| 词条 | John Blagrave |
| 释义 |
|name=John Blagrave |image=John blagrave monument drawing.jpg |caption=Drawing of the funerary monument to John Blagrave in St. Lawrence's Church. Commisioned by Blagrave, the monument shows him surrounded by five female statuettes holding the five platonic solids.[1][2] |alt=Drawing of the funerary monument to John Blagrave in St. Lawrence's Church. Commisioned by Blagrave, the monument shows him surrounded by five female statuettes holding the five platonic solids. Blagrave holds a globe in his right hand and a quadrant in his left. He is flanked by nondescript depictions of books and below him is an enscription identifying him and his date of death. Blagrave is depicted with black hair and a beard, he is wearing a ruff around his neck and a dark robe with red bands. |birth_date=Sometime in the 1560s |birth_place=Reading, Berkshire |death_date=9 August 1611 |death_place=Reading, Berkshire |resting_place=St Lawrence's Church Reading, Berkshire |residence=Southcot, Berkshire |citizenship=English |education=Reading School, St John's College |spouse=Dorothy Blagrave (née Gunter) |fields=Mathematics, astronomy, design of instruments |known_for=The Mathematical Jewel |notable_students=William Backhouse }}John Blagrave of Reading (d. 1611) was an English Tudor mathematician, astronomer and designer of astronomical and mathematical instruments. His astrolabe designs, which he described in his writings, were advanced for Britain. He devoted himself to mathematical study and was called, by Anthony à Wood, "the flower of mathematicians of his age"[3] BiographyJohn Blagrave was born as the second son to John Blagrave of Bullmarsh and Anne (daughter of Sir Anthony Hungerford of Down Ampney) in Berkshire at an unknown date sometime in the 1560s. He was educated in Reading School and went to St John's College, Oxford for an education in mathematics, though he never received a degree.[3][4][5] Blagrave married the widow Dorothy Gunter (daughter of Simon Gunter of Milton Lilbourne in Wiltshire). He had no issue himself but had a step-daughter, Jane, from his wife.[4] In 1591, his father gave him a lease on some Southcote lands for ninety nine years.[6] Blagrave died on 9 August 1611 at Southcot Lodge. He was buried next to his mother at the Church of St. Lawrence in Reading, lying under a large monument to himself with a bust and several mathematically allegorical figures surrounding him (see portrait above). This monument was commissioned in his will and carried out by Gerard Christmas. Engraved under his bust is the inscription "Johannes Blagravius, totus mathematicus, cum matre sepultus".[7][8]:309 In his will, Blagrave left his lease on lands at Southcot to his nephew, the regicide Daniel Blagrave. He left money to more than eighty of his relatives. He also left much to charity and commisioned the monument to himself.[4] A piazza was also built in 1619, outside of the Church of St. Lawrence, upon Blagrave's will, though it was destroyed in 1868.[9] WorkFive works of Blagrave survive (see below) along with a sheet map of the northern hemisphere.[12] The earliest of Blagrave's works, The Mathematical Jewel, is his most famous. Describing, in detail, an advanced universal astrolabe of Blagrave's design - incorporating the designs of earlier astrolabists. The 'jewel' consisted of four movable parts - Mater, Rete, Label, and Rule - which were lavishly illustrated in the book's frontispiece and engraved plates. The 'jewel's' uses were described in the third book as being used for anything from trigonometry, to navigation, to astrology; in Blagrave's words from the 'jewel' one could draw "so infinite a number of conclusions, more than I thinke I shall ever have time to write".[6][12][13][14] The astrolabe contains some significant similarities to the universal astrolabe of Andalusian astrolabist Alī Ibn Khalaf al-Murādī and David A. King has suggested that Blagrave copied his design for the 'Jewel' from al-Murādī.[15] Another of Blagrave's works, The art of dyalling, is notable as it contains one of the earliest descriptions of the construction of a sundial.[16] Aside from his mathematical work, Blagrave was also a prominent student of astrology - as evidenced in his book's advertisements of the astrological capabilities of his astronomical instruments. Genealogist, Lady Russell reports that Blagrave influenced the prominent hermeticist William Backhouse (who he taught mathematics) towards the study of astrology in a manuscript he wrote to him[8]:124 but future scholars, such as J. H. Costen, have been unable to locate this manuscript.[17] CharityBlagrave gave much to charity in his will, leaving a large sum of money to his servants and the local poor of Reading. He also left a large sum to his local church, St. Lawrence's. One of Blagrave's more eccentric charitable contributions was his lottery that awarded a sum of money to an unmarried Reading maidservant annually. This lottery was set up with funds from Blagrave's will and it continued up until the 19th century upon Balgrave's contribution. Three maidservants of good character and five year's service to one master were selected by the three parishes of Reading. The lot was held on Good Friday in the town hall, where one of the women would be selected by luck - with the two other women being able to participate the next year.[4][18] Bibliography
References1. ^For the source of this drawing: {{cite web |title=Drawing (Framed) of John Blagrave |url=https://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/collections/imu-search-page/record-details/?TitInventoryNo=55263 |website=History of Science Museum: Collection Database}} For another later drawing of the monument: {{cite book |title=The History and Antiquities, Ancient and Modern, of the Borough of Reading, in the County of Berks |url=https://archive.org/details/historyantiquiti00manj/page/318 |last=Man |first=John |location=Reading, Berkshire |date=1816 |publisher=Snare and Man |pages=318-319}} Note the disrepair of the statuettes as compared to the above drawing. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Blagrave, John}}2. ^{{cite book |title=A history of the Municipal Church of St. Lawrence, Reading |last= Kerry |first=Rev. Charles |date=1883 |publisher=Rev. Charles Kerry |location=Reading, Berkshire |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmunicip00kerr |pages=149-152}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |title=Athenae Oxonienses: An Exact History of All the Writers and Bishops, who Have Had Their Education in the University of Oxford |last=Wood |first=Anthony à |page=317 |chapter=John Blagrave |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CxlPAAAAcAAJ |date=1691 |location=London |publisher=Tho. Bennet }} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=John Blagrave (d. 1611) |website=Royal Berkshire History |last=Ford |first=David Nash |url=http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/jblagrave.html }} 5. ^{{cite DNB |wstitle=Blagrave, John|volume=5 }} 6. ^1 {{cite journal |title=The Uranical Astrolabe and other Inventions of John Blagrave of Reading |journal=Archaeologia |volume=79 |date=1929 |pages=55-72 |doi=10.1017/s0261340900008778| first=R. T. |last=Gunther }} 7. ^{{cite journal |title=The Framework for Teaching Dialling |last=Ransom |first=Peter |journal=Mathematics in School |volume=32 |issue=1 |date=2003 |pages=23-26 |jstor=30212230 }} 8. ^1 {{cite book |title=Swallowfield and its Owners |last=Russell |first=Lady |date=1901 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/swallowfielditso00russ }} 9. ^{{cite book |title= The Town of Reading during the early part of the Nineteenth century |last=Childs |first=W. M. |publisher=University College Reading |date=1910 |url=https://archive.org/details/townofreadingdur00chiluoft |page=12 |location=Reading, Berkshire |}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=John Blagrave in the title page to 'Planispherium Catholicum, quod vulgo dicitur The Mathematical Jewel' |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw127596/John-Blagrave-in-the-title-page-to-Planispherium-Catholicum-quod-vulgo-dicitur-The-Mathematical-Jewel |website=National Portrait Gallery}} 11. ^{{cite book |page=204 |title=The bibliographer's manual of English literature |publisher=William Pickering |location=London |date=1834 |volume=1 |last=Lowndes |first=William Thomas |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DQcCAAAAQAAJ}} 12. ^1 {{cite journal |title=A “Practique Discipline”? Mathematical Arts in John Blagrave’s The Mathematical Jewel (1585) |date=2010 |first=Kate |last=Taylor |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=329–353 |doi=10.1177/002182861004100304 }} 13. ^{{cite web |title=Mathematical Treasure: Blagrave's Mathematical Jewel |url=https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/mathematical-treasure-blagraves-mathematical-jewel |website=MAA: Mathematical Association of America |last=Swetz |first=Frank J. |date=2014}} 14. ^{{cite journal |title=Werner, Apian, Blagrave and the Meteoroscope |last=North |first=J. D. |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |volume=3 |issue=1 |date=1966 |pages=57-65 |jstor=4025102 }} 15. ^{{cite book |title=In Synchrony with the Heavens: Studies in Astronomical Timekeeping and Instrumentation in Medieval Islamic Civilization, Vol. 2: Instruments of Mass Calculation |last=King |first=David A. |publisher=Brill |date=2005 |series=Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science: Texts and Studies |location=Leiden/Boston |chapter=Non-Standard Astrolabes |isbn=978-90-04-14188-9}} 16. ^{{cite book |title= A Choice of Sundials |last=Dolan |first=Winthrop W. |publisher=The Stephen Greene Press |location=Brattleboro, Vermont |date=1975 |pages=60-64 |url=https://archive.org/details/choiceofsundials00wint |isbn=9780828902106}} 17. ^{{cite journal |last1=Josten |first1=C. H. |title=William Backhouse of Swallowfield |date=1949 |journal=Ambix |volume=4 |issue=1-2 |doi=10.1179/amb.1949.4.1-2.1 |pages=1-33}} 18. ^{{cite journal |title=Hazarding for Marriage: John Blagrave’s Lottery for Maidservants |journal= Early Modern Women |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=165-172 |date=2017 |last=Munkhoff |first=Richelle |doi=10.1353/emw.2017.0054 }} 10 : 1560s births|1611 deaths|Alumni of St John's College, Oxford|16th-century English mathematicians|17th-century English mathematicians|People educated at Reading School|People from Reading, Berkshire|People of the Tudor period|People of the Stuart period|16th-century English people |
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