| 词条 | American cheese |
| 释义 |
American cheese is a type of processed cheese. It can be orange, yellow, or white in color, is mild and salty in flavor, has a medium-firm consistency, and has a very low melting point. It originated in the 1910s, and is a common staple in many American dishes. HistoryBritish colonists made cheddar cheese soon upon their arrival in North America. By 1790, American-made cheddars were being exported back to England. According to Robert Carlton Brown, author of The Complete Book of Cheese, "The English called our imitation Yankee, or American, Cheddar, while here at home it was popularly known as yellow or store cheese".[1] The Oxford English Dictionary lists the first known usage of "American cheese" as occurring in the Frankfort, Kentucky, newspaper The Guardian of Freedom in 1804. The next usage given is in 1860 by Charles Dickens in his series The Noncommercial Traversal.[2] In 1878, the total export of American cheese was 355 million pounds per year, with an expected growth to 1,420 million pounds.[3] After the developing a new method for processed cheese in 1911, James L. Kraft began marketing it in the late 1910s, and the term "American cheese" rapidly began to refer to the processed variety, instead of the traditional but more expensive cheddars also made and sold in the US. The taste and texture of different varieties of American cheese vary depending manufacturer. Yellow American cheese is made with cheeses such as yellow cheddar or colby that are seasoned and colored with annatto, while white American cheese is made with cheeses such as white cheddar or Monterey jack which do not contain annatto. Legal definitionAccording to the US Standards of Identity for Dairy Products, part of the Code of Federal Regulations, to be labeled "American cheese" a processed cheese is required to be manufactured from cheddar cheese, colby cheese, washed curd cheese, or granular cheese, or any mixture of two or more of these.[4] Because its manufacturing process differs from "unprocessed" traditional cheeses,[5] federal laws mandate that it be labeled as "processed American cheese" if made from combining more than one cheese,[6] or "processed American cheese food" if dairy ingredients such as cream, milk, skim milk, buttermilk, cheese whey, or albumin from cheese whey are added.[7] Manufacturing processThe United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) publishes regulations for the manufacturing of processed American cheese. Steps in the manufacturing include: selecting the traditional cheese or cheese blend, grinding the cheese, combining the cheese with emulsifying agents and other ingredients, processing the mixture by heating and mixing until pasteurized, testing the cheese product to assure quality, packaging the cheese either in individually wrapped slices or blocks, cooling, storing, and finally shipping the processed cheese to be consumed. [8][9] Natural cheese is ground, combined with emulsifying agents and other ingredients, mixed and heated until it forms a “melted homogeneous” mixture.[10] The CFR controls for moisture and fat content.[11] To pasteurize it, the cheese mixture must be heated to a temperature of at least {{convert|150|F|C}} for a minimum of 30 seconds.[12] The USDA composition requirements of process American cheese control the percentage of milkfat, moisture, salt and pH value in the final product, along with specifications for flavor, body and texture, color, and meltability.[13] The product is packaged as “ribbon-sliced” or block sliced American cheese.[14] Processed American cheese is packaged in individually wrapped slices which are stacked and enclosed in a plastic wrapper or as unwrapped slices sold in stacks and blocks.[15] Individually wrapped slices are formed from processed cheese which solidifies only between the wrapping medium; these slices, sold as "singles", are typically the least like traditional cheese. Blocks of American cheese are more similar to traditional cheese, and are sliced to order at deli counters or in small blocks of non-individually-wrapped slices. As the older form, some people refer to this as "classic" or "traditional" American cheese. Market sizeAmericans purchased about $2.77 billion worth of American cheese in 2018, but the popularity is falling, and, according to Bloomberg News, sales were projected to drop 1.6% in 2018. The average price for a pound of American was below $4 for the first time since 2011.[16] See also{{portal|Food}}
Notes1. ^Robert Carlton Brown, The Complete Book of Cheese (New York: Programmer Publishing Company, 1955). Republished in 2006: "Bob" Brown, The Complete Book of Cheese (Echo Library, 2006). 2. ^{{Citation | title = Oxford English Dictionary | place = Oxford, UK | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | volume = I | page = 397 | edition = Second | isbn = 0-19-861258-3 | author = Edited by Edmund Whiner and John Simpson.}} 3. ^{{Citation | title = The Cheese All Inspected | newspaper = The New York Times | date = December 8, 1878 | page = 5}} 4. ^US Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 (Food and Drugs), Subchapter B, Part 133, Section 169-173 (Pasteurized processed cheese), the allowed usage of the term "American cheese" for certain types of "Pasteurized processed cheese" is detailed.{{citation|url=http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_99/21cfr133_99.html|title=Title 21, Subchapter B, Part 133|author=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|first=|date=April 1, 1999|website=|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217063132/http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_99/21cfr133_99.html|archive-date=February 17, 2007|dead-url=yes|accessdate=February 17, 2007|quote=In case it is made of cheddar cheese, washed curd cheese, colby cheese, or granular cheese or any mixture of two or more of these, it may be designated "Pasteurized processed American cheese"; or when cheddar cheese, washed curd cheese, Colby cheese, granular cheese, or any mixture of two or more of these is combined with other varieties of cheese in the cheese ingredient, any of such cheeses or such mixture may be designated as "American cheese."|at=Paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of section 133.169|df=mdy-all}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.milkfacts.info/Milk%20Processing/Standards%20of%20Identity.htm |title=Standards of Identity for Dairy Products |publisher=MilkFacts.info |date= |accessdate=February 25, 2013}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=133.169|title=CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Sec. 133.169 Pasteurized process cheese|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=133.173|title=CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Sec. 133.173 Pasteurized process cheese food|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}} 8. ^{{cite book |author1=Carić, M. |author2=Kaláb, M. |authorlink1=Processed cheese products |editor1-last=Fox |editor1-first=P.F. |title=Cheese: Chemistry, physics and microbiology |publisher=Springer |location=Boston, MA |page=467-505 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2800-5_15}} 9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Kapoor |first1=Rohit |last2=Metzger |first2=Lloyd E. |title=Process Cheese: Scientific and Technological Aspects—A Review |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |date=March 2008 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=194–214 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-4337.2008.00040.x}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=CFR- Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Sec. 133.169 Pasteurized Process Cheese |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=b5b6b386bfe799ca8be16d1af46f5177&mc=true&node=pt21.2.133&rgn=div5#se21.2.133_1169 |website=Electronic Code of Federal Regualtions |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}} 11. ^{{cite web |title=CFR- Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Sec. 133.169 Pasteurized Process Cheese |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=b5b6b386bfe799ca8be16d1af46f5177&mc=true&node=pt21.2.133&rgn=div5#se21.2.133_1169 |website=Electronic Code of Federal Regualtions |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}} 12. ^{{cite web |title=CFR- Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Sec. 133.169 Pasteurized Process Cheese |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=b5b6b386bfe799ca8be16d1af46f5177&mc=true&node=pt21.2.133&rgn=div5#se21.2.133_1169 |website=Electronic Code of Federal Regualtions |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=USDA commodity requirements document: DPPC3 Pastuerized process American cheese for use in domestic programs. |url=https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Pasteurized%20Process%20American%20Cheese%20%28DPPC3%29%20effective%20Sep%2025%2C%202013.pdf |website=United States Department of Agriculture |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=March 29, 2019 |date=2013}} 14. ^{{cite web |title=USDA commodity requirements document: DPPC3 Pastuerized process American cheese for use in domestic programs. |url=https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Pasteurized%20Process%20American%20Cheese%20%28DPPC3%29%20effective%20Sep%2025%2C%202013.pdf |website=United States Department of Agriculture |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=March 29, 2019 |date=2013}} 15. ^{{cite book |last1=Tamine |first1=A. Y. |title=Processed cheese and analogues (Vol. 16) |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=14 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2008.00040.x}} 16. ^{{cite news |last1=Mulvany |first1=Lydia |author-link1= |last2=Patton |first2=Leslie |author-link2= |date=2018-10-10 |title=Millennials Kill Again. The Latest Victim? American Cheese |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-10/american-cheese-is-no-longer-america-s-big-cheese? |work= |location= |access-date=2018-10-11 }} External links{{commons cat|American cheese}}
2 : American cheeses|Processed cheese |
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