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词条 Arrian
释义

  1. Arrian's life

  2. Works

      Periplus of the Euxine Sea    Discourses of Epictetus and Enchiridion of Epictetus    Homiliai Epiktetou    Anabasis of Alexander    Ta met' Alexandron    Parthica    Bithyniaca    Nicomediensis Scripta minora    Indica    Techne Taktike    Kynēgetikos    Ektaxis kata Alanon    Biographical series  

  3. Sources, transmission, translations and publications

  4. References

  5. Further reading

  6. External links

{{For|others with this name|Arrianus (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox person
| name = Arrian
Lucius Flavius Arrianus
| image = Arrian7.jpg
| caption = Bust of Arrian
| birth_date = {{circa|86}}
| birth_place = Nicomedia, Bithynia, Anatolia
| death_date = {{circa|160}}[1] (aged 73–74)
| death_place = Athens
| occupation = Historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher
| nationality = Greek
| mother =
}}Arrian of Nicomedia ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|r|i|ə|n}}; Greek: {{lang|grc|Ἀρριανός}} Arrianos; {{lang-la|Lucius Flavius Arrianus}};[2] {{circa|86/89|after 146/160 AD}})[3][4] was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher of the Roman period.[4]The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian is considered the best source on the campaigns of Alexander the Great. However, more recently, even though modern scholars have generally preferred Arrian to other extant primary sources, this attitude towards Arrian is beginning to change in the light of studies into Arrian's method.[5][6]

Arrian's life

Arrian was born in Nicomedia (present-day İzmit), the provincial capital of Bithynia. Dio called him Flavius Arrianus Nicomediansis. In respect of his birth date, sources provide similar dates for his birth; within a few years prior to 90, 89, and 85–90 AD. The line of reasoning for dates belonging to 85-90 AD is from the fact of Arrian being made a consul around 130 AD, and the usual age for this, during this period, being forty-two years of age. (ref. p. 312, & SYME 1958, same page). His family was from the Greek provincial aristocracy, and his full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, indicates that he was a Roman citizen, suggesting that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the time of the Roman conquest some 170 years before.[4][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Sometime during the 2nd century AD (117 to 120 AD) while in Epirus, probably Nicopolis, Arrian attended lectures of Epictetus of Nicopolis, and proceeded within a time to fall into his pupillage, a fact attested to by Lucian. All that is known about the life of Epictetus is due to Arrian, in that Arrian left an Encheiridion (Handbook) of Epictetus' philosophy. After Epirus he went to Athens, and while there he became known as the young Xenophon as a consequence of the similarity of his relation to Epictetus as Xenophon had to Socrates.[13][14][15][18][16][17][18][22]

For a period, some time about 126 AD, he was a friend of the emperor Hadrian, who appointed him to the Senate. He was appointed to the position consul suffectus around 130 AD, and then, in 132 AD (although Howatson shows 131), he was made prefect or legate (governor) of Cappadocia by Hadrian, a service he continued for six years. When he retired, Arrian went to live in Athens, where he became archon sometime during 145 or 146 (EJ Chinnock shows, he retired to Nicomedia and was appointed priest to Demeter and Persephone while there). He died in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.[13][18][19][26][26][20][21][30][22]

Arrian referred to himself as the second Xenophon, on account of his reputation and the esteem in which he was held. Lucian stated him to be:[16][23]

{{quote|a Roman of the first rank with a life-long attachment to learning| quote of Lucian in P. E. Easterling, B. M. W. Knox, p.143}}

Τhis quality is identified as paideia (παιδεία) which is the quality considered to be of one who is known as an educated and learned personage, i.e., one who is highly esteemed and important.[16][24][25][26][27][28]

Works

There are eight extant works (cf. Syvänne, footnote of p. 260). The Indica and the Anabasis are the only works completely intact. His entire remaining oeuvre is known as FGrH 156 to designate those collected fragments which exist.[13][30][29][30]

Periplus of the Euxine Sea

{{Main|Periplus of the Euxine Sea}}

This work is the earliest extant work that is dated with any confidence. It is a writing addressed to the Emperor Hadrian.[31][32][33]

Discourses of Epictetus and Enchiridion of Epictetus

{{Main|Discourses of Epictetus|Enchiridion of Epictetus}}

Arrian was a pupil of Epictetus around 108 AD, and, according to his own account, he was moved to publish his notes of Epictetus' lectures, which are known as Discourses of Epictetus, by their unauthorized dissemination.[14][34] According to George Long, Arrian noted from Epictetus' lectures for his private use and some time later made of these, the Discourses. Photius states that Arrian produced two books the Dissertations and the Discourses. The Discourses are also known as Diatribai and are apparently a verbatim recording of Epictetus' lectures.[35][36][37]

The Enchiridion is a short compendium of all Epictetus' philosophical principles. It is also known as a handbook, and A Mehl considers the Enchiridion to have been a vade mecum for Arrian. The Enchiridion is apparently a summary of the Discourses.[7][15][38][39][35]

JB Stockdale considered that Arrian wrote eight books of which four were lost by the Middle Ages and the remaining ones became the Discourses. In a comparison of the contents of the Enchiridion with the Discourses, it is apparent that the former contains material not present within the latter, suggesting an original lost source for the Enchiridion.[14][40][41]

Homiliai Epiktetou

Friendly conversations with Epictetus (Homiliai Epiktetou) is a 12 book work mentioned by Photius in his Bibliotheca, of which only fragments remain.[18][18]

Anabasis of Alexander

{{Main|The Anabasis of Alexander}}

The Anabasis of Alexander comprises seven books.[18] Arrian used Xenophon's account of the March of Cyrus as the basis for this work.[42]

Ta met' Alexandron

History of the Diadochi or Events after Alexander is a work originally of ten books; a commentary on this work was written by Photius (FW Walbank, p. 8).[38][43][3][44]

Three extant fragments are the Vatican Palimpsest (of the 10th century AD), PSI 12.1284 (Oxyrhynchus), and the Gothenburg palimpsest (of the 10th century also), these possibly stemming originally from Photius.[3][18][45]

The writing is about the successors of Alexander the Great, circa 323 – 321 or 319.

Parthica

A lost work of seventeen books, fragments of Parthica were maintained by the Suda and Stephen of Byzantium. The work survives only in adaptations made later by Photius and Syncellus. Translated, the title is History of the Parthians. Arrian's aim in the work was to set forth events of the Parthian war of Trajan. The writing mentioned that the Parthians trace their origins to Artaxerxes II.[46][22][47][48][49]

Bithyniaca

A work of eight books, Bibliotheca (via Photius) states it is the fourth to have been written by Arrian.[22][50]

Nicomediensis Scripta minora

A work translated a Nicodemian script (minor).[51][52]

Indica

{{Main|Indica (Arrian)}}Indica is a work on a variety of things pertaining to India, and the voyage of Nearchus in the Persian Gulf. The first part of Indica was based largely on the work of the same name of Megasthenes, the second part based on a journal written by Nearchus.[53][54][55][19]

Techne Taktike

Written 136/137 AD (in the 20th year of Hadrian[31]), Techne Taktike is a treatise on Roman cavalry and military tactics, and includes information on the nature, arms and discipline of the phalanx. The hippika gymnasia is a particular concern of Arrian in the treatise.[22][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]

Another translation of the title is Ars tactica, which, in Greek, is Τέχνη τακτική.[63][64]

This work has generally been considered in large part a panegyric to Hadrian, written for the occasion of his vicenallia, although some scholars have argued that its second half may have had practical use.[65][66]

Kynēgetikos

Cynegeticus (Κυνηγετικός), translated as the hunting man,[35] is a work about hunting dogs, canes venatici, the Celtic grey-hound.[67][20][68][69][70][71][72]

The work is based on an earlier exposition made by Xenophon, whom Arrian thought to be the authority on the subject of hunting.[73][74]

Ektaxis kata Alanon

Ektaxis kata Alanon (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν) is a work of a now fragmentary nature; the title is translated as Deployment against the Alani or The order of battle against the Alans or referred to simply as Alanica. It is thought not have been written as a presentation of facts but for literary reasons. Pertaining to the relevant historical facts, though, while governor of Cappadocia, Arrian repelled an invasion of the Alani sometime during 135 AD, a struggle in which Arrian's two legions were victorious.[75][76][21][54][77][78][79][80]

Within the work, Arrian explicitly identified the particular means of pursuing warfare as being based on Greek methods.[81][82][83]

Ektaxis kata Alanon is also translated as Acies contra Alanos. The work was known for a time as A History of the Alani (Alanike via Photius[54]). A fragment describing a plan of battle against the Alani was found in Milan around the 17th century which was thought at that time to belong to the History.[84]

Biographical series

There were also a number of monographs or biographies, including of Dion of Syracuse, Timoleon of Corinth, and Tilliborus, a brigand or robber of Asia minor, which are now lost.[85][86][87][88][89]

Sources, transmission, translations and publications

Everything known of his life derives from the 9th century writing of Photius in his Bibliotheca, and from those few references which exist within Arrian's own writings. The knowledge of his consulship, is derived at the least from literature produced by Suidas. Arnobius (c. 3rd century AD[90]) mentions Arrian. Arrian was also known of by Aulus Gellius. Pliny the Younger addressed seven of his epistles to him. Simplicius made a copy of the Encheridion, which was transmitted under the name of the monastic father Nilus during the 5th century, and as a result found in every monastery library.[91][92][7][93][14][94]

Nicholas Blancard made translations of Arrian in 1663 and 1668.[95]

The voyage of Nearchus and Periplus of the Erythrean Sea were translated from the Greek by the then Dean of Westminster, William Vincent, and published 1809. Vincent published a commentary in 1797 on The voyage of Nearchus. The work was also translated into French by M.Billecocq, under the auspices of the government (cf. p. 321).[96]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36110/Arrian#|title= Arrian|publisher= www.britannica.com |accessdate=2010-01-07|quote= Arrian born c. AD 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Tur.] died c. AD 160, Athens? [Greece]. }}
2. ^Stadter's suggestion that his official name was Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon ({{Cite journal|last=Stadter|first=Philip|date=1967|title=Flavius Arrianus: The New Xenophon|url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1301492487/|journal=Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies|doi=|pmid=|access-date=April 14, 2016}}) is disproven by epigraphic evidence: Bowie, E. L. “Greeks and Their Past in the Second Sophistic.” Past & Present, 46 (1970): 25 n. 72.
3. ^1 2 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=lnIpo8KBbP4C&pg=PA8&dq=Bithyniaca+Arrian#v=onepage&q=Bithyniaca%20Arrian&f=false|author=FW Walbank |editor= F. W. Walbank|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 6 Sep 1984 |isbn= 0-521-23445-X| accessdate=2015-04-01|date=November 1984 }}
4. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36110/Arrian#|title= Arrian|publisher= www.britannica.com |accessdate=2010-01-07|quote= Arrian (born c. ad 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Tur.] died c. 160, Athens? [Greece]) Greek historian and philosopher who was one of the most distinguished authors of the 2nd-century Roman Empire.}}{{cite book |author1=Wolfgang Haase |author2=Hildegard Temporini |title=Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Volume 2;Volume 34 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1990 |page=228 |isbn=3-11-010376-1 |quote= Arrian was of Greek stock, from the provincial aristocracy of Bithynia. His full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, demonstrates that he was a Roman citizen and suggests that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the triumphal period. Arrian’s home city was the Bithynian capital, Nicomedia, where he held the priesthood of Demeter and Kore, its patron deities. }}{{cite book |author1=Arrian |author2=Sélincourt, Aubrey De |title= The campaigns of Alexander |publisher= Penguin Classics |year= 1971 |page= 13 |isbn= 0-14-044253-7 |quote= Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, to give him his full name, was a Greek, born at Nicomedia, the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, probably a few years before A.D. 90. }}{{cite book |author= Grant, Michael |title=Readings in the classical historians |publisher= Scribner's|year=1992 |page=544 |isbn=0-684-19245-4 |quote= ARRIAN: GREEK HISTORIAN Arrian was an approximate contemporary of Appian, born about AD 95. Like him a Greek, he came from Nicomedia (İzmit) in Bithynia (north-western Asia-Minor) where his family was prominent. }}
5. ^{{cite book|last1=Heckel|first1=Waldemar|title=The History of Alexander|date=2004|publisher=Penguin|pages=5 & 269}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bosworth|first1=A.B.|title=Errors in Arrian|journal=Classical Quarterly|date=1976|volume=26|pages=117–139|doi=10.1017/s0009838800033905}}
7. ^1 2 {{cite book |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081553301;view=1up;seq=1|authors=Le Clerc, Jean, Rooke, John|title=Arrian's History of Alexander's expedition. Translated from the Greek. With notes historical, geographical, and critical. By Mr. Rooke. To which is prefix'd, Mr. Le Clerc's Criticism upon Quintus Curtius. And some remarks upon Mr. Perizonius's vindication of the author.|publisher=London, Printed for T. Worrall etc., etc. 1729.| accessdate=2015-04-06}}
8. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=gay_i14p9oEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+anabasis+of+alexander+Arrian#v=onepage&q=Arrian&f=false|author=N. G. L. Hammond |title=Sources for Alexander the Great: An Analysis of Plutarch's 'Life' and Arrian's 'Anabasis Alexandrou'|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 13 Aug 2007 |isbn= 0-521-71471-0| accessdate=2015-04-04|date=2007-08-13 }}
9. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jJjiYdxHmPMC&pg=PA48&dq=date+of+birth+of+Arrian#v=onepage&q=date%20of%20birth%20of%20Arrian&f=false|author=EL Bowie |editor= PA Stadter |editor2=L. Van der Stockt |title=Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98-117 A.D.)|publisher=Leuven University Press, 1 Jan 2002 |isbn =9058672395| accessdate=2015-04-04|date=January 2002 }}
10. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ssail1eW01gC&pg=PA312&dq=date+of+birth+of+Arrian#v=onepage&q=date%20of%20birth%20of%20Arrian&f=false|authors=AM Devine – Oxford (H Temporini, W Haase, J Vogt) - |title=Aufstieg U Niedergang D Roemwelt Teil 2 Bd 34/1, Volume 2; Volume 31; Volume 34|publisher=Walter de Gruyter, 1993| isbn =3-11-010376-1| accessdate=2015-04-04|year=1993 }}
11. ^FP Polo, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M-ZctZTBjykC&printsec=frontcover&dq=consulship&hl=en&sa=X&ei=204gVdCLIMP6apnAgOgN&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=consulship&f=false The Consul at Rome: The Civil Functions of the Consuls in the Roman Republic] Cambridge University Press, 24 Feb 2011 {{ISBN|1-139-49599-2}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. used p.1-3 to identify nature of < consulship >)
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36110/Arrian#|title= Arrian|publisher= www.britannica.com |accessdate=2010-01-07|quote= Arrian (born c. ad 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Tur.] died c. 160, Athens? [Greece]) Greek historian and philosopher who was one of the most distinguished authors of the 2nd-century Roman Empire.}}{{cite book |author1=Wolfgang Haase |author2=Hildegard Temporini |title=Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Volume 2;Volume 34 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1990 |page=228 |isbn=3-11-010376-1 |quote= Arrian was of Greek stock, from the provincial aristocracy of Bithynia. His full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, demonstrates that he was a Roman citizen and suggests that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the triumphal period. Arrian’s home city was the Bithynian capital, Nicomedia, where he held the priesthood of Demeter and Kore, its patron deities. }}{{cite book |author1=Arrian |author2=Sélincourt, Aubrey De |title= The campaigns of Alexander |publisher= Penguin Classics |year= 1971 |page= 13 |isbn= 0-14-044253-7 |quote= Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, to give him his full name, was a Greek, born at Nicomedia, the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, probably a few years before A.D. 90. }}{{cite book |author= Grant, Michael |title=Readings in the classical historians |publisher= Scribner's|year=1992 |page=544 |isbn=0-684-19245-4 |quote= ARRIAN: GREEK HISTORIAN Arrian was an approximate contemporary of Appian, born about AD 95. Like him a Greek, he came from Nicomedia in Bithynia (north-western Asia-Minor) where his family was prominent. }}
13. ^1 2 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=DW2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260&dq=Arrian+works#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20works&f=false|author=I Syvänne|title=Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 Volumes]: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers|publisher=ABC-CLIO, 21 Oct 2013| isbn= 0-313-07033-4| accessdate=2015-04-01|date=2013-10-21}}
14. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=XEuddWHIqaYC&pg=PA350&dq=history+of+transmission+earliest+extent+of+Anabasis+Arrian#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20transmission%20earliest%20extent%20of%20Anabasis%20Arrian&f=false|author=Hans-Josef Klauck|title=Religious Context of Early Christianity: A Guide To Graeco-Roman Religions (p.350)|publisher=A&C Black, 1 May 2003 (reprint, revised)| isbn= 0-567-08943-6 | accessdate=2015-04-06|date=2003-05-01}}
15. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=IvP_tHPTZfkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+History+of+Alexander+Arrian#v=onepage&q=The%20History%20of%20Alexander%20Arrian&f=false|author=JS Romm|title=Alexander The Great: Selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius (p.xix)|publisher=Hackett Publishing, 11 Mar 2005| isbn= 1-60384-333-7| accessdate=2015-04-08|date=2005-03-11}}
16. ^1 2 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Vx2gJyWxrtMC&pg=PA146&dq=Photius+Arrian#v=onepage&q=Lucian%20%20Arrian&f=false|author1=P. E. Easterling |author2=B. M. W. Knox |title=The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 1, Greek Literature, Part 4, The Hellenistic Period and the Empire (p.143 - )|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 4 May 1989| isbn =0-521-35984-8| accessdate=2015-04-05|year=1989 }}
17. ^Oxford Dictionaries: attest, pupilage Oxford University Press [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
18. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=uDCB62MrFCYC&pg=PA6&dq=Enchiridion+of+Arrian#v=onepage&q=Enchiridion%20of%20Arrian&f=false|author=G Long, Epictetus|title=Enchiridion and Selections from the Discourses of Epictetus, p.6|publisher=Digireads.com Publishing, 1 Jan 2010 |isbn =1-4209-3522-4| accessdate=2015-04-03|date=2010-01-01}}
19. ^1 2 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=TXtEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Anabasis+of+Alexander|author=JW McCrindle|title=The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, p.9-10|publisher=Cosmo Publications, 1816 – original of google books from University of California, Berkeley| accessdate=2015-04-03|year=1816}}
20. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA169&dq=Bithyniaca+Arrian#v=onepage&q=Bithyniaca%20Arrian&f=false|author=AB Bosworth|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary – edited by S Hornblower, A Spawforth, E Eidinow|publisher=Oxford University Press, 29 Mar 2012| isbn =0-19-954556-1 | accessdate=2015-04-02|date=2012-03-29}}
21. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=v_ZVubRc1mQC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=Arrian+commander+in+the+military#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20commander%20in%20the%20military&f=false|author=N Fields|title=The Roman Army of the Principate 27 BC-AD 117 p.41-42|publisher=Osprey Publishing, 2009| isbn =1-84603-386-1| accessdate=2015-04-01|date=2009-03-31}}
22. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |jstor=637903|title=Arrian's Literary Development The Classical Quarterly New Series, Vol. 22, No. 1 (May, 1972), pp. 163-185|author=A. B. Bosworth|publisher= Cambridge University Press}}
23. ^Peter Beckford (... perhaps, the writing is slightly illegible) or a Country Squire — [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1x5dAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR15&dq=Essay+on+hunting+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rZIcVampCZfxaMrogQg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Essay%20on%20hunting%20Arrian&f=false Essays on Hunting. Containing a philosophical enquiry into the nature and properties of the scent; observations on ... hounds ... also directions for the choice of a hunter, etc., extracted from “An Essay on Hunting, by a Country Squire,” published in 1733., With Six letters upon Hunting” by J. S. Gardiner., With an introduction by the editor, W. Blane, p.xvii] Southampton T. Baker and others 1781 [Retrieved 2015-04-02] (ed. this source not the first source for ed. of this factor)
24. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=d6VXIDjmAcQC&pg=PA328&dq=Lucian+Arrian#v=onepage&q=Lucian%20Arrian&f=false|author=S Swain|title=Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World, AD (p.328ff.) |publisher=Oxford University Press, 1996 |isbn= 0-19-814772-4| accessdate=2015-04-05|year=1996}}
25. ^definitions of paideia — Merriam-Webster, University Press [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
26. ^Werner Jaeger (translated by Gilbert Highet), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hUqgwPS_GdYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=paideia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CoAhVa2JKMfsaLy2gMgC&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=paideia&f=false Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture: II. In Search of the Divine Centre] Volume 2 of Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture Oxford University Press, 23 Oct 1986 (reprint – 1st published 1943) {{ISBN|0-19-504047-3}} [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
27. ^Perseus Project: Latin Word Study Tool: paideia [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
28. ^Oxford Dictionaries: personage Oxford University Press [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
29. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=bOR3pTZCem0C&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=FGrH+156#v=onepage&q=FGrH%20156&f=false|author=R Waterfield|title=Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great's Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press, 2 Aug 2012| isbn =0-19-964700-3| accessdate=2015-04-06|date=2012-08-02}}
30. ^SB Ferrario was the first source for FGrH 156
31. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=9FPqFcCJQlQC&pg=PA192&dq=Essay++tactica+Arrian#v=onepage&q=Essay%20%20tactica%20Arrian&f=false|author=EL Bowie|title=Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals) p.191-192|publisher=Routledge, 11 Jan 2013 |isbn= 1-136-50564-4| accessdate=2015-04-02|date=2013-01-11}}
32. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ldQTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hx8bVZfBAY-VauewgaAH&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arrian&f=false Arrian's voyage round the Euxine Sea translated: and accompanied with a geographical dissertation, and maps] J. Cook, 1805 [Retrieved 2015-3-31] (ed. 1st source)
33. ^William Thomas Lowndes, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9okIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA73&dq=Arrian+voyage+round+the+euxine+sea&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1B8bVbvaI8rZaouggZAO&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20voyage%20round%20the%20euxine%20sea&f=false The bibliographer's manual of English literature, containing an account of rare, curious, and useful books, publ. in or relating to Great Britain and Ireland] 1857 [Retrieved 2015-3-31]
34. ^EL Bowie, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jJjiYdxHmPMC&pg=PA48&dq=date+of+birth+of+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gEcgVf3pJ8vfaPikgPAK&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=date%20of%20birth%20of%20Arrian&f=false Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98-117 A.D.) (p.48)] Leuven University Press, 1 Jan 2002 (edited by PA Stadter, L. Van der Stockt), {{ISBN|9058672395}} [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
35. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |url=|author=M.C. Howatson|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (p.73)|publisher=Oxford University Press, 22 Aug 2013 (reprint) |isbn= 0-19-954855-2}} (.... Enchiridion a summary of the Discourses)
36. ^George Long, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yDdJasgwlL8C&pg=PA68&dq=Discourses+Dissertations+on+Epictetus+by+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SIUgVe2RE8L4aKn2gLgB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Discourses%20Dissertations%20on%20Epictetus%20by%20Arrian&f=false Arrian : The Discourses of Epictetus – Special Edition (p.vii)] Special Edition Books, 2010 {{ISBN|1-934255-31-9}} [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
37. ^Nathaniel Lardner, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3pAtqGzC6vkC&pg=PA86&dq=Dissertations+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kIEgVe7zMNDoaIiMgvAP&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Dissertations%20Arrian&f=false The works of Nathaniel Lardner, D.D. with a life by Dr. Kippis ...] W. Bal, 1838 [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
38. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0W1rpowMywYC&pg=PA182&dq=fragment+FGrH+156#v=onepage&q=fragment%20FGrH%20156&f=false|author=A Mehl|title=Roman Historiography|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, 18 Jan 2011 |isbn= 1-4051-2183-1| accessdate=2015-04-06|date=2011-01-18}} (ed. this the first source for < History of the Diadochi >)
39. ^Definitions of < vade mecum > Oxford University, Merriam-Webster [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
40. ^Vice Admiral JB Stockdale, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tfUl3d8rKzgC&pg=PA3&dq=Arrian+-+The+Discourses+of+Epictetus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jYcgVa-RJsfnaqzggIgJ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20-%20The%20Discourses%20of%20Epictetus&f=false Courage Under Fire: Testing Epictetus's Doctrines in a Laboratory of Human Behavior] Hoover Press, 1 Jan 1993 {{ISBN|0-8179-3692-0}} [Retrieved 2015-04-05]
41. ^KH Seddon – Epictetus Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy [Retrieved 2015-04-06]
42. ^Encyclopædia Iranica Anabasis {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517001806/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/anabasis-greek-anbasis-going-up-way-up-expedition-up-from-the-coast-title-of-ancient-campaign-accounts-stylistically-influenced-by-the-so-called-periplus-books-more-especially-title-of-the-famous-firsthand-account-by-xenophon-of-cyrus-the |date=May 17, 2015 }} [Retrieved 2015-04-06]
43. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jYxi-PQiDL8C&pg=PA156&dq=History+of+the+Diadochi+Arrian#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20the%20Diadochi%20Arrian&f=false |author=G Hill|title=A History of Cyprus, Volume 1|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 23 Sep 2010 |isbn= 1-108-02062-3| accessdate=2015-04-06}} (p.156 footnote 4 is the location of < Ta met' Alexandron >.
44. ^SB Ferrario, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aYBxBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6&dq=history+of+transmission+of+Arrian+Events+after+Alexander&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UsQhVfpe0OhoiIyC8A8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20transmission%20of%20Arrian%20Events%20after%20Alexander&f=false Historical Agency and the 'Great Man' in Classical Greece (p.6 footnote 17)] Cambridge University Press, 2 Oct 2014 {{ISBN|1-107-03734-4}} [Retrieved 2015-04-05] (ed. this source used only for the addition of < Ta meta tou Alexandrou >)
45. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=v19uAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38&lpg=PT38&dq=Photius++Events+after+Alexander#v=onepage&q=Photius%20%20Events%20after%20Alexander&f=false|author=EM Anson|title= Alexander's Heirs: The Age of the Successors|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, 24 Apr 2014 |isbn= 1-118-86240-6| accessdate=2015-04-02}}
46. ^CG Starr, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bA3kgtZU1iMC&pg=PA643&dq=History+of+the+Parthians+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9ewdVayEE4LUapvugOgH&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20the%20Parthians%20Arrian&f=false A History of the Ancient World] Oxford University Press, 1991 {{ISBN|0-19-506628-6}} [Retrieved 2015-04-03] (ed. supporting / secondary source for < lost >)
47. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arrian-greek-historian|author=Encyclopædia Iranica (general editor: E Yarshater)|title=Arrian|publisher=| accessdate=2015-04-03}}
48. ^J Wiesehofer, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yFocMaM49SgC&pg=PA133&dq=History+of+the+Parthians+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UO4dVZe-O8zOaKDvgfgB&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20the%20Parthians%20Arrian&f=false Ancient Persia (p.131 – the link opens p.133)] I.B.Tauris, 18 Aug 2001 {{ISBN|1-86064-675-1}} [Retrieved 2015-04-02]
49. ^E. Yarshater, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y7IHmyKcPtYC&pg=PA697&dq=History+of+the+Parthians+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h-odVZiNB8HSaMfJgYgB&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20the%20Parthians%20Arrian&f=false The Cambridge History of Iran: Seleucid Parthian (p.697)] Cambridge University Press, 14 Apr 1983 {{ISBN|0-521-24693-8}} [Retrieved 2015-04-03]
50. ^LJ Sanders referencing AB Bosworth referencing Photius, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ap55r8THVM0C&pg=PA173&dq=Bithyniaca+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_QwgVbGnJsfvaq2HgLgD&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Bithyniaca%20Arrian&f=false The Legend of Dion (p.173 footnote 379)] Dundurn, 15 Mar 2008 {{ISBN|1-4597-1094-0}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04]
51. ^Arriani Nicomediensis Scripta Minora Rudolfus Hercher iterum recognovit (ed. 1st source)
52. ^Arrian, R Hercher, [https://archive.org/details/arrianinicomedi02hercgoog Nicomediensis Scripta minora (Latin)] Publisher: Sumptibus et typis B.G . Teubneri 1854 (Book from the collections of: New York Public Library) [Retrieved 2015-04-01]
53. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2hdHI2Gd0HwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Arrian+Indica&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oVocVfu6Ho6zaefegbgK&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20Indica&f=false Alexander the Great: The Anabasis and the Indica (p.227 onward)] Translated by M Hammond Oxford University Press, 14 Feb 2013 {{ISBN|0-19-958724-8}} [Retrieved 2015-04-01]
54. ^1 2 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=qB9dKo_i-QIC&pg=PA352&dq=Anabasis+of+Alexander#v=onepage&q=Anabasis%20of%20Alexander&f=false|author=William Smith|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Volume 3|publisher=Taylor and Walton, 1844 – Original used to transfer to google books from Bibliothèque jésuite des Fontaines, digitized 30 Dec 2010| accessdate=2015-04-03}} (ed. this source used for < Ινσικη >)
55. ^The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (scroll down for a list of editors) Encyclopædia Britannica [Retrieved 2015-04-01] (ed. this the 1st source of < Indica > for this ed.)
56. ^AB Bosworth, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W45t-OYD4-oC&pg=PA234&dq=Essay++tactica+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3YUcVevNGcf7aq6qgJgI&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Essay%20%20tactica%20Arrian&f=false Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Volume 81, p.234] Harvard University Press, 1 Jan 1977 (edited by G. P. Goold) {{ISBN|0-674-37928-4}} [Retrieved 2015-04-02]
57. ^P Sidnell, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l4KYsLl0sVIC&pg=PA267&lpg=PA267&dq=Ars+Tactica+Arrian&source=bl&ots=3ZflSXaQyj&sig=DlN1TEobdlPJCgG8wROjcub5-ao&hl=en&sa=X&ei=htkdVdzPL8K5acSNgtAM&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=Ars%20Tactica%20Arrian&f=false Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare (p.268)] Bloomsbury Publishing, 10 Oct 2007 {{ISBN|0-8264-2105-9}} [Retrieved 2015-04-03]
58. ^T E Rihll, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K7K5lioSNiQC&pg=PA84&dq=Arrian+voyage+round+the+Euxine+sea&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hyEbVfivDY_Zau7sgvgD&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20voyage%20round%20the%20Euxine%20sea&f=false Greek Science (p.84 footnote 11)] Cambridge University Press, 11 Nov 1999 {{ISBN|0-19-922395-5}} [Retrieved 2015-3-31] (ed. 1st source for < Tekhne Taktike >)
59. ^I Syvänne, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rm_hAAAAMAAJ&q=Arrian+Tekne+Taktika&dq=Arrian+Tekne+Taktika&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XSIbVbWyA8K0ab7PgqAD&redir_esc=y The Age of Hippotoxotai: Art of War in Roman Military Revival and Disaster (491-636)] Volume 994 of Acta Universitatis Tamperensis Tampere University Press, 2004 {{ISBN|9514459180}} [Retrieved 2015-3-31]
60. ^S Jamess (R Collins, F McIntosh, eds.), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=essVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=Arrian+Tekhne+Taktika&source=bl&ots=sE8hV60Q35&sig=b7HU8I6eMLf7EWAHsJauRAx6tK8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QRMcVei2DIO4aer0gtAB&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20Tekhne%20Taktika&f=false Life in the Limes: Studies of the people and objects of the Roman frontiers, p.102] Oxbow Books, 31 Mar 2014 {{ISBN|1-78297-254-4}} [Retrieved 2015-04-01]
61. ^Edward Gibbon, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e04IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA100&dq=Essay++tactica+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3YUcVevNGcf7aq6qgJgI&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Essay%20%20tactica%20Arrian&f=false The life of Edward Gibbon, by himself, with selections from his correspondence, and illustrustrated by the rev. H.H. Milman. To which is added, Essay on the study of literature p.100 footnote 22d] Paris Baudry's European Library 1840 [Retrieved 2015-04-02]
62. ^KR. Dixon, P Southern, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ik9S7vNkQzkC&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=Ars+Tactica+Arrian&source=bl&ots=NczwjnsKKy&sig=AJH_Q_F6KU8o_iR3OSjBJXzSKXc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=w5wcVYL0HobeaO-KgtgB&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Ars%20Tactica%20Arrian&f=false The Roman Cavalry, p.126 onward] Routledge, 11 Jan 2013 {{ISBN|1-135-11407-2}} [Retrieved 2015-04-02]
63. ^Perseus Tufts Latin Word Study Tool: – texnh [Retrieved 2015-04-01] (ed. < texnh > located at < JG DeVoto > in http://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/ - used in verification of Ars tactica as same work))
64. ^{{cite book |jstor=268990|author=PA Stadter - |title=The Ars Tactica of Arrian: Tradition and Originality – Classical Philology Vol. 73, No. 2 (Apr., 1978), pp. 117-128|publisher=The University of Chicago Press}}
65. ^M Peachin, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XDMXX5VWN_MC&pg=PA92&dq=Arrian+Ectaxis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=M2slVf7uNc6safTlgaAP&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20Ectaxis&f=false Frontinus and the Curae of the Curator Aquarum (p.92 – footnote 21)] Volume 39 of Heidelberger althistorische Beiträge und epigraphische Studien Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004 {{ISBN|3-515-08636-6}} [Retrieved 2015-04-08]
66. ^J Mancini, [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vicennalia_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/&prev=search Vicennalia] Treccani – La Cultura Italiana [Retrieved 2015-04-08] (ed. this source used only to identify the nature of the word < vicennalia >)
67. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-15dAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA61&dq=Xenophon+the+Younger&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MhUbVenVApLWaqXugNgE&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Xenophon%20the%20Younger&f=false p.51 – Arrian on Coursing. The Cynegeticus of the Younger Xenophon ... with Classical and Practical Annotations, and a Brief Sketch of the Life and Writings of the Author ; To which is Added an Appendix Containing Some Account of the Canes Venatici of Classical Antiquity], Bohn, 1831 [Retrieved 2015-3-31] (ed. this was the first source for < Cynegeticus >)
68. ^Delabere Pritchett Blaine, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3Tw9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA391&dq=Cynegeticus+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ABcbVeTTFsvzaq6ZgeAF&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cynegeticus%20Arrian&f=false p.391 – An Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports: Or a Complete Account, Historical, Practical, and Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, Fishing, Racing, and Other Field Sports and Athletic Amusements of the Present Day, Volume 1] Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1840 [Retrieved 2015-3-31]
69. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ryY5tMwAAoC&pg=PA486&dq=Arrian+canes+venatici&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XxobVZezItj7aqzKgcgP&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20canes%20venatici&f=false The Quarterly Review, Volume 118] John Murray, 1865 [Retrieved 2015-3-31]
70. ^Thomas Keith, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iD1fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30&dq=canes+venatici+Arian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HRobVdTmPI3WaqTzgqAH&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=canes%20venatici%20Arian&f=false A new treatise on the use of the globes ... The sixth edition, corrected and improved] 1824 [Retrieved 2015-3-31]
71. ^AA Phillips, MM Willcock, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0NlfAAAAMAAJ&dq=Arrian+Xenophon+on+hunting&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wtofVcP-F4nqaP27gZgK&redir_esc=y Xenophon and Arrian, On Hunting (Kynēgetikos)] Aris & Phillips, 1 Jan 1999 {{ISBN|0-85668-705-7}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. source of word < Kynēgetikos >
72. ^M. I. Finley, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9FPqFcCJQlQC&pg=PA193&dq=Arrian+Xenophon+on+hunting&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mdwfVb2tCYnvaMndgJgO&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20Xenophon%20on%20hunting&f=false Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals) (p.193)] Routledge, 11 Jan 2013 {{ISBN|1-136-50564-4}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. source for < κυνηγεττικός >)
73. ^J. Mossman, F. Titchener, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C2-QJwc5FboC&pg=PA277&dq=Arrian+hunting+as+preparation+for+war&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JtgfVcvXEY3waKjlgGA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20hunting%20as%20preparation%20for%20war&f=false Virtues for the People: Aspects of Plutarchan Ethics (p.277)] (edited by G Roskam, L. Van der Stockt) Universitaire Pers Leuven, 2011 {{ISBN|905867858X}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. this source being not the first source for this fact for ed.)
74. ^Oxford Dictionary: exposition, Oxford University Press [Retrieved 2015-04-04]
75. ^N. J. E. Austin, N. B. Rankov, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HEjXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Ektaxis+kata+alanon&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mU8cVZ6rOsHLaM-igegF&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Ektaxis%20kata%20alanon&f=false Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople, p.4] Routledge, 1 Jun 2002 {{ISBN|1-317-59385-5}} [Retrieved 2015-04-01]
76. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=1D612o_X2VYC&pg=PA263&dq=Deployment+Arrian#v=onepage&q=Deployment%20Arrian&f=false|author=EL Wheeler (edited by P Erdkamp – Research Fellow in Ancient History at Leiden University) |title=A Companion to the Roman Army|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, 31 Mar 2011 |isbn= 1-4443-9376-6| accessdate=2015-04-04}} (the word < Deployment > in search criteria was taken from J. E. Lendon {{ISBN|0-300-11979-8}}, p.267)
77. ^Encyclopædia Britannica [Retrieved 2015-04-01]
78. ^Details of a publication (JG DeVoto) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100517/http://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/shop/tacticalhandbookandexpeditionagainstthealans.html |date=2015-04-02 }} [Retrieved 2015-04-01]
79. ^P Southern, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=b3UHGXny-NwC&pg=PT39&dq=Essay++tactica+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3YUcVevNGcf7aq6qgJgI&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Essay%20%20tactica%20Arrian&f=false The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History, p.24] Oxford University Press, 2007 {{ISBN|0-19-532878-7}} [Retrieved 2015-04-02]
80. ^D Hoyos, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gUO9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PR43&dq=Arrian+deployment+against+the+Alani+is+greek+tactics&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JQogVbivHtPOaOaxgOAO&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20deployment%20against%20the%20Alani%20is%20greek%20tactics&f=false A Roman Army Reader: Twenty-One Selections from Literary, Epigraphic, and Other Documents (p.xliii)] Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1 Oct 2013 {{ISBN|0-86516-715-X}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04]
81. ^J. E. Lendon, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gr0H_wr9J4wC&pg=PA267&dq=The+anabasis+of+alexander+Arrian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PgMgVcywC8fKaJi8gegK&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20anabasis%20of%20alexander%20Arrian&f=false Soldiers & Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity] Yale University Press, 1 Aug 2006 {{ISBN|0-300-11979-8}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04(ed. ascertained Lendon' – Deployment at [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HEjXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Arrian+minor+work+Deployment&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hAggVfb2Icz7aPb7gvgF&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20minor%20work%20Deployment&f=false this])
82. ^Oxford Dictionaries: explicit, explicate Oxford University Press [Retrieved 2015-04-04]
83. ^ICRC: [https://www.icrc.org/eng/war-and-law/conduct-hostilities/methods-means-warfare/overview-methods-and-means-of-warfare.htm Methods and means of warfare – 29-10-2010 Overview] [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. used for clarity on concept < method of war > in J. E. Lendon)
84. ^Perseus Digital Library: R Hercher, A. Eberhard, Ed. [Retrieved 2015-04-01]
85. ^M. I. Finley, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9FPqFcCJQlQC&pg=PA193&dq=Arrian+Xenophon+on+hunting&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mdwfVb2tCYnvaMndgJgO&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20Xenophon%20on%20hunting&f=false Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals)(p.193)] Routledge, 11 Jan 2013 {{ISBN|1-136-50564-4}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. this source the primary source)
86. ^C Schrader, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mbxqmnudpkwC&pg=PR1&dq=monographs+on+Dio+of+Syracuse+and+Timoleon&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DuQfVfLCKdjaarXAgugH&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=monographs%20on%20Dio%20of%20Syracuse%20and%20Timoleon&f=false Concordantia in Flavii Arriani Indicam historiam] Georg Olms Verlag, 1 Jan 1995 {{ISBN|3-487-10017-7}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (used as verification of primary, and used word < biography >)
87. ^Oxford Dictionary – monograph Oxford University Press [Retrieved 2015-04-04]
88. ^EJ Chinnock, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fi8ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP6&dq=Arrian++life+of+Tilliborus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HegfVfWZIoXTaKW5gpAE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arrian%20%20life%20of%20Tilliborus&f=false The Anabasis of Alexander] [Retrieved 2015-04-04]
89. ^L Boia – Great Historians from Antiquity to 1800: An International Dictionary, Volume 1 Greenwood Press, 1 Jan 1989 {{ISBN|0-313-24517-7}} (ed. first source for Tilliborus, found here [https://www.google.com/search?q=Arrian+biographies+Dio+of+Syracuse&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1#q=Arrian+biographies+Dio+of+Syracuse&tbm=bks&start=10] (Retrieved 2015-04-04]
90. ^MP Carroll, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k-W83KeGVUgC&pg=PA101&dq=Arnobius&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gEsiVZS9OMjsaJO9gqgG&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=Arnobius&f=false The Cult of the Virgin Mary: Psychological Origins (p.101)] Princeton University Press, 1992 {{ISBN|0-691-02867-2}} [Retrieved 2015-04-06]
91. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46976/46976-h/46976-h.htm|author=EJ Chinnock|title= The Anabasis of Alexander or, The History of the Wars and Conquests of Alexander the Great|publisher= Hodder & Stoughton 1884 (Project Gutenberg – September 27, 2014)| accessdate=2015-04-03}} (information was also retrieved during the 5th and 6th of April 2015)
92. ^Fortescue, A. (1912), The Catholic Encyclopedia – Suidas (ed. K Knight) New York: Robert Appleton Company [Retrieved 2015-04-06] (ed. this source used to identify the nature of < Suidas > only)
93. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oUFFAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA379&dq=Arnobius+Arrian#v=onepage&q=Arnobius%20Arrian&f=false|author=E Ferguson|title=Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, Second Edition (p.379)|publisher=Routledge, 8 Oct 2013 |isbn= 1-136-61158-4| accessdate=2015-04-06}}
94. ^P Kelemen, [https://www.google.com/search?q=Arrian+Handbook+Nilus+monastery+libraries&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1#q=Arrian+Handbook+Nilus+monastery+libraries&tbm=bks&start=0 El Greco Revisited: Candia, Venice, Toledo – Page 110] Macmillan, 1961 (176 pages) [Retrieved 2015-04-06]
95. ^Alexander Chalmers, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xvk-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA397&lpg=PA397&dq=Blancard+Arrian+1688+Amsterdam&source=bl&ots=uMiuuUFB-N&sig=wJ3SPOnuLFeQ4Q9ehmQBuBrBGYI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eJgcVcb5M9PWaqbggdAF&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Blancard%20Arrian%201688%20Amsterdam&f=false The General Biographical Dictionary: Containing an Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Persons in Every Nation: Particularly the British and Irish; from the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, Volumes 5-6, p.396-7] J. Nichols, 1812 [Retrieved 2015-04-02]
96. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=krgEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA323&lpg=PA323&dq=Blancard+Arrian&source=bl&ots=PqsGbGMasC&sig=czjJRGmvn5TagXAn-CoXybnmNXA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bZYcVc7fK4atafadgBg&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Blancard%20Arrian&f=false The British Critic: A New Review, Volume 34] F. and C. Rivington, 1810 [Retrieved 2015-04-02]

Further reading

  • Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander, translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt, Penguin Classics, 1958 and numerous subsequent editions.
  • Phillips, A. A., and M. M. Willcock (eds.). Xenophon and Arrian On Hunting with Hounds. Cynegeticus. Oxford: Aris & Phillips, 1999. {{ISBN|0-85668-706-5}}.
  • P. A. Stadter, Arrian of Nicomedia, Chapel Hill, 1980.
  • R. Syme, 'The Career of Arrian', Harvard Studies in Classical Philology vol.86 (1982), pp. 171–211.
  • E. L. Wheeler, Flavius Arrianus: a political and military biography, Duke University, 1977.nn
  • {{cite book |author1=Cartledge, Paul |author2=Romm, James S. |author3=Strassler, Robert B. |author4=Pamela Mensch |title=The Landmark Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |year=2010 |pages= |isbn=0-375-42346-X |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
  • Yardley, J. & Heckel, W. (2004) The History of Alexander, Penguin, London, pp.5 & 269.
  • Brodersen, K. (2017) Arrianos / Asklepiodotos: Die Kunst der Taktik. Greek and German, De Gruyter, Berlin {{ISBN|978-3-11-056216-3}}.

External links

{{Wikiquote|Arrian}}{{Wikisource|Author:Arrian|Arrian}}{{Wikisourcelang|el|Αρριανός|Arrian}}
  • Livius, Arrian of Nicomedia by Jona Lendering
  • [https://archive.org/details/arrianoncoursing00arri Arrian On Coursing: the Cynegeticus William Dansey 1831]
  • [https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=eJhAAAAAcAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Flavius%20Arrianus%22&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Arrianus's voyage round the Euxine Sea: translated and accompanied with a geographical dissertation and maps]
Texts online
  • Collected works: [https://archive.org/download/Arrianus Flavii Arriani quae exstant omnia], A. G. Roos (ed.), 2 vols., Lipsiae, in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1967–68.
  • Arrian, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uRGAAAAIAAJ&ots=hjrEb80WI3&dq=anabasis%20alexandri&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false Anabasis Alexandri], Teubner monolingual Greek edition, edited by A.G. Roos (1907)
  • Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, translated by E.J. Chinnock (1893)
  • Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234546/http://www.soa.org.uk/public/downloads/pdf/A%20Ridge%20Too%20Far.pdf#search=%22%22later%20achaemenid%22%20arsames%22 (section 1.13-16) (pdf, pp. 18-19)], Battle of Granicus, from the Loeb Classical Library edition.
  • Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, (section 4.18.4-19.6), Sogdian Rock, translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt
  • Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, (Section 7.5.1-16), translated by John Yardley
  • Arrian, [https://archive.org/details/arrianoncoursing00arri Cynegeticus], translated and edited by William Dansey (1831)
  • Arrian, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040810085511/http://isidore-of-seville.com/library-arrian/events-1.htm Events after Alexander] (from Photius' Bibliotheca) translated by John Rooke, edited by Tim Spalding
  • Arrian, The Indica translated by E. Iliff Robson.
  • Arrian, Array against the Alans (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν) translated by Sander van Dorst, with the Greek (transliterated) and copious notes.
  • Photius' excerpt of Arrian's Anabasis, translated by J. S. Freese
  • Photius' excerpt of Arrian's Bithynica, translated by J. S. Freese
  • Photius' excerpt of Arrian's Parthica, translated by J. S. Freese
  • Photius' excerpt of Arrian's Events after Alexander, translated by J. S. Freese
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