| 词条 | Payne Knight Twister | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Payne Knight Twister is a single-seat, single-engine aerobatic sport aircraft first flown by Vernon Payne Sr. in the United States in 1932 and marketed in plans form for homebuilding.[2][3] Design and developmentIt is a conventional biplane design with slightly staggered wings of unequal span.[3] The wings are of fully cantilever design and do not require the bracing wires commonly used on biplanes or even interplane struts; however, most builders brace the wings with I-struts and at least one pair of wires.[4] The cockpit is open, and the undercarriage is of fixed, tailwheel type with divided main units.[3] The wings and horizontal stabilizer are of wooden construction, skinned in plywood, while the fuselage and vertical stabilizer are of welded steel tube covered in fabric.[5] Payne designed the Knight Twister in 1928 while teaching aircraft design and repair at a school attached to the Aviation Service and Transport Company in Chicago.[6] Construction of a prototype by Payne and his students commenced the following year but ended shortly thereafter when the school was forced to close as a consequence of the Great Depression.[6] Payne began building a second prototype in 1931, which first flew in fall the following year powered by a Salmson 9Ad radial engine.[6] This aircraft was damaged in a forced landing due to fuel exhaustion during a demonstration flight for the press, and parts of the airframe were reused to build the second Knight Twister in 1935.[6] This machine, powered by a converted Ford Model A automobile engine, was built for an Argentine buyer[7] who eventually declined to take delivery.[6] After it had passed through several hands, Payne himself bought the aircraft back after World War II and his son, Richard, was killed in it during a test flight on which the engine failed shortly after take-off.[6] Operational historyThe Knight Twister built a reputation as a racing aircraft.[6] In 1964, Clyde Parsons flying the "Parsons Twister", won the Sport Biplane Championship race at Reno with a speed of 144.7 mph.[6][8] In the 1970s, Don Fairbanks competed with a Knight Twister preserved initially at the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America museum in Novi, Michigan,[6] and later in the lobby of Sporty's Pilot Shop at Clermont County Airport, Batavia, Ohio{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}. Fairbanks set the world record in the sport biplane class of 178 mph (284 km/h) with this aircraft.[6] The Knight Twister has a reputation as a "handful" to fly,[4][9] but this has been vigorously denied by both its designer[10] and by Fairbanks.[11] Both men have attributed this reputation to the controls being lighter and more responsive than those of the light aircraft that most pilots are more familiar with. In the 1990s, the rights to the design were acquired by Steen Aero, who continue to offer plans for sale in 2009.[6] VariantsData from: "Knight Twister Historical Information" (except as noted)
Specifications (KT-85){{aerospecs|ref=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1977–78, p.552 |met or eng?=eng |crew=One pilot |capacity= |length m=4.27 |length ft=14 |length in=0 |span m=4.57 |span ft=15 |span in=0 |height m=1.60 |height ft=5 |height in=3 |wing area sqm=5.6 |wing area sqft=60 |aspect ratio= |wing profile= |empty weight kg=243 |empty weight lb=535 |gross weight kg=435 |gross weight lb=960 |eng1 number=1 |eng1 type=Continental C90 |eng1 kw=67 |eng1 hp=90 |max speed kmh=257 |max speed mph=160 |max speed mach= |cruise speed kmh= |cruise speed mph= |stall speed kmh= |stall speed mph= |range km=625 |range miles=390 |endurance h= |endurance min= |ceiling m= |ceiling ft= |g limits= |roll rate= |glide ratio= |climb rate ms=4.6 |climb rate ftmin=900 |sink rate ms= |sink rate ftmin= }} See also{{aircontent|see also= |related= |similar aircraft=
|lists= }} Notes1. ^{{cite journal|magazine=Air Trails|date=Winter 1971|title=The true cost of building your own plane|author=Leo J. Kohn|page=63}} 2. ^1 Taylor 1989, p.716 3. ^1 2 Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1977–78, p.551 4. ^1 Davisson 1999, p.44 5. ^1 2 Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1977–78, p.552 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Knight Twister Historical Information" 7. ^"The New Knight Twister" 1937, p.35 8. ^{{cite book|title=Air Racing Today: Heavy Iron at Reno|author=Philip Handleman|page=110}} 9. ^Davisson 2000 10. ^Payne 1985 11. ^Fairbanks 12. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=YSgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32&dq=Popular+Science+1933+plane+%22Popular+Science%22&hl=en&ei=iF1WTaWnOY66tgeC0YXHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=Popular%20Science%201933%20plane%20%22Popular%20Science%22&f=true "Fifteen Foot Plane Flies 120 Miles An Hour"] Popular Science, July 1934, rare photo of only one built 13. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=rNoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA383&dq=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&hl=en&ei=r81ETsS3KI3isQLY3dX5BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q&f=true "Tiny Pane Has Wingspread of Only Fifteen Feet" Popular Science, September 1936] 14. ^1 Taylor 1989, p.717 15. ^"Knight Twister Junior" 1949, p. 34 16. ^{{cite journal|magazine=Flying Magazine|date=November 1960|title=EAA Fly-In|page=37}} 17. ^{{cite journal|magazine=Air Trails|date=Winter 1971|page=65}} 18. ^{{cite journal|magazine=Air Trails|date=Winter 1971|page=61}} 19. ^{{cite journal|magazine=Air Progress Homebuilt Aircraft|date=June 1968|pages=28}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=UNRUH PRETTY PRAIRIE SPECIAL III – N1473V|url=http://www.airventuremuseum.org/collection/aircraft/Unruh%20Pretty%20Prairie%20Special%20III.asp|accessdate=16 April 2011}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Kansas Aviation Museum|url=http://kansasaviationmuseum.org/pprairie.php|accessdate=17 April 2012}} References{{commons category|Payne Knight Twister}}
6 : United States sport aircraft 1930–1939|Homebuilt aircraft|Aerobatic aircraft|Biplanes|Single-engined tractor aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1932 |
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