| 词条 | ARA San Luis (S-32) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
ARA San Luis (S-32) is a Type 209 diesel-powered submarine of the Argentine Navy. Built in Germany, San Luis has a displacement of 1,285 tonnes and was commissioned in 1974. She was struck in 1997 after an incomplete overhaul. Design{{Expand section|date=February 2017}}History{{Undue weight section|date=November 2017}}San Luis is best known for serving in the Falklands War ({{lang-es|Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur}}) of 1982. Only one other submarine, the Second World War-era {{ship|ARA|Santa Fe|S-21|6}}, was operational at this time. After Santa Fe was captured and scuttled by the British in South Georgia on 28 April, and the nuclear submarine {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|6}} had sunk the cruiser {{ship|ARA|General Belgrano}} on 2 May, the Argentine fleet retired to port for the duration of the war, with the exception of San Luis, making her the only Argentine naval presence facing the British fleet. San Luis was a major concern for the British as she presented a serious danger[1] to all British warships in the area. Sea, depth and thermal conditions around the Falklands were favourable to diesel submarines, and difficult for anti-submarine ships. The Royal Navy (RN) aircraft carriers {{HMS|Hermes|R12|2}} and {{HMS|Invincible|R05|2}} were the priority targets for San Luis.[2] Sources conflict on whether San Luis was capable of finding and attacking the RN carriers[3] on the basis that the carriers were locked{{clarify|date=March 2017}} east of the Falklands at points determinable by Sea Harrier endurance, the ability of the Argentines to intercept RN ships satellite communications, and the degree of Soviet assistance.{{clarify|date=March 2017}} San Luis reported two attacks on Royal Navy ships during the war. On 1 May, the frigates {{HMS|Brilliant|F90|2}} and {{HMS|Yarmouth|F101|2}} were sent to hunt down San Luis, then operating north of Stanley. San Luis reported firing a German-made SST-4 torpedo, on purely passive sonar detection of British gas turbine-powered warship(s) and Sea King's searching. The torpedo missed its target, presumably due to range, malfunctioning of the computer fire control system, gyro misalignment and the breakage of the wire guidance wire. Nevertheless, experts believe that a closer range attack or alternative use of the MK 37 in an anti-ship role might have been successful.[4] Sonar operators aboard Brilliant were certain they heard and confirmed the sound of an SST-4, and Brilliant, Yarmouth and three Sea Kings from Hermes{{'}}s 826 Squadron[5] launched depth charge, mortar and torpedo attacks for 20 hours[6] until the short sub-Antarctic night on 1 May. Searching for the Type 209 submarine was hindered by the numerous wrecks of whaling boats and whales, indistinguishable from submarines. San Luis had adopted the World War II tactics of German U-boats and rested on the bottom[7] some distance from the area of interest to the British frigates, where it shut down.[8] During the short Falklands War, the United States supplied 200 Mk 46 torpedoes to the Royal Navy, which expended 50 Mk 46 torpedoes during the conflict[9] against sonar detection of the possible sound of the single Type 209 submarine. The Royal Navy never detected or located the submarine,[10] which was in among the fleet,[11] but which weapon system effectiveness had been limited by British Intelligence.{{clarify|date=March 2017}}[12]San Luis attacked again on the night of 10 May. The frigate {{HMS|Alacrity|F174|2}} had made passage up Falkland Sound, sinking an Argentine merchant navy ship on the way. As Alacrity left the channel before dawn, sister ship {{HMS|Arrow|F173|2}} was waiting to accompany her back to the Task Force. San Luis detected the two ships and fired two SST-4 torpedoes, one of which did not leave its tube; the other was apparently defeated by Arrow{{'}}s anti-torpedo measures.[13] There were several problems with torpedoes and torpedo systems; in particular it appears that the torpedoes were not prepared properly, and did not arm themselves after firing, so would not explode even if they did hit a target. It has been suggested that previous apparent misses could have been due to torpedoes which struck home but did not explode.[13] After the Falklands War ended, German and Dutch engineers were sent to Argentina to discover what went wrong with their torpedoes. The problem was found to be that one of the Argentine sailors who was in charge of periodic maintenance of the torpedoes had inadvertently reversed the polarity of power cables between the torpedoes and the submarine. This meant that when the torpedoes' gyros were spun up, they ran "backwards" and thus tumbled on launch, preventing the weapons from taking up their proper heading.[14][15]The mere presence of San Luis was a severe nuisance to the Task Force. The threat posed by San Luis forced the Royal Navy to suspend the rescue efforts of two Sea King helicopters who ditched at sea on 12 May and 18 May 1982 respectively, while conducting anti-submarine operations. Both aircraft were eventually scuttled by naval gunfire.[16][17] San Luis returned to Puerto Belgrano on 17 May for repairs to her weapons systems, and was not operational for the rest of the war. See also
References1. ^{{cite report |url=http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA133333 |title=Lessons of the Falklands |publisher=DTIC |work=Department of the Navy |id=ADA133333 |date=February 1983 |accessdate=2 June 2015}} 2. ^Lt Cdr S R Harper. Submarine Operations during the Falklands War. USN War College (RI) 1994 Paper, p21-2 3. ^Harper. Sub Operations during Falklands War. (1994) p (ii) & N.Freidman. The Falklands War in Retrospect. Hard lessons from a small war. Defense. Summer 2012 4. ^S.R. Harper (1994)p 21-2 and N. Freidman. Falklands in Retrospect (2012 &15) 5. ^M.Middlelton. Operation Corporate. The Story of the Falklands War 1982. Viking. London (1985) p130 6. ^Admiral S Woodward. One Hundred Days. The Memoirs of a Falklands Battlegroup Commander, 3rd ed. Harper. London(2012) p 22 7. ^N. Freidman. The Falklands War in Retrospect. Hard Lessons from a Short War. 2 April-2015. Defence Media Network, p 4 8. ^Freidman. The Falklands War in Retrospect (2015) p 3-4 9. ^J. Lehman. The Falklands War. Reflections on a Special Relationship in, USN Institute. Naval History Magazine.Oct 2012,v 26, no 5 10. ^Lehman. Falklands War. USNI. Naval History Magazine. Oct 2012 11. ^Lehman.Naval History Magazine. Oct 2012 12. ^Lehman. Naval History Magazine. Oct 2012 13. ^1 {{citation |first=Lt Cdr Steven R. U.S. Navy|last=Harper |url=http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA279554 |title=Submarine Operations during the Falklands War |publisher=Naval War College |location=Newport |date=17 June 1994 |type=Paper}} 14. ^{{citation |last=Schmidt |first=LT Wade H. |title=Top Torpedo |publisher=U.S. Naval Institute |work=Proceedings |issue=March 1993}} 15. ^{{citation |first=James A. Lieutenant Commander U.S. Navy |last=Haggart |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HJA.htm |publisher=Marine Corps Command and Staff College via globalsecurity.org |title=The Falkland Islands Conflict, 1982: Air Defense Of The Fleet |date=1 May 1984 |type=Paper}} 16. ^UK Military Aircraft Losses – 1982 Wolverhampton Aviation Group 17. ^Howard, L. Burrow, M and Myall, E. (2011). Fleet Air Arm Helicopters since 1943. Staplefield, p. 239. {{ISBN|978-0-85130-304-8}} External links
6 : Cold War submarines of Argentina|Mar del Plata|Falklands War naval ships of Argentina|Salta-class submarines|Ships built in Hamburg|1978 ships |
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