate=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220043657/http://tvlive.org.uk/tv-presentation/itv/regions/central/more-central/|archive-date=20 December 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 67. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://tvlive.org.uk/tv-presentation/itv/regions/central/1998-2006/|title=Central: 1998–2006|work=TV Live|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 68. ^1 {{cite web|last=Barnes|first=Steve|title=Carlton Midlands Index|url=http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvmidlands/carlton_index.html|work=TVARK|publisher=TVARK|accessdate=25 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318050031/http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvmidlands/carlton_index.html|archive-date=18 March 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}Contains videos of the idents. 69. ^BBC picks up eight awards. Peter Davalle. The Times (London, England), Wednesday, 30 April 1986; pg. 3 70. ^British TV scoops Emmys. The Times (London, England), Wednesday, 26 November 1986; pg. 11 71. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/117491|title=Seeds of Despair|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 72. ^Central kills off Loach union programme. Linton, Martin. The Guardian P2; 1 August 1984 73. ^It's the South Blank Show by Richard Brooks, The Observer P28; 26 September 1993; 74. ^Defamatory' TV films on unions scrapped. By David Hewson Arts Correspondent. The Times, Wednesday, 1 August 1984; pg. 3; 75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvmidlands/central_progs.html|title=TVARK – Central Television Programmes|publisher=Tv-ark.org.uk|accessdate=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053309/http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/itvmidlands/central_progs.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 76. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/31277|title=The Guilty|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 77. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/8734|title=Home Front|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 78. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/30343|title=Picking up the Pieces|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britishtelevisiondrama.org.uk/?p=1627|title=TALES OUT OF SCHOOL (1983)|publisher=Britishtelevisiondrama.org.uk|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 80. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098923/?ref_=fn_tt_tt_1|title=TECX (TV Series 1990– )|author=|date=7 July 2007|work=IMDb|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 81. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/428955|title=The Shell Seekers|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 82. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/655|title=Scene Southwest|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 83. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18624|title=Kind of Living|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 84. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/130891|title=All Cricket and Wellies|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 85. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/22678|title=All in the Game|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 86. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/7185|title=Eh Brian, It's a Whopper|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 87. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18812|title=The Nineteenth Hole|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 88. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088633/|title=Troubles and Strife (TV Series 1985–1986)|author=Mark|date=13 July 2010|work=IMDb|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 89. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/19258|title=Wayne Dobson – A Kind of Magic|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 90. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/26464|title=24 Hours|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 91. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/23011|title=The Album Show|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 92. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/5284|title=Ancient Lives|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 93. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/590187|title=Apollo 13 To the Edge and Back|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 94. ^http://www.itv.com/news/central/topic/central-lobby/ 95. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/114866|title=Chicken Ranch|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 96. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/7260|title=Encounter|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 97. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/3275|title=England Their England|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 98. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/20473|title=First Cut|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 99. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18772|title=Heart of the Country|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 100. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18726|title=Home Town|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 101. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/32935|title=Jesus 2000|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 102. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/1199|title=Link|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 103. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18728|title=Look Good, Feel Great|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 104. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/23752|title=Loved Ones|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 105. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/30045|title=On the Ball|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 106. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/25798|title=Our House [Itv Regional, 1996– ]|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 107. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18824|title=Sob Sisters|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 108. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0379144/|title=Sky High (TV Series 2001– )|work=IMDb|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 109. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/646826|title=The Night the Bombs Went Off|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 110. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/18808|title=Struggle for Democracy|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 111. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/21970|title=The Tuesday Special|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 112. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/1992/9210/9210FIL1.cfm|title=Perspectives on History – AHA|publisher=Historians.org|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 113. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/15208|title=Vietnam|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 114. ^{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/series/15800|title=Workout|work=BFI|accessdate=16 December 2014}} External links
4 : Carlton Television|ITV franchisees|Television channels and stations established in 1982|Television stations in Birmingham, West Midlands |
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