| 词条 | Oskar Morgenstern |
| 释义 |
| name = Oskar Morgenstern |caption = Oskar Morgenstern |birth_date = {{birth date|1902|1|24|mf=y}} |birth_place = Görlitz, German Empire |nationality = Austrian and American |death_date = {{death date and age|1977|7|26|1902|1|24|mf=y}} |death_place = Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. |contributions = Game theory, Mathematical economics |institution = Princeton University New York University Mathematica Policy Research |alma_mater = University of Vienna | doctoral_advisor = Ludwig von Mises | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = Martin Shubik Lionel W. McKenzie | notable_students = |influences = Othmar Spann }}Oskar Morgenstern (January 24, 1902 – July 26, 1977) was a German-born economist. In collaboration with mathematician John von Neumann, he founded the mathematical field of game theory and its application to economics (see von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem).[1][2] Companies he served as founder/co-founder included Market Research Corporation of America, Mathematica and Mathematica Policy Research Inc. BiographyMorgenstern was born in Görlitz, Germany. His mother was said to be an illegitimate daughter of Emperor Frederick III of Germany.[3][4][5][6][7] Morgenstern grew up in Vienna, Austria, where he also went to university. In 1925, he graduated from the University of Vienna and got his PhD in political science. From 1925 until 1928, he went on a three-year fellowship financed by the Rockefeller Foundation. After his return in 1928, he became a professor in economics at the University of Vienna until his visit to Princeton University in 1938. In 1935, Morgenstern published the article Perfect Foresight and Economic Equilibrium, after which his colleague Eduard Čech pointed him to an article of John von Neumann, Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele (1928). During Morgenstern's visit to Princeton University, Adolf Hitler took over Vienna through the Anschluss Österreichs and Morgenstern decided to remain in the United States. He became a member of the faculty at Princeton but gravitated toward the Institute for Advanced Study. There, he met von Neumann and they collaborated to write Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, published in 1944, which is recognized as the first book on game theory. Game theory is a mathematical framework for the study of strategic structures which govern rational decision-making in certain economic, political and military situations. In 2013, the University of Vienna relocated the Faculty of Business, Economics and Statistics and named the square Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz in his honor. The collaboration between economist Morgenstern and mathematician von Neumann led to the birth of entirely new areas of investigation in both mathematics and economics. These have attracted widespread academic and practical interest since that time. In 1944, Morgenstern also became a United States citizen, and four years later he married Dorothy Young, with whom he had two children, Carl and Karen. In 1950, he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.[8] Morgenstern remained at Princeton as a professor of economics until his retirement in 1970, at which time he joined the faculty of New York University. Morgenstern wrote many other articles and books, including On the Accuracy of Economic Observations, and Predictability of Stock Market Prices with subsequent Nobel laureate Clive Granger. Morgenstern died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1977. The archive of his published works and unpublished documents is held at Duke University.[9] MathematicaIn the late 1950s[10][11] "Oskar Morgenstern and several of his Princeton University colleagues" began a "small research organization." Company names with which he, along with others, were involved[12] as founders/co-founders included:
Bibliography
– reprinted in Selected Economic /writings by Oskar Morgenstern, Andrew Schotter, ed. (New York: New York University Press, 1976), p. 288.
|title=While the Atomic Clock Ticks On – The Question Of National Defense}}[13]
– reprinted in Theory of games and economic behaviour — Sixtieth anniversary edition. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p. 712. {{ISBN|0-691-13061-2}}. References1. ^{{cite book |first=Andrew |last=Schotter |chapter=Oskar Morgenstern's Contribution to the Development of the Theory of Games |editor-first=E. Roy |editor-last=Weintraub |title=Toward a History of Game Theory |location=Durham |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-8223-1253-0 |pages=95–112 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CHY2Gozh1MC&pg=PA95 }} 2. ^{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Leonard |title=Von Neumann, Morgenstern and the Creation of Game Theory |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn= |pages= |url= }} 3. ^Weintraub, E. Roy; Forget Evelyn L. Economists' lives: biography and autobiography in the history of economics p. 234, Duke University Press Books (December 6, 2007) 4. ^The New York Times biographical service, vol. 8, p. 276, New York Times & Arno Press, 1977 5. ^Niehans, Jürg. A history of economic theory: classic contributions, 1720–1980, p. 394, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990 6. ^Bewersdorff, Jörg. Luck, logic, and white lies: the mathematics of games, p. 368, A.K Peters/CRC Press (November 23, 2004) 7. ^Fleck, Christian (2007). Transatlantische Bereicherungen: zur Erfindung der empirischen Sozialforschung. Berlin: Suhrkamp 8. ^View/Search Fellows of the ASA, accessed 2016-07-23. 9. ^{{cite web|title=Oskar Morgenstern Archive|url=http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/morgenst/|website=Duke University Library|accessdate=3 October 2014}} 10. ^1983 article, "25 years ago" would be 1958 11. ^{{cite newspaper |newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 22, 1983 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/22/business/mathematica-s-shift-into-software-field.html|title=Mathematica's Shift Into Software Field |author=Karen W. Arenson |author-link=Karen W. Arenson}} 12. ^{{cite web |website=NYTimes.com|title=Samuel D. Barton, 68, A Marketing Specialist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/29/obituaries/samuel-g-barton-68-a-marketing-specialist.html|date=January 29, 1982}} 13. ^{{cite web |website=NYTimes.com|title=While the Atomic Clock Ticks On – The Question Of National Defense|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0DE2DC163AEF3BBC4A51DFB7678382649EDE|date=November 22, 1959 |author=S.L.A. Marshall}} 306 pp. New York: Random House. "In this book, Oskar Morgenstern, the Princeton economist, takes a look at the prospects for American survival and what we are doing to improve them. What he finds should make the angels weep." Sources
External links{{Wikiquote}}
15 : 1902 births|1977 deaths|Austrian people of German descent|Game theorists|German economists|German emigrants to the United States|People from Görlitz|People from the Province of Silesia|Emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss|Princeton University faculty|Rationality theorists|University of Vienna faculty|Fellows of the American Statistical Association|Fellows of the Econometric Society|Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association |
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