| 词条 | Savitri Devi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Savitri Devi Mukherji | residence = | other_names = | image = Savitri Devi.jpg | imagesize = 250px | caption = Portrait of Savitri Devi | birth_name = Maximiani Julia Portas | birth_date = 30 September 1905 | birth_place = Lyon, France | death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|10|22|1905|09|30|df=y}} | death_place = Sible Hedingham, Essex, England | alma_mater = University of Lyon | occupation = Teacher, author, political activist | title = | party = | boards = | spouse = Asit Krishna Mukherji | partner = | children = | relations = | website = | footnotes = | employer = }}Savitri Devi Mukherji (30 September 1905 – 22 October 1982) was the pseudonym of the Greek-French-Italian writer Maximiani Portas ({{IPA-fr|mak.si.mja.ni pɔʁ.tɑ|pron}}; also spelled Maximine Portaz{{cn|date=November 2018}}), a prominent proponent of deep ecology[1] and Nazism, who served the Axis cause during World War II by spying on Allied forces in India.[2][2][4] She wrote about animal rights movements and was a leading member of the Nazi underground during the 1960s.[2][4][3] Devi authored the animal rights manifesto The Impeachment of Man in 1959[4] and was a proponent of Hinduism[5] and Nazism, synthesizing the two, proclaiming Adolf Hitler to have been sent by Providence, much like an avatar of the Hindu God Vishnu. She believed Hitler was a sacrifice for humanity which would lead to the end of the Kali Yuga induced by those who she felt were the powers of evil: the Jews.[4] Her writings have influenced neo-Nazism and Nazi occultism. Among Savitri Devi's ideas was the classifications of "men above time", "men in time", and "men against time".[6] Rejecting Judeo-Christianity, she believed in a form of pantheistic monism; a single cosmos of nature composed of divine energy-matter.[7][8] She is credited with pioneering neo-Nazi interest in occultism, deep ecology, and the New Age movement, and more contemporaneously has influenced the alt-right.[9] She also influenced the Chilean diplomat Miguel Serrano. In 1982, Franco Freda published a German translation of her work Gold in the Furnace, and the fourth volume of his annual review, Risguardo (1980–), was devoted to Savitri Devi as the "missionary of Aryan Paganism".[10] Savitri was an associate in the post-war years of Françoise Dior,[16] Otto Skorzeny,[11] Johannes von Leers,[11] and Hans-Ulrich Rudel.[11] She was also one of the founding members of the World Union of National Socialists.[2] Early yearsBorn as Maximiani Julia Portas in 1905,[4] Savitri Devi was the daughter of Maxim Portas, a French citizen of Greek and Italian ancestry and an Englishwoman, Julia Portas (née Nash). Maximine Portas was born two and a half months premature, weighing only 930 grams (2.05 lbs), and was not at first expected to live. She formed her political views early. From childhood and throughout her life, she was a passionate advocate for animal rights. Her earliest political affiliations were with Greek nationalism.[2] Portas studied philosophy and chemistry, earning two master's degrees and a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Lyon.[4] She next traveled to Greece, and surveyed the legendary ruins. Here, she became familiar with Heinrich Schliemann's discovery of swastikas in Anatolia. Her conclusion was that Ancient Greeks were Aryan in origin. Her first two books were her doctoral dissertations: Essai-critique sur Théophile Kaïris (Critical Essay on Theophilos Kairis) (Lyon: Maximine Portas, 1935) and La simplicité mathématique (Mathematical Simplicity) (Lyon: Maximine Portas, 1935). Sometime between 1929 and 1934, she was the French tutor of the philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis (1922–1997), as he revealed in a radio interview by Katherine von Bülow (France Culture 20/4/1996).[12] National SocialismIn early 1928, she renounced her French citizenship and acquired Greek nationality. Joining a pilgrimage to Palestine during Lent in 1929, Portas decided that she was a National Socialist. In 1932, she travelled to India in search of a living pagan Aryan culture. Formally adhering to Hinduism, she took the name Savitri Devi ("Sun-rays Goddess" in Sanskrit). She volunteered at the Hindu Mission as an advocate against Judeo-Christianity,[7] and wrote A Warning to the Hindus to offer her support for Hindu nationalism and independence, and to rally resistance to the spread of Christianity and Islam in India.[10] During the 1930s, she distributed pro-Axis propaganda and engaged in intelligence gathering on the British in India.[4] She claimed that, during the World War II, she enabled Subhas Chandra Bose (leader of the Axis-affiliated Indian National Army) to make contact with representatives of the Empire of Japan.[13] World War IIDuring World War II, Devi's connection to the Axis powers led to a clash with her mother, who served with the French Resistance during the German occupation of France.[14] In 1940, Devi married Asit Krishna Mukherji, a Bengali Brahmin with National Socialist views who edited the pro-German newspaper New Mercury. During 1941, Devi chose to interpret Allied military support for Greece, against Italian and German forces, as an invasion of Greece. Devi and Mukherji continued to gather intelligence for the Axis cause. This included entertaining Allied personnel, which gave Devi and Mukherji an opportunity to question them regarding military matters. The information gathered was passed on to Japanese intelligence officials and contributed to attacks on Allied airbases and army units.[13] Post-war Nazi activismAfter World War II, she travelled to Europe in late 1945[11] under the name Savitri Devi Mukherji as the wife of a British subject from India, under a British Indian passport. She stopped briefly in England, then visited her mother in France, and then travelled on to Iceland where she witnessed the eruption of Mount Hekla. She then returned to England, before travelling to Sweden where she met with Sven Hedin.[10] On 15 June 1948 she took the Nord-Express from Denmark to Germany,[10] where she distributed many thousands of copies of handwritten leaflets encouraging the "Men and women of Germany" to "hold fast to our glorious National Socialist faith, and resist!" She recounted her experience in Gold in the Furnace (which has been reedited in honor of her 100th birthday under the title Gold in the Furnace: Experiences in Post-War Germany).[10][11] Arrested for posting bills, she was tried in Düsseldorf on 5 April 1949 for the promotion of Nazi ideas on German territory subject to the Allied Control Council, and sentenced to two years imprisonment. She served eight months in Werl prison, where she befriended her fellow Nazi and SS prisoners (recounted in Defiance), before being released and expelled from Germany. She then went to stay in Lyon, France.[10][11] In April 1953, she obtained a Greek passport in her maiden name in order to re-enter Germany, and she began a pilgrimage, as she called it, of Nazi "holy" sites. She flew from Athens to Rome then travelled by rail over the Brenner Pass into "Greater Germany", which she regarded as "the spiritual home of all racially conscious modern Aryans". She travelled to a number of sites significant in the life of Adolf Hitler and the NSDAP (Nazi party), as well as German nationalist and heathen monuments, as recounted in her 1958 book Pilgrimage.[10] Savitri Devi became friends with Hans-Ulrich Rudel, and completed her manuscript of The Lightning and the Sun at his home in March 1956. Through his introductions she was able to meet a number of Nazi émigrés in Spain and the Middle East. In 1957 she stayed with Johannes von Leers in Egypt as she traveled across the Middle East when returning home to New Delhi, including stops in Beirut, Damascus, Baghdad, Tehran, and Zahedan.[10] In 1961 she stayed with Otto Skorzeny in Madrid.[11] Savitri Devi took employment teaching in France during the 1960s, spending her summer holidays with friends at Berchtesgaden. In the spring of 1961, while on her Easter holiday in London she learned of the original British National Party. This group emerged after the Second World War when a handful of former members of the British Union of Fascists took on the name. (The original BNP was absorbed quite quickly into the Union Movement – it is not directly connected with the present BNP.) She met with the British National Party president Andrew Fountaine. Beginning a correspondence with Colin Jordan, she became a devoted supporter of the National Socialist Movement.[11] In August 1962, Savitri Devi attended the international Nazi conference in Gloucestershire and was a founder-signatory of the Cotswold Agreement that established the World Union of National Socialists (WUNS). At this conference she met, and was greatly impressed by, George Lincoln Rockwell. When Rockwell became leader of WUNS, he appointed William Luther Pierce editor of its new magazine: National Socialist World (1966–68). Along with articles by Jordan and Rockwell, Pierce devoted nearly eighty pages of the first issue to a condensed edition of The Lightning and the Sun. Because of the enthusiastic response, Pierce included chapters from Gold in the Furnace and Defiance in subsequent issues.[11] After retiring from teaching in 1970, Savitri Devi spent nine months at the Normandy home of close friend Françoise Dior while working on her memoirs; although she was at first welcome, her annoying personal habits began to disrupt life at the presbytery (amongst other traits, she did not take a bath during her stay and chewed garlic continually). Concluding that her pension would go much further in India and encouraged by Françoise Dior, she flew from Paris to Bombay on 23 June 1971. In August she moved to New Delhi, where she lived alone, with a number of cats and at least one cobra.[11] Savitri Devi continued correspondence with Nazi enthusiasts in Europe and the Americas, particularly with Colin Jordan, John Tyndall, Matt Koehl, Miguel Serrano and Ernst Zündel. She was the first to claim to Zündel that the Nazi genocide of the Jews was untrue; he proposed a series of taped interviews (conducted in November 1978) and published a new illustrated edition of The Lightning and the Sun in 1979.[11] Animal rights activismDevi was a pioneer in animal rights activism, and was a vegetarian from a young age and held ecologist views in her works. She wrote Impeachment of Man in 1959 in India[4] in which she declared her views on animal rights and nature. According to her, human beings do not stand above the animals; but in her ecologist views, humans are rather a part of the ecosystem and should respect all life, including animals and the whole of nature. She always held radical views on vegetarianism[4] and supported the death penalty for those who did not "respect nature or animals". She once broke into laboratories and took animals being held there, releasing them from being used in experiments.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} She believed that vivisection, circuses, slaughter and fur industries among others do not belong in a civilized society. DeathBy the late 1970s she had developed cataracts and her eyesight was rapidly deteriorating. A clerk from the French embassy in India named Myriam Hirn looked after her, making regular house visits. She decided to leave India, returning to Germany to live in Bavaria in 1981 before re-moving to France in 1982.[10] She eventually died in 1982 in Sible Hedingham, Essex, England, at a friend's home. The cause of death was recorded as myocardial infarction and coronary thrombosis. She was en route to lecture in America at the invitation of Matt Koehl at the time. Devi's ashes are enshrined next to those of George Lincoln Rockwell in the small red brick building, often misidentified today as Rockwell's former headquarters (now a coffee shop called The Java Shack) in Arlington, Virginia.[11] Works
See also{{Portal|Hinduism|Fascism}}
Notes1. ^Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1998). Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism. NY: New York University Press, {{ISBN|0-8147-3110-4}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C&printsec=frontcover#PPA88,M1|title = Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity |accessdate = |author = Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |last = |first = |authorlink = |coauthors = |date = |year = 2003 |month = |format = |work = |publisher = New York University Press |pages = 88 |isbn = 0-8147-3155-4 |oclc = 47665567 |doi = |archiveurl = |archivedate = |quote = }} 3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=n9eHG2sqrXUC "Politics and the Occult: The Left, the Right, and the Radically Unseen"], Gary Lachman. Quest Books, 2008. {{ISBN|0-8356-0857-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0857-2}}. p. 257 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [https://books.google.com/books?id=xAmMNnJlfnoC "The new encyclopedia of the occult"], John Michael Greer. Llewellyn Worldwide, 2003. {{ISBN|1-56718-336-0}}, {{ISBN|978-1-56718-336-8}}. p. 130-131 5. ^{{cite article|last=Smith|first=Blake|title=Writings of French Hindu who worshipped Hitler as an avatar of Vishnu are inspiring the US alt-right|url=https://scroll.in/article/823142/writings-of-french-hindu-who-worshipped-hitler-as-an-avatar-of-vishnu-are-inspiring-the-us-alt-right|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=Scroll.in|date=17 December 2016}} 6. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=FIwwWSSL5JIC "Gods of the blood: the pagan revival and white separatism"], Mattias Gardell. Duke University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8223-3071-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8223-3071-4}}. p. 183 7. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=SJDZePkmGRcC "Christ, Faith, and the Holocaust"], Richard Terrell. WestBow Press, 2011. {{ISBN|1-4497-0912-5}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4497-0912-9}}. p. 70-71 8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=VnsBuVJNwLQC "The Hunt for the God particle"], Popular Science, November 2001, Vol. 259, No. 5. ISSN 0161-7370. p. 55 9. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-41757047 |title=Savitri Devi: The mystical fascist being resurrected by the alt-right |date=2017-10-29 |website=BBC Magazine |access-date=2017-10-29}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-5YC-pBk4C "Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism"], Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. NYU Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-8147-3111-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-3111-6}}. pp. 6, 42–44, 104, 130–148, 179, 222 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 [https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C "Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity"], Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. NYU Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8147-3155-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-3155-0}}. p. 97-106 12. ^"Savitri Devi: The Woman Against Time" by R. G. Fowler. Mourning the Ancient. Accessed 30 September 2011. 13. ^1 Shrabani Basu, "The spy who loved Hitler" Rediff News (first published in Sunday magazine), March 1999, retrieved 6 November 2012. 14. ^Greg Johnson, 2006, "Savitri Devi’s Communist Nephews", savitridevi.org; (6 November 2012). Further reading
External links{{wikiquote}}
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