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词条 Jefferson Davis Highway
释义

  1. History

  2. End of the auto trails

  3. Remaining portions

     Virginia  North Carolina  South Carolina  Georgia  Photos  Alabama  Mississippi  Texas  New Mexico  California 

  4. Controversies

     Arizona  Virginia  Washington 

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Further reading

  8. External links

{{Use American English|date=March 2017}}{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2017}}{{Infobox road
| country = USA
| header_type = hist
| marker_image =
| name = Jefferson Davis Highway
| alternate_name = Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway
| map=
| length_mi =
| length_round =
| length_ref =
| established = 1913
| established_by = United Daughters of the Confederacy
| decommissioned =
| direction_a = East
| terminus_a = Arlington, Virginia
| direction_b = West
| terminus_b = San Diego, California
| junction =
| states = Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California
| browse = Auto Trails
}}

The Jefferson Davis Highway, also known as the Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway, was a planned transcontinental highway in the United States in the 1910s and 1920s that began in Arlington, Virginia, and extended south and west to San Diego, California; it was named for Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States, United States senator, and Secretary of War. Because of unintended conflict between the National Auto Trail movement and the federal government, it is unclear whether it ever really existed in the complete form that its United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) founders originally intended.[1]

History

In the first quarter of the 20th century, as the automobile gained in popularity, a system of roads began to develop informally through the actions of private interests. These were known as auto trails. They existed without the support or coordination of the federal government, although in some states, the state governments participated in their planning and development. The first of these National Auto Trails was the Lincoln Highway, which was first announced as a project in 1912.

With the need for new roads being so significant, dozens of new auto trails were begun in the decade following. One such roadway was the Jefferson Davis Highway, which was sponsored by the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC). The UDC planned the formation of the Jefferson Davis as a road that would start in Arlington, Virginia, and travel through the southern states until its terminus at San Diego, California. More than ten years after the construction of the Jefferson Davis was begun, it was announced that it would be extended north out of San Diego and go to the Canada–US border.

End of the auto trails

By the mid-1920s, the informal system of national auto trails had grown cumbersome, and the federal government imposed a numbering system on the nation's highways, using even numbers for east–west routes and odd numbers for north–south routes. Rather than using a single number for each auto trail, sections of each trail were given different numerical designations. However, the UDC petitioned the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads to designate the Jefferson Davis as a national highway with a single number. The Bureau's reply casts doubt on whether or not the JDMH ever really existed as a transcontinental highway:

A careful search has been made in our extensive map file in the Bureau of Public Roads and three maps showing the Jefferson Davis highways have been located, but the routes on these maps are themselves different and neither route is approximately that described by you, so that I am somewhat at a loss as to just what route your constituents are interested in. For instance, there is the Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway which extends from Miami, Florida to Los Angeles (but not to San Francisco); and there is another Jefferson Davis Highway shown on the Rand-McNally maps which extends from Fairview, Kentucky the site of the Jefferson Davis monument, by a very circuitous route to New Orleans, but I find no route whatever bearing the name Jefferson Davis extending from Washington, D.C. to San Francisco. [emphasis added][1]

This problem may well have been the fault of the UDC themselves. In addition to the planned transcontinental route, they also designated an auxiliary route running from Kentucky to Mississippi, as well as another that ran through Georgia. These ancillary routes were intended to commemorate important venues in Davis' life, but they also contributed to the confusion of the federal government in trying to locate exactly where the Jefferson Davis highway traveled. What is known is that when numbered highways came into existence, the Jefferson Davis National Highway was split among US 1, US 15, US 29, US 61, US 80, US 90, US 99, US 190 and others. Today, many of these numbered routes themselves are no longer extant, having been supplanted by the Interstate Highway System.

Remaining portions

Although it may not be possible to view the entire length of the highway on a map today, many parts of it still exist, scattered across the country. This is an incomplete listing of some of the places today where one can see pieces of the Jefferson Davis highway.

Virginia

  • The Virginia General Assembly defined the Jefferson Davis Highway in Virginia on March 17, 1922, as traveling from Arlington, Virginia, at the 14th Street Bridge to the Commonwealth's border with North Carolina south of Clarksville, Virginia. This corridor was defined as US 1/US 15 in 1926, although US 1 took a shorter route between south of McKenney and South Hill. (The Jefferson Davis Highway used what was then SR 122 and SR 12).[2] Its original eastern terminus marker of the highway can still be found near the Virginia end of the 14th Street Bridge, which crosses the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. The terminal marker was there until the 1960s, when it was moved to a nearby location for safety reasons.[1]
  • SR 110 bears the name of "Jefferson Davis Highway" as it travels past the Pentagon in Arlington County between Rosslyn (near the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge) and US 1 in Crystal City.[3] This is a relatively recent extension to the original Jefferson Davis Highway. The extension was created as part of The Pentagon's road system during World War II.[3]
    • State Route 712 and U.S. Route 58 are still defined as the Jefferson Davis Highway.
  • The Jefferson Davis Highway now uses the following business routes:[4]
    • U.S. Route 58 Business in Lawrenceville
    • U.S. Route 58 Business in Boydton
  • The Falling Creek and Proctor Creek highway markers in Chesterfield County, Brook Road Marker in Henrico County, Ashland Marker in Hanover County, and Elliott Grays Marker and Maury Street Marker in Richmond, Virginia are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[5]

North Carolina

The Jefferson Davis Highway traverses through the state for {{convert|162|mi}}. Starting at the Virginia state line along US 15 to Sanford; then on US 1 from Sanford to the South Carolina state line. Designation of highway was approved on May 28, 1955.[6][7]

South Carolina

The Jefferson Davis Highway traverses through the state for {{convert|170|mi}}. Starting at the North Carolina state line, it follows US 1 to the Georgia state line near Augusta. Several monuments can be found along the route including in Camden and Aiken.[8][9]

Georgia

  • Highway markers can still be seen in certain spots along the old main transcontinental route through the state of Georgia.
    • In Taliaferro County, in Crawfordville along US 278 (SR 12).
    • In Morgan County, in Madison along Main Street (US 278/US 441/SR 12) near its intersection with Reese Street.
    • In Walton County, also along US 278 (SR 12), approximately {{convert|810|m|yd|disp=flip}} from the Morgan County line.[10]
    • In DeKalb County, between Atlanta and Decatur, a marker stands in the traffic island at the intersection of Ponce de Leon Avenue (US 23/US 29/US 78) and East Lake Road (US 278).
    • In Coweta County, in Grantville, Georgia on Main Street just north of the railroad crossing.
  • An auxiliary route through Georgia went south of the main route through Irwin County and Irwinville, where Davis was ultimately captured at the end of the Civil War. This route followed SR 32 to the west of Irwinville, into neighboring Turner County, where today SR 32 retains the official name of "Jefferson Davis Highway".
  • In LaGrange, a monument exists at the northeast corner of LaGrange College, which is within {{convert|1|mi}} of Confederate Senator Benjamin Hill's National Historical Home.
  • In Wrightsville at the corner of Elm (US 319/Georgia 78 and Markus (Georgia 15)

Photos

Alabama

In Alabama, the segment of US 80 from Selma to Montgomery is the most famous part of the Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway today. On this road, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., led the 1965 Voting Rights March that helped prompt Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act. This road also extends through eastern Montgomery and today is known as the Atlanta Highway, although interstate I-85 has replaced the route to Atlanta.

Mississippi

In Biloxi, located at 2244 Beach Boulevard in front of "Beauvoir", the last home of Jefferson Davis. It is located on the coastline overlooking the Gulf of Mexico.

Texas

The original alignment of the main route traversed from Sabine River to El Paso, via Houston, Austin, San Antonio, Alpine and Van Horn. This routing today would predominantly be along US 90, with US 290 and I-35 connecting Austin. A coastal spur, branching from Houston to Brownsville, travels along US 59 and US 77. At least 20 markers are still in existence across the state.[11]

New Mexico

Parts along I-10 are signed as Jefferson Davis Highway. There is a marker at a rest stop that indicates the highway and that the marker was paid for by the Daughters of the Confederacy in 1955.

California

The western terminus of the highway was identified by a monument on Horton Plaza, in downtown San Diego. The formal opening of the highway at this terminus was performed by President Warren Harding. Photographs of this event are available in the archives of the San Diego Union-Tribune and in the files of the San Diego Historical Society. Markers also exist in the California municipalities of Bakersfield, Fort Tejon, Hornbrook, and Winterhaven.[12]

The Jefferson Davis monument on Horton Plaza was removed on August 16, 2017, following the Unite the Right rally in Virginia.[13]

Controversies

Arizona

On August 17, 2017, a road-side marker beside U.S. Route 60 near Gold Canyon was "tarred and feathered",[14] presumably in response to the Unite the Right rally the previous weekend in Charlottesville, Virginia.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Virginia

The northeastern Virginia section of the highway approximates the route of the older Washington and Alexandria Turnpike, which received its charter from the United States Congress in 1808.[15] A street in Crystal City once designated as "Old Jefferson Davis Highway" parallels the east side of US 1, part of which is the present Jefferson Davis Highway in the area.[3] This street, which was the original route of the highway, now ends before reaching the 14th Street Bridge.[3][16] In 2011, the Arlington County Board voted to change the name of the street to "Long Bridge Drive" after the Board's chairman, who was originally from the northeastern part of the United States, stated: "I have a problem with 'Jefferson Davis' ... There are aspects of our history I'm not particularly interested in celebrating". However, the name of Jefferson Davis Highway itself, a portion of U.S. 1 that only the Virginia General Assembly could rename, remained unchanged.[17][18]

In its 2016 legislative package, the Arlington County Board asked the Virginia General Assembly to rename the portion of Jefferson Davis Highway that was within the County.[19] However, no member of Arlington's legislative delegation offered any such legislation during the 2016 session of the General Assembly.[20]

In February 2016, the Virginia Attorney General's office issued an advisory opinion that the City of Alexandria, unlike neighboring Arlington County, had the legal authority to change the name of the portion of Jefferson Davis Highway that was within the city's jurisdiction.[21] In September 2016, the Alexandria City Council voted unanimously to change the name of the City's portion of the Highway.[22] Alexandria City Council ultimately settled on Richmond Highway, the name already used in adjacent Fairfax County.[23]

Washington

In 1939, the Washington State Legislature proposed naming U.S. Route 99 as the "Jefferson Davis Highway", making it the final component of the Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway,[24] but it was never made official.[25]

In 1998, officials of the city of Vancouver removed a marker of the Jefferson Davis Highway and placed it in a cemetery shed in an action that several years later became controversial.[26] The marker was subsequently moved twice, and eventually was placed alongside Interstate 5 on private land (Jefferson Davis Park) purchased for the purpose of giving the marker a permanent home.[27][28]

The marker stone in Blaine, Washington, was removed in 2002 through the efforts of State Representative Hans Dunshee and city officials, and after it was discovered that the highway was never officially designated by the state to memorialize Davis.[25] Both markers now rest in the Sons of Confederate Veterans-owned Jefferson Davis Park near Ridgefield, adjacent to I-5.[29] In 2002, the Washington House of Representatives unanimously approved a bill that would have removed Davis' name from the road. However, a committee of the state's senate subsequently killed the proposal.[30][31]

In March 2016, the Washington State Legislature unanimously passed a joint memorial that asked the state transportation commission to designate what was left of old U.S. Route 99, Washington State Route 99, "William P. Stewart Memorial Highway" to honor an African-American volunteer during the Civil War who later became a pioneer of the town and city of Snohomish.[32][33][34] In May 2016, the transportation commission agreed to the renaming.[35][36]

See also

  • List of memorials to Jefferson Davis
  • List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America
  • Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Weingroff|first=Richard F.|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/jdavis.cfm|title=Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway|series=Highway History|publisher=Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation|date=2011-04-07|accessdate=2011-09-29}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vahighways.com/route-log/va121-140.htm#va122|title=VA 121 to 140|website=www.VaHighways.com|access-date=January 17, 2018}}
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|author=Arlington County Manager|url=http://arlington.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=2&clip_id=2130&meta_id=93608|title=Renaming of Old Jefferson Davis Highway between Boundary Channel Drive and 12th Street South, effective April 1, 2012|pages=1–3, 8|publisher=Government of Arlington County, Virginia|date=September 9, 2011|access-date=September 29, 2011}}
4. ^Virginia Route Index, revised July 1, 2003 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829204604/http://www.virginiadot.org/infoservice/resources/route-index-07012003.pdf |date=August 29, 2006 }} (PDF)
5. ^{{NRISref|version=2010a}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ncdot.org/doh/preconstruct/traffic/TEPPL/Topics/N-01/Sorted%20by%20County.pdf|title=North Carolina Memorial Highways and other Named Facilities|accessdate=2011-03-03}}
7. ^{{google maps|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=US-1+N&daddr=35.75138,-79.16704+to:36.1644434,-78.674999+to:US-15+N&hl=en&geocode=FewXEwIdEvw8-w%3BFdSFIQIdwAFI-ylZNeakQrisiTGeeT1vt0FiDw%3BFVvTJwIdyYNP-ynjGNQ6SQetiTH_G8VXNDFhHA%3BFZiSLQIdaJZR-w&mra=dpe&mrsp=2&sz=12&via=1,2&sll=36.181394,-78.612671&sspn=0.205341,0.445976&ie=UTF8&ll=35.398006,-78.305054&spn=3.317685,7.13562&z=8|title=Jefferson Davis Highway in North Carolina|accessdate=2011-03-03}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.markeroni.com/catalog/display.php?code=ZZ_JDH_00005 |title=Historical marker/historic landmark in Camden, Kershaw, SC, US; Jefferson Davis Highway (Camden, SC) |accessdate=2012-01-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111223536/http://www.markeroni.com/catalog/display.php?code=ZZ_JDH_00005 |archivedate=January 11, 2015 |df= }}
9. ^{{google maps|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=US-1+N&daddr=34.15643,-80.81394+to:34.0776057,-80.9433006+to:34.05614,-80.97452+to:33.9726,-81.15012+to:33.9793731,-81.308536+to:33.8784,-81.57844+to:33.5393972,-81.8312942+to:US-1+S%2FUS-25+S%2FUS-278+W%2FUS-78+W%2FGordon+Hwy%2FJefferson+Davis+Hwy&hl=en&ll=34.173181,-80.892334&spn=1.901899,3.56781&sll=34.068516,-80.943146&sspn=0.05951,0.111494&geocode=FewXEwIdEvw8-w%3BFY4vCQIdjOAu-yn9kXRorKr4iDGjnKbpqlzs_A%3BFaX7BwIdPOcs-yn776Eg1q74iDGdYdawmli21Q%3BFcynBwIdSG0s-ykx5M6yb6_4iDFgp4j9SHGEAg%3BFXhhBgIdWL8p-yn_Uqukdr34iDFSrcutvW6Cig%3BFe17BgIdiFQn-ynPM3upUpD4iDEhGx_YZrsh6Q%3BFYDxBAIdODYj-ymnYurylmD4iDHVYPpfbBjOGw%3BFUXF_wEdglof-ylBCe4B0Er4iDHzvbG1i74sIw%3BFdzM_gEdMHYd-w&oq=gra&mra=dpe&mrsp=2&sz=14&via=1,2,3,4,5,6,7&t=p&z=9|title=Jefferson Davis Highway in South Carolina|accessdate=2012-01-26}}
10. ^{{cite web|author=Sprinterman|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6ZEM_Jefferson_Davis_Highway_Marker_Walton_County_Georgia|title=Jefferson Davis Highway Marker-Walton County Georgia|work=U.S. Historic Survey Stones and Monuments on Waymarking.com|publisher= Groundspeak, Inc.|date=2009-08-10|accessdate=2011-09-29}}
11. ^{{cite web|author=United Daughters of the Confederacy – Texas |url=http://www.txudc.org/jeffdavishwy.html |title=Jefferson Davis Highway |accessdate=March 19, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503023000/http://www.txudc.org/jeffdavishwy.html |archivedate=May 3, 2014 |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~caudc/jdhway.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-08-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816163806/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~caudc/jdhway.htm |archivedate=August 16, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-horton-plaza-confederate-20170816-story.html|title=Plaque honoring Confederate president quietly removed from Horton Plaza Park in San Diego|first=Joshua|last=Stewart|website=LATimes.com|access-date=January 17, 2018}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway monument tarred and feathered |work=|publisher=Phoenix Fox News 10 |date=August 17, 2017 |archiveurl=http://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/arizona-news/274398941-story |archivedate=August 17, 2017 |url=http://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/arizona-news/274398941-story |access-date=August 17, 2017 }}
15. ^{{cite book|last=Rose|first=C.B., Jr.|title=Arlington County, Virginia: A History|publisher=Arlington Historical Society, Inc.|year=1976|page=75}}
16. ^Coordinates of Old Jefferson Davis Highway: {{coord|38.866862|-77.047677|region:US-VA_type:landmark_scale:2000_source:wikimapia|name=Old Jefferson Davis Highway (renamed to "Long Bridge Drive"}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Old Jefferson Davis Highway to be Renamed "Long Bridge Drive" |work=Newsroom |publisher=Arlington County, Virginia government |date=September 21, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006053414/http://news.arlingtonva.us/pr/ava/old-jefferson-davis-highway-to-215795.aspx |archivedate=October 10, 2011 |url=http://news.arlingtonva.us/pr/ava/old-jefferson-davis-highway-to-215795.aspx |access-date=August 14, 2012 }}
18. ^{{cite web|last=McCaffrey |first=Scott |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69umctsRU?url=http://www.sungazette.net/arlington/politics/road-renaming-proves-another-chance-to-re-fight-the-civil/article_22798c8c-e9c5-11e0-a526-001cc4c002e0.html |archivedate=August 14, 2012 |url=http://www.sungazette.net/arlington/politics/road-renaming-proves-another-chance-to-re-fight-the-civil/article_22798c8c-e9c5-11e0-a526-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Road Renaming Proves Another Chance to Re-Fight the Civil War |work=Arlington Sun Gazette |location=Springfield, Virginia |publisher=Sun Gazette Newspapers |date=September 28, 2011 |access-date=August 14, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
19. ^(1) {{cite news|last=Sullivan |first=Patricia |date=July 10, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6fCKWzFgt?url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/a-road-named-for-confederate-leader-comes-under-fire-150-years-after-war/2015/07/10/dc00a05a-2715-11e5-aae2-6c4f59b050aa_story.html |archivedate=February 10, 2016 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/a-road-named-for-confederate-leader-comes-under-fire-150-years-after-war/2015/07/10/dc00a05a-2715-11e5-aae2-6c4f59b050aa_story.html |title=A road named for Confederate leader comes under fire 150 years after war |work=Virginia Politics |publisher=The Washington Post |access-date=February 8, 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
(2) {{cite news|last=McCaffrey |first=Scott |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6fCH3dHrM?url=http://www.insidenova.com/news/arlington/arlington-may-seek-removal-of-jefferson-davis-from-highway/article_e5c55670-87ab-11e5-ba9c-9b00cee00e41.html |archivedate=February 10, 2016 |url=http://www.insidenova.com/news/arlington/arlington-may-seek-removal-of-jefferson-davis-from-highway/article_e5c55670-87ab-11e5-ba9c-9b00cee00e41.html |title=Arlington may seek removal of 'Jefferson Davis' from highway |work=InsideNOVA |publisher=Northern Virginia Media Services |location=Leesburg, VA |accessdate=February 10, 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
(3) {{cite web|author=Arlington County Manager |title=County Board Agenda Item: Meeting of December 12, 2015: Subject: Adoption of the 2016 General Assembly Legislative Package |date=November 19, 2015 |url=http://arlington.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=2&clip_id=3020&meta_id=137017 |page=2 |publisher=Government of Arlington County, Virginia |quote=7. Renaming Jefferson Davis Highway: Work with General Assembly and the community toward renaming the Arlington portion of Jefferson Davis Highway in a way that is respectful to all who live and work along it.}}
(4) {{cite news|last=McCaffrey |first=Scott |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6fCJX5OQy?url=http://www.insidenova.com/news/arlington/arlington-county-board-finalizes-state-legislative-priorities/article_ef0e77ae-a4b9-11e5-83d4-eb7215070d76.html |archivedate=February 10, 2016 |url=http://www.insidenova.com/news/arlington/arlington-county-board-finalizes-state-legislative-priorities/article_ef0e77ae-a4b9-11e5-83d4-eb7215070d76.html |title=Arlington County Board finalizes state legislative priorities |date=December 17, 2015 |work=InsideNOVA |publisher=Northern Virginia Media Services |location=Leesburg, VA |access-date=February 10, 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
20. ^{{cite news|last=McCaffrey |first=Scott |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6fCJq4tBs?url=http://www.insidenova.com/news/arlington/no-push-in-richmond-to-nix-name-of-jefferson-davis/article_de7fc058-c509-11e5-9290-ff9525a95253.html |archivedate=February 10, 2016 |url=http://www.insidenova.com/news/arlington/no-push-in-richmond-to-nix-name-of-jefferson-davis/article_de7fc058-c509-11e5-9290-ff9525a95253.html |title=No push in Richmond to nix name of Jefferson Davis from highway |work=InsideNOVA |publisher=Northern Virginia Media Services |location=Leesburg, VA |date=January 28, 2016 |accessdate=February 10, 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
21. ^{{cite web|last=McCaffrey |first=Scott |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6kfbRBXHt?url=http://www.insidenova.com/news/arlington/jefferson-davis-hanging-on-but-for-how-long/article_e8512f1c-6dd9-11e6-b88c-63a0986e0701.html |archivedate=September 20, 2016 |url=http://www.insidenova.com/news/arlington/jefferson-davis-hanging-on-but-for-how-long/article_e8512f1c-6dd9-11e6-b88c-63a0986e0701.html |title='Jefferson Davis' hanging on, but for how long?: Jurisdictions have different routes to removing highway name |date=August 29, 2016 |work=InsideNOVA |publisher=Northern Virginia Media Services |location=Leesburg, VA |accessdate=September 20, 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
22. ^{{cite web|first=Patricia|last=Sullivan|date=September 17, 2016|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/alexandria-will-seek-to-move-confederate-statue-and-rename-jefferson-davis-highway/2016/09/17/fec35310-7b53-11e6-ac8e-cf8e0dd91dc7_story.html|title=Alexandria will seek to move Confederate statue and rename Jefferson Davis Highway|location=Washington, D.C.|work=Virginia politics|publisher=The Washington Post|access-date=September 18, 2016}}
23. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/alexandria-renames-jefferson-davis-highway-to-richmond-highway/2018/06/23/a1af93c0-76fe-11e8-b4b7-308400242c2e_story.html Alexandria renames Jefferson Davis Highway to Richmond Highway], Washington Post June 23, 2018.
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20020124/NEWS01/201240711|title=Jefferson Davis Highway here? Legislator outraged|publisher=HeraldNet|last=Ray|first=Susanna|date=January 24, 2002|access-date=November 8, 2013}}
25. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://crosscut.com/2015/06/confederate-symbols-also-blight-the-northwest/|title=Confederate symbols also blight the Northwest|last=Berger|first=Knute|date=June 22, 2015|work=Crosscut|access-date=August 20, 2017|language=en-US}}
26. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/14/us/road-named-for-jefferson-davis-stirs-spirited-debate.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss#|title=Road Named for Jefferson Davis Stirs Spirited Debate|access-date=May 8, 2009 | work=The New York Times | date=2002-02-14|quote=Another granite marker proclaiming the road's designation as the Jefferson Davis Highway was erected at the time in Vancouver, Wash., at the highway's southern terminus. It was quietly removed by city officials four years ago and now rests in a cemetery shed there, but publicity over the bill has brought its mothballing to light and stirred a contentious debate there about whether it should be restored.}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scvportland.org/jdp_park.html|title=History of the Jefferson Davis Park|accessdate=October 30, 2008}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scvportland.org/jdp_index.html|title=Jefferson Davis Park|access-date=October 30, 2008}}
29. ^{{Cite news|url=https://scvpacnw.wordpress.com/jefferson-davis-park/|title=Jefferson Davis Park|date=June 27, 2014|work=Sons of Confederate Veterans Pacific NW Division|access-date=August 20, 2017|language=en-US}}
30. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/14/us/road-named-for-jefferson-davis-stirs-spirited-debate.html |title=Road Named for Jefferson Davis Stirs Spirited Debate |newspaper=The New York Times |last=Verhovek |first=Sam Howe |date=February 14, 2002 |access-date=October 13, 2013}}
31. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.komonews.com/news/archive/4035226.html |title=Senate Committee Kills Plan To Rename Jefferson Davis Highway |work=KOMOnews.com |publisher=Sinclair Interactive Media |location=Seattle, Washington |date=August 30, 2006 |access-date=November 8, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109012226/http://www.komonews.com/news/archive/4035226.html |archivedate=November 9, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
32. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920194149/http://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2015-16/Pdf/Bills/House%20Passed%20Legislature/4010.PL-WP%20Stewart%20mem%20highway-SR-99.pdf|archivedate=September 20, 2016|url=http://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2015-16/Pdf/Bills/House%20Passed%20Legislature/4010.PL-WP%20Stewart%20mem%20highway-SR-99.pdf|title=House Joint Memorial 4010: As Amended by the Senate|work=64th Legislature: 2016 Regular Session|publisher=Washington State Legislature|date=March 8, 2016|access-date=September 20, 2016}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://app.leg.wa.gov/billinfo/summary.aspx?bill=4010&year=2015|work=HJM 4010 - 2015-16: Requesting that state route number 99 be named the "William P. Stewart Memorial Highway"|title=History of the Bill as of Tuesday, September 20, 2016|publisher=Washington State Legislature|access-date=September 20, 2016}}
34. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404231151/http://www.blackpast.org/aaw/stewart-william-p-1839-1907|archivedate=April 4, 2016|url=http://www.blackpast.org/aaw/stewart-william-p-1839-1907|title=Stewart, William P. (1839–1907)|work=African American History in the American West: Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places|year=2015|publisher=BlackPast.org|access-date=September 20, 2016}}
35. ^{{cite news |last=Cornfield |first=Jerry |date=May 17, 2016 |title=SR 99 to be renamed for Snohomish black Civil War soldier |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609220442/http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20160518/NEWS01/160519114/SR-99-to-be-renamed-for-Snohomish-black-Civil-War-soldier|archivedate=June 9, 2016|url=http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20160518/NEWS01/160519114/SR-99-to-be-renamed-for-Snohomish-black-Civil-War-soldier |work=HeraldNet|location=Everett, Washington|publisher=Everett Herald and Sound Publishing, Inc.|access-date=September 20, 2016}}
36. ^{{cite news|first=Julie|last=Muhlstein|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920203319/http://www.heraldnet.com/news/highway-99-renamed-in-honor-of-snohomish-settler-william-p-stewart/|archivedate=September 20, 2016|url=http://www.heraldnet.com/news/highway-99-renamed-in-honor-of-snohomish-settler-william-p-stewart/|title=Highway 99 renamed in honor of Snohomish settler William P. Stewart|date=May 21, 2016|work=HeraldNet|location=Everett, Washington|publisher=Everett Herald and Sound Publishing, Inc.|access-date=September 20, 2016}}

Further reading

  • {{cite journal |last=Hague |first=Euan |last2=Sebesta |first2=Edward H. |last-author-amp=yes |date=May 2011 |title=The Jefferson Davis Highway: Contesting the Confederacy in the Pacific Northwest |journal=Journal of American Studies|volume=45 |number=2 |pages=281–301 |jstor=23016275 }}

External links

Government
  • {{Official website|http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/jdavis.htm}}
General information
  • A Brief History of the Jefferson Davis Highway at the Louisiana Division, U.D.C.
{{Subject bar|portal=1910s|portal2=U.S. Roads|commons=y|commons-search=Category:Jefferson Davis Highway|d=y|d-search=Q819009}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jefferson Davis Highway}}

22 : Jefferson Davis Highway|1913 establishments in the United States|Auto trails in the United States|Cultural tourism|Historic trails and roads in Alabama|Historic trails and roads in Arizona|Historic trails and roads in California|Historic trails and roads in Georgia (U.S. state)|Historic trails and roads in Louisiana|Historic trails and roads in Mississippi|Historic trails and roads in New Mexico|Historic trails and roads in North Carolina|Historic trails and roads in South Carolina|Historic trails and roads in Texas|Historic trails and roads in Virginia|Monuments and memorials to Jefferson Davis|UDC monuments and memorials|U.S. Route 1|U.S. Route 58|U.S. Route 80|U.S. Route 90|U.S. Route 301
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