“Atlas V”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Atlas V ("V" is pronounced "Five") is an expendable launch system in the Atlas rocket family. It was formerly operated by Lockheed Martin and is now operated by United Launch Alliance (ULA), a joint venture with Boeing. Each Atlas V rocket uses a Russian-built RD-180 engine burning kerosene and liquid oxygen to power its first stage and an American-built RL10 engine burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen to power its Centaur upper stage. The RD-180 engines are provided by RD Amross, while Aerojet Rocketdyne provides both the RL10 engines and the strap-on boosters used in some configurations. The standard payload fairing sizes are 4 or 5 meters in diameter and of various lengths. Fairings sizes as large as 7.2 m in diameter and up to 32.3 m in length have been considered.^[4] The rocket is assembled in Decatur, Alabama and Harlingen, Texas.

Vehicle description

The Atlas V was developed by Lockheed Martin Commercial Launch Services as part of the US Air Force Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program and made its inaugural flight on August 21, 2002. The vehicle operates out of Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Space Launch Complex 3-E at Vandenberg Air Force Base. Lockheed Martin Commercial Launch Services continued to market the Atlas V to commercial customers worldwide until January 2018, when ULA assumed control of commercial marketing and sales.^[5]^[6]

Atlas V first stage

The Atlas V first stage, the Common Core Booster (CCB), is 12.5 ft (3.8 m) in diameter and 106.6 ft (32.5 m) in length. It is powered by a single Russian RD-180 main engine burning 627,105 lb (284,450 kg) of liquid oxygen and RP-1.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019|reason=Citation needed for number of engines—photos and RocketBuilder show two engines}} The booster operates for about four minutes, providing about 4 meganewtons (860,000 lbf) of thrust.^[10] Thrust can be augmented with up to five Aerojet strap-on solid rocket boosters, each providing an additional 1.27 meganewtons (285,500 lbf) of thrust for 94 seconds.

The Atlas V is the newest member of the Atlas family. Compared to the Atlas III vehicle, there are numerous changes. Compared to the Atlas II, the first stage is a near-redesign. There was no Atlas IV.

Centaur upper stage

The Centaur upper stage uses a pressure-stabilized propellant-tank design and cryogenic propellants. The Centaur stage for Atlas V is stretched 5.5 ft (1.68 m) relative to the Atlas IIAS Centaur and is powered by either one or two Aerojet Rocketdyne RL10A-4-2 engines, each engine developing a thrust of 99.2 kN (22,300 lbf). The inertial navigation unit (INU) located on the Centaur provides guidance and navigation for both the Atlas and Centaur and controls both Atlas and Centaur tank pressures and propellant use. The Centaur engines are capable of multiple in-space starts, making possible insertion into low Earth parking orbit, followed by a coast period and then insertion into GTO. A subsequent third burn following a multi-hour coast can permit direct injection of payloads into geostationary orbit.^[8] {{As of|2006}}, the Centaur vehicle had the highest proportion of burnable propellant relative to total mass of any modern hydrogen upper stage and hence can deliver substantial payloads to a high-energy state.^[9]

Payload fairing

Atlas V payload fairings are available in two diameters, depending on satellite requirements. The 4.2-meter fairing,^[10] originally designed for the Atlas II booster, comes in three different lengths: the original 9-meter-long version, as well as 10-meter and 11-meter versions, first flown respectively on the AV-008/Astra 1KR and AV-004/Inmarsat-4 F1 missions.

A wider 5.4-meter fairing (4.57 meters internally usable) was developed and built by RUAG Space^[11] in Switzerland. The RUAG fairing uses carbon fiber composite construction, based on flight-proven hardware from the Ariane 5. Three configurations are manufactured to support the Atlas V: 20.7, 23.4 and 26.5 meters long.^[11] While the classic 4-meter fairing covers only the payload, the RUAG fairing is much longer because it fully encloses the Centaur stage, as well as the payload.^[12]

Further developments

Many systems on the Atlas V have been the subject of upgrade and enhancement both prior to the first Atlas V flight and since that time. Work on a new Fault Tolerant Inertial Navigation Unit (FTINU) started in 2001 to enhance mission reliability for Atlas vehicles by replacing the existing non-redundant navigation and computing equipment with a fault-tolerant unit.^[13] The upgraded FTINU first flew in 2006,^[14]{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}} and in 2010 a follow-on order for more FTINU units was awarded.^[15]{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}}

Atlas V CTS (Crew Transportation System)

From 2006 through at least 2014 ULA made proposals and did some design work for a human-rated version of the Atlas V. Atlas V was selected by NASA in late 2014, in conjunction with the Boeing CST-100 space capsule, to be used for human flight from 2018.

The work began as early as 2006, by ULA's predecessor company Lockheed Martin. An agreement between Lockheed and Bigelow Aerospace that year was reported that could lead to commercial private trips to low Earth orbit (LEO).^[16]

Beginning in 2010, ULA did design and simulation work to human-rate the Atlas V for carrying passengers. ULA won a 2010 small contract of {{currency|{{Format price|6700000}}|US}} in the first phase of the NASA Commercial Crew Program (CCP) to develop an Emergency Detection System (EDS) for human-rating the Atlas V launch vehicle.^[17]

NASA solicited proposals for CCP phase 2 in October 2010, under which ULA made a proposal for funding to "finish designing a key safety system for potential commercial crew launches on its Atlas and Delta rocket fleet". While NASA's goal then was to get astronauts to orbit by 2015, ULA President and CEO Michael Gass stated: "I think we need to stretch our goals to have commercial crew service operating by 2014" and committed ULA to meet that schedule if funded.^[19]

Other than the addition of the Emergency Detection System, no major changes were expected to the Atlas V rocket, but ground infrastructure modifications were planned.

The most likely candidate for the human-rating was the 402 configuration, with dual RL10 engines on the Centaur upper stage and no solid rocket boosters.^[19]

On July 18, 2011 NASA and ULA announced an agreement on the possibility of certifying the Atlas V to NASA's "human-rating" standards.^[20] ULA agreed to provide NASA with data on the Atlas V, while NASA would provide ULA with draft human certification requirements.^[20]

In 2011, Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) picked the Atlas V to be the booster for its still-under-development Dream Chaser crewed spacecraft.^[22] The Dream Chaser is designed to be a crewed vertical-takeoff, horizontal-landing (VTHL) lifting-body spaceplane that will be placed into LEO by an Atlas V, and is a proposed CCDev ISS crew transport vehicle.^[22] However, in late 2014 NASA did not select the Dream Chaser to be one of the two vehicles selected under the Commercial Crew competition.

On August 4, 2011 Boeing announced that it would use the Atlas V as the initial launch vehicle for its CST-100 crewed spaceship, intended for both NASA-funded trips to the International Space Station, as well as for private trips to the proposed Bigelow Commercial Space Station.^[23]^[24]

New solid boosters

In 2015, ULA announced that the Aerojet Rocketdyne-produced AJ-60A solid rocket boosters (SRBs) currently in use on Atlas V will be phased out in favor of new GEM 63 boosters produced by Orbital ATK. A stretched version of this booster will be used on the upcoming Vulcan rocket.^[25]

Variants

Each Atlas V booster configuration has a three-digit designation that indicates the features of that configuration. The first digit shows the diameter (in meters) of the payload fairing and always has a value of "4" or "5". The second digit indicates the number of solid rocket boosters attached to the base of the rocket and can range from "0" through "3" with the 4-meter fairing, and "0" through "5" with the 5-meter fairing. As shown on the right, all layouts of solid boosters are asymmetrical. The third digit represents the number of engines on the Centaur stage, either "1" or "2". For example, an Atlas V 552 has a 5-meter fairing, 5 solid rocket boosters, and 2 Centaur engines, whereas an Atlas V 431 has a 4-meter fairing, 3 solid rocket boosters, and 1 Centaur engine.^[26] {{As of|2018|10}}, only the single-engine Centaur (SEC) has been used. The first launch using the dual-engine Centaur (DEC) upper stage is planned for 2019, when an Atlas V with no payload fairing and 2 strap on boosters will carry the Starliner vehicle for its first orbital test flight. It is scheduled for NET March 2019.

Versions

List date: October 17, 2018^[28] Mass to LEO numbers are at an inclination of 28.5°.

Cost

Since 2016 ULA has provided pricing for the Atlas V through its RocketBuilder website, advertising a base price for each rocket configuration, which ranges from $109 million for the 401 up to $153 million for the 551.^[30] Each additional SRB adds an average of $6.8 million to the cost of the rocket. On top of the base price, commercial customers can also choose to purchase larger payload fairings or additional launch service options. NASA and Air Force launch costs are often higher than equivalent commercial missions, due to additional government accounting, analysis, and processing requirements. These government requirements can add $30–$80 million to the cost of a launch.^[34]

Before 2016, ULA did not publicly advertise a price for Atlas V launches, and so cost data was limited to the few for which prices were disclosed. In 2010, NASA contracted with ULA to launch the MAVEN mission on an Atlas V 401 for approximately $187 million.^[35] The 2013 cost of this configuration for the Air Force under their block buy of 36 rockets was $164 million.^[36] In 2015, the TDRS-M mission aboard this same rocket cost NASA $132.4 million.^[37]

The Atlas V historically was not cost-competitive for most commercial launches, where launch costs were about $100 million per satellite to GTO in 2013.^[38] The price drop from approximately $180 million to $109 million has been in large part due to competitive pressure that emerged in the launch services marketplace during the early 2010s, with United Launch Alliance CEO Tory Bruno stating that ULA needs at least 2 commercial missions each year in order to stay profitable.^[39] Still, the company is not attempting to win these missions on purely lowest purchase price, stating that it "would rather be the best value provider".^[40] ULA suggests that customers will have much lower insurance and delay costs because of the high Atlas V reliability and schedule certainty, making overall customer costs close to that of using competitors like the SpaceX Falcon 9.^[41]

Atlas V launches

For planned launches, see List of Atlas launches (2010–2019) and List of Atlas launches (2020–2029).

Notable missions

The first payload launched with an Atlas V was the Hot Bird 6 communications satellite launched from Cape Canaveral in a 401 configuration. It carried the communications satellite into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) on August 21, 2002.

On August 12, 2005, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter was launched aboard an Atlas V 401 rocket from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The Centaur upper stage of the rocket completed its burns over a 56-minute period and placed MRO into an interplanetary transfer orbit towards Mars^[47]

On January 19, 2006, New Horizons was launched by a Lockheed Martin Atlas V 551 rocket, with a third stage added to increase the heliocentric (escape) speed. This was the first launch of the Atlas V 551 configuration, which uses five solid rocket boosters, and the first Atlas V with a third stage.

On December 6, 2015, Atlas V lifted its heaviest payload to date into orbit – a {{convert|16517|lb|kg|adj=on}} Cygnus resupply craft.^[129]

On September 8, 2016, the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission was launched on an Atlas V rocket in the 411 configuration. It will arrive at the asteroid Bennu in 2018 and return with a sample ranging from 60 grams to 2 kilograms in 2023.

The first four Boeing X-37B spaceplane missions were successfully launched with the Atlas V. The X-37B is a reusable unmanned spacecraft operated by USAF, which is also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV) that can autonomously conduct landings from orbit to a runway.^[130] The first four X-37B launches with the Atlas V were conducted from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida with subsequent landings taking place on a {{convert|15,000|ft|adj=on}} runway located at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California that was originally designed for Space Shuttle return from orbit operations.

Mission success record

In its more than 75 launches (as of March 2018), starting with its maiden launch in August 2002, Atlas V has had an almost perfect mission success rate. This is in contrast to the industry failure rate of 5–10%.^[131] However, there have been two anomalous flights that – while still successful in their mission – prompted a grounding of the Atlas fleet while investigations determined the root cause of their problems.

The first anomalous event in the use of the Atlas V launch system occurred on June 15, 2007, when the engine in the Centaur upper stage of an Atlas V shut down early, leaving its payload – a pair of NRO L-30 ocean surveillance satellites – in a lower than intended orbit. The cause of the anomaly was traced to a leaky valve, which allowed fuel to leak during the coast between the first and second burns. The resulting lack of fuel caused the second burn to terminate 4 seconds early.^[132] Replacing the valve led to a delay in the next Atlas V launch.^[133] However, the customer (the National Reconnaissance Office) categorized the mission as a success.^[134]^[135]

A flight on March 23, 2016, suffered an underperformance anomaly on the first-stage burn and shut down 5 seconds early. The Centaur proceeded to boost the Orbital Cygnus payload, the heaviest on an Atlas to date, into the intended orbit by utilizing its fuel reserves to make up for the shortfall from the first stage. This longer burn cut short a later Centaur disposal burn.^[136] An investigation of the incident revealed that this anomaly was due to a fault in the main engine mixture-ratio supply valve, which restricted the flow of fuel to the engine. The investigation and subsequent examination of the valves on upcoming missions led to a delay of the next several launches.^[137]

Proposed development options

Replacement for the RD-180 engine

Geopolitical and US political considerations in 2014 led to an effort by ULA to consider the possible replacement of the Russian-supplied RD-180 engine used on the first-stage booster of the Atlas V. Formal study contracts were issued in June 2014 to a number of US rocket-engine suppliers.^[188] The results of those studies have led to decisions by ULA to develop a new launch vehicle to replace the Atlas V and Delta IV existing fleet.

The Aerojet AR1 rocket engine under development as of 2017, is a backup plan to the successor rocket Vulcan, to re-engine the Atlas V.^[138] In addition to the ULA backup plan, a consortium of companies including Aerojet and Dynetics seek license production or rights to the Atlas V to manufacture it using the AR1 engine in place of the RD-180. This proposal has been declined by ULA.^[139] The private company Blue Origin is developing the BE-4 LOX/methane engine as an RD-180 replacement.

Atlas V Heavy

In 2006, ULA offered an Atlas V Heavy option that would use three Common Core Booster (CCB) stages strapped together to lift a 29,400 kg payload to low Earth orbit.^[140] ULA stated at the time that 95% of the hardware required for the Atlas V Heavy has already been flown on the Atlas V single-core vehicles.^[4] The lifting capability of the proposed rocket was to be roughly equivalent to the Delta IV Heavy,^[4] which utilizes RS-68 engines developed and produced domestically by Aerojet Rocketdyne.

A 2006 report, prepared by the RAND Corporation for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, stated that Lockheed Martin had decided not to develop an Atlas V heavy-lift vehicle (HLV).^[141] The report recommended for the Air Force and the National Reconnaissance Office to "determine the necessity of an EELV heavy-lift variant, including development of an Atlas V Heavy", and to "resolve the RD-180 issue, including coproduction, Stockpile, or U.S. development of an RD-180 replacement".^[142]

In March 2015, Bruno confirmed on Twitter that the Atlas V Heavy will not be developed, instead they would be focusing on the Next Gen Launch System (Vulcan).{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Atlas Phase 2

With the merger of Boeing and Lockheed Martin space operations into United Launch Alliance in the mid-2000s, the Atlas V program became able to share the tooling and processes for 5-meter-diameter stages used on Delta IV. This led to a concept being put forth to combine Delta IV production processes into a new Atlas design: the "Atlas Phase 2". If the first stage were to be 5 meters in diameter, such a stage could accept dual RD-180 engines. The conceptual heavy-lift vehicle was known as Atlas Phase 2 or "PH2".

An Atlas V PH2-Heavy (three 5 m stages in parallel; six RD-180s) along with Shuttle-derived, Ares V and Ares V Lite, was considered as a theoretically possible heavy lifter for use in future space missions in the Augustine Report.^[197] If built, the Atlas PH2 Heavy was projected to be able to launch a payload mass of approximately 70 metric tons into an orbit of 28.5° inclination.^[143]

GX rocket

The Atlas V Common Core Booster was to have been used as the first stage of the joint US-Japanese GX rocket, which was scheduled to make its maiden flight in 2012.^[144] GX launches would have been from the Atlas V launch complex at Vandenberg AFB, SLC-3E.

In December 2009, the Japanese government decided to cancel the GX project.^[145]

Successor

The Vulcan rocket is the intended replacement for the Atlas V and Delta IV.^[146]

In September 2014, ULA announced that it has entered into a partnership with Blue Origin to develop the BE-4 LOX/methane engine to replace the RD-180 on a new first-stage booster. As the Atlas V core is designed around RP-1 fuel and cannot be retrofitted to use a methane-fueled engine, a new first stage must be developed. This booster will be derived from the first-stage tankage of the Delta IV, using two of the {{convert|550000|lbf|kN|order=flip|adj=on|lk=on}}-thrust BE-4 engines.^[147]^[148]^[149] The engine is already in its third year of development by Blue Origin, and ULA expects the new stage and engine to start flying no earlier than 2019.

Vulcan will initially use the same Centaur upper stage as on Atlas V, later to be upgraded to ACES.^[148] It will also use a variable number of optional solid rocket boosters, called the GEM 63XL, derived from the new solid boosters planned for Atlas V.^[25]

Photo gallery

References

1. ^Gunter's Space Page – Atlas V (401). Space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved on 2011-11-19. {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GHqDWL67?url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/atlas-5-401.htm |date=1 May 2013 }}
2. ^¹²{{cite web |title=Atlas V Solid Rocket Motor |url=http://www.rocket.com/atlas-v-solid-rocket-motor |publisher=Aerojet Rocketdyne |accessdate=2015-06-02}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://spacelaunchreport.com/atlas5.html |title=Space Launch Report: Atlas 5 Data Sheet |date=October 15, 2017 |publisher=Space Launch Report}}
4. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedlaunchalliance.com/site/docs/product_cards/guides/AtlasVUsersGuide2010.pdf|title=Atlas V Launch Services User’s Guide|date=March 2010|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=2011-12-04|location=Centennial, CO|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514051638/http://www.unitedlaunchalliance.com/site/docs/product_cards/guides/AtlasVUsersGuide2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-05-14}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2009/1111_ss_cls.html |title=Lockheed Martin Ready For Launch Of Intelsat 14 Spacecraft |date=November 11, 2009 |publisher=Lockheed Martin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217062420/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2009/1111_ss_cls.html |archivedate=2011-12-17 }}
6. ^{{cite web |title=United Launch Alliance Assumes Marketing and Sales for Atlas V from Lockheed Martin – Parabolic Arc |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2018/01/22/united-launch-alliance-assumes-marketing-sales-atlas-lockheed-martin/ |website=www.parabolicarc.com |publisher=Parabolic Arc |accessdate=19 July 2018}}
7. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/product_cards/guides/AtlasVUsersGuide2010.pdf |title=Atlas V Launch Services User’s Guide |date=March 2010 |publisher=United Launch Alliance|page = 1-5 to 1-7|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407233957/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/product_cards/guides/AtlasVUsersGuide2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-07}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.afspc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3643 |title=Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle |date=March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427031225/http://www.afspc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3643|archivedate=2014-04-27}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://unitedlaunchalliance.com/site/docs/publications/CentaurApplicationtoRoboticandCrewedLunarLanderEvolution.pdf |title=Centaur Application to Robotic and Crewed Lunar Lander Evolution |author1=Bonnie Birckenstaedt |author2=Bernard F. Kutter |author3=Frank Zegler |publisher=American Institute of Physics |year=2006 |page = 2 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514023823/http://unitedlaunchalliance.com/site/docs/publications/CentaurApplicationtoRoboticandCrewedLunarLanderEvolution.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-14 }}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight101.com/spacerockets/atlas-v-401/|title=Atlas V 401 – Rockets|website=spaceflight101.com|access-date=2016-04-18}}
11. ^¹{{cite web |url=https://www.ruag.com/en/products-services/space/launcher-structures-separation-systems/launcher-fairings-structures |title=Launcher Fairings & Structures |publisher=RUAG Space |access-date=May 12, 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas-5.htm |title=Gunter's Space Page – Atlas-5 (Atlas-V)|accessdate=2011-08-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427025907/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas-5.htm|archivedate=2014-04-27}}
13. ^Honeywell awarded $52 million Atlas V contract – Military & Aerospace Electronics{{full citation needed|date=November 2012}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719153550/http://www.militaryaerospace.com/index/display/article-display/100151/articles/military-aerospace-electronics/volume-12/issue-5/departments/cots-watch/honeywell-awarded-52-million-atlas-v-contract.html |date=July 19, 2011 }}. Militaryaerospace.com (2001-05-01). Retrieved on 2011-11-19.
14. ^Atlas V Launch Services User's Guide {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/68HIYj6Di?url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/product_cards/guides/AtlasVUsersGuide2010.pdf |date=2012-06-08 }}. United Launch Alliance. March 2010
15. ^Honeywell Provides Guidance System For Atlas V Rocket. Space-travel.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-19.
16. ^{{cite news|last=Gaskill|first=Braddock|title=Human Rated Atlas V for Bigelow Space Station details emerge|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|date=2007-01-31|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/content/?cid=5008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314112054/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/content/?cid=5008|archivedate=2008-03-14}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/45 |title=NASA Selects United Launch Alliance for Commercial Crew Development Program |date=2010-02-02 |accessdate=2011-02-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml |archivedate=2013-12-07 }}
18. ^{{cite news|title=CCDev awardees one year later: where are they now? |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/02/04/ccdev-awardees-one-year-later-where-are-they-now/ |accessdate=2011-02-05 |newspaper=NewSpace Journal |date=2011-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605111613/http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/02/04/ccdev-awardees-one-year-later-where-are-they-now/ |archivedate=2013-06-05 }}
19. ^¹{{cite news|last=Clark|first=Stephen|title=Safety system tested for Atlas and Delta rockets|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1102/13ulaccdev/|accessdate=2011-02-14|newspaper=Spaceflight Now|date=2011-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427030425/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1102/13ulaccdev/|archivedate=2014-04-27}}
20. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2011/release-20110718.txt |date=2011-07-18 |publisher=NASA |title=NASA Begins Commercial Partnership With United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514041058/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2011/release-20110718.txt |archivedate=2013-05-14 }}
21. ^{{cite news |last=Boyle|first=Alan |title=Rocket venture to work with NASA |url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/07/18/7105625-rocket-venture-to-work-with-nasa |accessdate=2011-07-21 |newspaper=MSNBC Cosmic Log |date=2011-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511055325/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/07/18/7105625-rocket-venture-to-work-with-nasa|archivedate=2012-05-11}}
22. ^¹{{cite news|last=Kelly |first=John |title=Atlas V rising to the occasion |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110807/COLUMNISTS0405/108070317/1007/spaceblog |accessdate=2011-08-10 |newspaper=Florida Today |date=2011-08-06 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60rhdpgQP?url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110807/COLUMNISTS0405/108070317/1007/spaceblog |archivedate=2011-08-11 |location=Melbourne, Florida |deadurl=no |df= }}
23. ^¹{{cite press release|title=Boeing selects Atlas V Rocket for Initial Commercial Crew Launches |publisher=Boeing |url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1869+title=Boeing |accessdate=2011-08-06 |date=2011-08-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60k6gZpkQ?url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1869%20title%3DBoeing |archivedate=2011-08-06 |location=Houston |deadurl=yes }}
24. ^¹²³{{cite news |last=Malik |first=Tariq |title=Boeing Needs Space Pilots for Spaceship & Rocket Test Flights |url=http://www.space.com/12544-boeing-space-test-pilot-rocket-launches-cst-100.html |accessdate=2011-08-07 |newspaper=SPACE.com |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60mGo1B9B?url=http://www.space.com/12544-boeing-space-test-pilot-rocket-launches-cst-100.html |archivedate=2011-08-08 |date=2011-08-04 |deadurl=no |df= }}
25. ^¹{{cite news |url= http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/ula/ula-selects-orbital-atks-gem-6363-xl-srbs-for-atlas-v-and-vulcan-boosters/ |title= ULA selects Orbital ATK’s GEM 63/63 XL SRBs for Atlas V and Vulcan boosters |author= Jason Rhian | date= 23 September 2015| publisher= Spaceflight Insider }}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Atlas V |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/product_cards/guides/AtlasVUsersGuide2010.pdf |publisher=ULA |pages=1–4 |format=PDF |year=2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68HIYj6Di?url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/product_cards/guides/AtlasVUsersGuide2010.pdf |archivedate=2012-06-08 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
27. ^{{cite news |url= http://spacenews.com/air-force-confirms-ula-position-on-atlas-5-production-rights/ |title= Air Force Confirms ULA Position on Atlas 5 Production Rights |author= Mike Gruss |date= 19 June 2015 |publisher= Space News }}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.planet4589.org/space/lvdb/launch/Atlas5 |title=Jonathan's Space Report Launch Vehicle Database – Atlas V |publisher=Jonathan McDowell |date=2010-10-28 |accessdate=2010-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211113416/http://www.planet4589.org/space/lvdb/launch/Atlas5 |archivedate=2013-12-11 }}
29. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹Atlas V Mission Planner's Guide – March 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217062316/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/data/assets/ssc/cls/AVUG_Rev11_March2010.pdf |date=December 17, 2011 }}. (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-11-19.
30. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹{{Cite web|url=https://www.rocketbuilder.com|title=RocketBuilder|last=|first=|date=2017-03-10|website=|publisher=United Launch Alliance|access-date=2017-03-10}}
31. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/ast_developments_concepts_2010.pdf|title=2010 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts: Vehicles, Technologies, and Spaceports|date=January 2010|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|accessdate=2011-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921011608/http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/ast_developments_concepts_2010.pdf|archivedate=2012-09-21}}
32. ^{{cite tweet|number=787351995078152192|user=barbegan13|title=We are calling the config N22. No payload fairing with the Starliner on board|date=October 15, 2016|first=Barbara|last=Egan}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/cst-100.htm |title=Starliner (CST-100) |work=Gunter's Space Page |first=Gunter |last=Krebs |access-date=May 24, 2017}}
34. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/30/13792816/united-launch-alliance-website-rocket-builder-atlas-v |title=United Launch Alliance unveils website that lets you price out a rocket ‘like building a car’ |last=Grush |first=Loren |date=2016-11-30 |website=The Verge |access-date=2016-12-01}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Maven Mission|url=http://mars.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1454|website=NASA Mars Exploration Program|accessdate=7 May 2016|date=21 October 2010}}
36. ^{{cite web|title=ULA Frequently Asked Questions – Launch Costs|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/faqs-launch-costs.aspx|accessdate=7 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324172526/http://www.ulalaunch.com/faqs-launch-costs.aspx|archivedate=24 March 2016}}
37. ^{{cite web|last1=Northon|first1=Karen|title=NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for TDRS Satellite|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-launch-services-contract-for-next-tracking-data-relay-satellite|website=NASA|accessdate=7 May 2016|date=30 October 2015}}
38. ^{{cite news |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/007/131124commercial/ |title=Sizing up America's place in the global launch industry |author=Stephen Clark |publisher=Spaceflight Now |date=24 November 2013 |accessdate=25 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203224447/http://spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/007/131124commercial/ |archivedate=2013-12-03 }}
39. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2016/10/14/ceo-tory-bruno-explains-how-united-launch-alliance-will-stay-ahead-of-competitors/print/|title=CEO Tory Bruno Explains How United Launch Alliance Will Stay Ahead Of Competitors|last=Thompson|first=Loren|newspaper=Forbes|access-date=2016-12-01}}
40. ^{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/spacex-ula-lockheed-boeing-rocket-race/|title=The Great Rocket Race|newspaper=Fortune|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-01}}
41. ^{{cite news|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/11/30/ula-unveils-rocketbuilder-website/|title=ULA unveils 'RocketBuilder' website|date=30 November 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|author=William Harwood|accessdate=1 December 2016}}
42. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/inaugural-atlas-v-scores-success-ils-lockheed-martin|title = Inaugural Atlas V Scores Success for ILS, Lockheed Martin |date=August 21, 2002|publisher=International Launch Services|accessdate = 2013-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725200307/http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/inaugural-atlas-v-scores-success-ils-lockheed-martin|archivedate=2013-07-25}}
43. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/ils-launches-hellas-sat-atlas-v|title = ILS Launches Hellas-Sat on Atlas V |date=May 13, 2003|publisher=International Launch Services|accessdate = 2013-02-28}}
44. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/ils-launches-rainbow-1-satellite|title = ILS Launches Rainbow 1 Satellite |date=July 17, 2003|publisher=International Launch Services|accessdate = 2013-02-28}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ilslaunch.com/news287 |title=ILS Launches AMC-16; Wraps Up Year With 10 Mission Successes |date=December 17, 2004|publisher=International Launch Services|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219192850/http://ilslaunch.com/news287|archivedate=2010-12-19}}
46. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/ils-atlas-v-vehicle-lifts-massive-satellite-inmarsat|title = ILS Atlas V Vehicle Lifts Massive Satellite For Inmarsat|date=March 11, 2005|publisher=International Launch Services|accessdate = 2013-02-28}}
47. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/newsroom/pressreleases/20050812a.html |title=NASA's Multipurpose Mars Mission Successfully Launched |date=2005-08-12 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2011-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510140909/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/newsroom/pressreleases/20050812a.html |archivedate=2013-05-10 }}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/news/release-20060119.html|title=NASA's Pluto Mission Launched Toward New Horizons|date=2006-01-19|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2011-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427025405/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/news/release-20060119.html|archivedate=2014-04-27}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ilslaunch.com/news337 |title=ILS Launches ASTRA 1KR Satellite |date=April 20, 2006|publisher=International Launch Services|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219205757/http://ilslaunch.com/news337|archivedate=2010-12-19}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ulalaunch.com/about/news-detail/2007/03/08/united-launch-alliance-successfully-launches-first-usaf-atlas-v |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches First USAF Atlas V |date=March 8, 2007|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
51. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.nro.gov/news/press/2007/2007-01.pdf|title = NRO satellite successfully launched aboard Atlas V|date=June 15, 2007|publisher=NRO|accessdate = 2013-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217195710/http://www.nro.gov/news/press/2007/2007-01.pdf|archivedate=2013-02-17}}
52. ^¹{{cite web|url = http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av009/status.html|title = Mission Status Center|date=August 16, 2007|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate = 2013-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221144906/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av009/status.html|archivedate=2014-02-21}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ulalaunch.com/about/news-detail/2007/10/10/united-launch-alliance-atlas-v-successfully-launches-af-wgs-satellite |title=United Launch Alliance Atlas V Successfully Launches AF WGS Satellite |date=October 10, 2007|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/2007/12/10/ula-atlas-v-successfully-launches-nro-satellite |title=United Launch Alliance Atlas V Successfully Launches NRO Satellite |date=December 10, 2007|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
55. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.ulalaunch.com/about/news-detail/2008/03/13/ula-inaugural-atlas-v-west-coast-launch-a-success |title=United Launch Alliance Inaugural Atlas V West Coast Launch a Success |date=March 13, 2008|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/43 |title=United Launch Alliance Launches Heaviest Commercial Satellite for Atlas V |date=April 14, 2008|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/23 |title=United Launch Alliance Atlas V Successfully Launches AF WGS-2 Satellite|date=April 3, 2009|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/21 |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches Moon Mission for NASA |date=June 18, 2009|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
59. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av018/ |title=Clues about mystery payload emerge soon after launch |date=September 8, 2009|publisher=Spaceflight Now|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427025125/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av018/|archivedate=2014-04-27}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/15 |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches PAN Satellite |date=September 8, 2009|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/12 |title=United Launch Alliance 600th Atlas Mission Successfully Launches DMSP F18 |date=October 18, 2009|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/10 |title=United Launch Alliance Launches 4th 2009 Commercial Mission: Intelsat 14 |date=November 23, 2009|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/46 |title=United Launch Alliance Launches Solar Observatory Mission for NASA |date=February 11, 2010|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/48 |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches OTV Mission|date=April 22, 2010|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
65. ^Experts weigh in on rocket debris found on Hilton Head. Wistv.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-19. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318131637/http://www.wistv.com/global/story.asp?s=12541816 |date=March 18, 2012 }}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/54 |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches First AEHF Mission|date=August 14, 2010|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/57 |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches National Defense Mission|date=September 20, 2010|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/66/ |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches Second OTV Mission|date=March 5, 2011|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/69 |title=ULA Successfully Launches Fifth NRO Mission in Seven Months|date=April 14, 2011|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/70/ |title=United Launch Alliance Marks 50th Successful Launch by delivering the Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) Satellite to orbit for the U.S. Air Force|date=May 7, 2011|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/78/ |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches Juno Spacecraft on Five-Year Journey to study Jupiter|date=August 5, 2011|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
72. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av028/ |title=Mars Science Laboratory begins cruise to red planet |last=Harwood |first=William |date=2011-11-26 |publisher=Spaceflight Now Inc. |accessdate=2011-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010412/http://spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av028/ |archivedate=2014-04-27 }}
73. ^{{cite web|title=Challenge of Getting to Mars |url=https://www.youtube.com/jplnews#p/u/6/CC2RN8LBHRA|work=Chapter 4: Launching Curiosity|publisher=JPL}}
74. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/26/nasa_msl_launch/ |title=US Martian nuke-truck launches without a hitch, but... |author= Rik Myslewski |date=2011-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527132116/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/26/nasa_msl_launch/ |archivedate=2012-05-27 }}
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/97/|title=United Launch Alliance Atlas V Rocket, with 200th Centaur, Successfully Launches Mobile User Objective System-1 Mission|date=February 24, 2012|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av030/centaur/|title=Landmark launch in rocketry: Centaur set for Flight 200|date=February 9, 2012|author= Justin Ray |publisher=Spaceflight Now |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427030939/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av030/centaur/|archivedate=2014-04-27}}
77. ^:::: United Launch Alliance, LLC :::: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/102 |date=December 7, 2013 }}
78. ^Spaceflight Now | Atlas Launch Report | Mission Status Center {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220093258/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av023/status.html |date=December 20, 2013 }}
79. ^:::: United Launch Alliance, LLC :::: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/117/ |date=December 7, 2013 }}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/09/uatlas-v-launch-nrol-36-vandenberg/|title=ULA Atlas V finally launches with NROL-36|last=Graham|first=William |date=13 September 2012|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com (Not affiliated with NASA)|accessdate=2012-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216012104/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/09/uatlas-v-launch-nrol-36-vandenberg/|archivedate=2013-12-16}}
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/127/|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches Third X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle for the Air Force|date=December 11, 2012|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/128/|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite |date=January 31, 2013|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
83. ^{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av035/ |title=Atlas 5 rocket launch continues legacy of Landsat |author=Justin Ray |deadurl=no |accessdate=2013-02-11 |publisher=Spaceflight Now|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051311/http://spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av035/ |archivedate=2014-04-21 }}
84. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/131/ |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches Second Space-Based Infrared System SBIRS Satellite to Orbit for the U.S. Air Force |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2013-03-20 |publisher=United Launch Alliance |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/131/ |archivedate=2013-12-07 |df= }}
85. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/139/ |title=ULA Launches 70th Successful Mission in 77 Months with the Launch of the GPS IIF-4 Satellite for the Air Force |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2013-05-15 |publisher=United Launch Alliance |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/139/ |archivedate=2013-12-07 |df= }}
86. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/146/|title=United Launch Alliance Atlas V Rocket Successfully Launches Mobile User Objective System-2 Mission for U.S. Navy|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2013-07-19|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/146/|archivedate=2013-12-07|df=}}
87. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/154/ |title=United Launch Alliance Marks 75th Successful Launch by Delivering the Advanced Extremely High Frequency-3 Satellite to Orbit for the U.S. Air Force |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2013-09-18 |publisher=United Launch Alliance |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/154/ |archivedate=2013-12-07 |df= }}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/158/|title=United Launch Alliance Atlas V Rocket Successfully Launches MAVEN mission on Journey to the Red Planet|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2013-11-19|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/158/|archivedate=2013-12-07|df=}}
89. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/163/|title=United Launch Alliance Atlas V Rocket Successfully Launches Payload for the National Reconnaissance Office|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2013-12-06|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/163/|archivedate=2013-12-07|df=}}
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/165/ |title=United Launch Alliance successfully launches NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite payload |date=January 23, 2014|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
91. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/170/ |title=United Launch Alliance Marks 80th Successful Launch by Delivering Air Force’s Weather Satellite to Orbit |date=April 3, 2014|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml|archivedate=2013-12-07}}
92. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/171/|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches Second Mission in Just Seven Days|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2014-04-11|publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/171/|archivedate=2013-12-07|df=}}
93. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-NROL33.aspx |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches Four Missions in Just Seven Weeks|deadurl=no |accessdate=2014-05-22 |publisher=United Launch Alliance|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522195627/http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-NROL33.aspx|archivedate=2014-05-22}}
94. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-gps-iif-7.aspx |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches Two Rockets in Just Four Days |accessdate=2014-08-03 |publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
95. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-atlas-v-launches-worldview3-satellite.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Atlas+V+Launches+WorldView-3+Satellite+for+DigitalGlobe |title=United Launch Alliance Atlas V Launches WorldView-3 Satellite for DigitalGlobe |accessdate=2014-08-13 |publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
96. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/09/ula-atlas-v-secretive-clio-mission/ |title=ULA Atlas V successfully launches secretive CLIO mission |date=September 17, 2014|author=William Graham|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com}}
97. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-launches-its-60th-mission-from-cape.aspx |title=United Launch Alliance Launches Its 60th Mission from Cape Canaveral |date=September 17, 2014|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
98. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-atlas-v-launches-gps-iif-8.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+50th+Atlas+V+Rocket |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches 50th Atlas V Rocket |date=October 29, 2014|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
99. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-atlas-v-successfully-launches-nrol-35.aspx |title=United Launch Alliance Atlas V Successfully Launches Payload for the National Reconnaissance Office |accessdate=2014-12-13 |publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
100. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-navys-muos3.aspx |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches the U.S. Navy’s Mobile User Objective System-3 |accessdate=2015-01-21|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
101. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-nasa-mms.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+Solar+Probes+to+Study+Space+Weather+for+NASA |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches Solar Probes to Study Space Weather for NASA |accessdate=2015-03-15|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
102. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-afspc5.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+X-37B+Orbital+Test+Vehicle+for+the+U.S.+Air+Force |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle for the U.S. Air Force |accessdate=2015-05-21|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
103. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-gpsiif10.aspx |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches Global Positioning Satellite for the U.S. Air Force |date=July 15, 2015|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
104. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-muos4.aspx |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches the U.S. Navy’s Mobile User Objective System-4 |date=September 2, 2015|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-launches-morelos-3.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Reaches+100+Successful+Missions+with+Morelos-3+Satellite|title=United Launch Alliance Reaches 100 Successful Missions with Morelos-3 Satellite |date=October 2, 2015|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
106. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-NROL55.aspx|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches Payload for the National Reconnaissance Office |date=8 October 2015|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=8 October 2015}}
107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-gps-iif11.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+GPS+IIF-11+Satellite+for+U.S.+Air+Force|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches GPS IIF-11 Satellite for U.S. Air Force |date=31 October 2015|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=1 November 2015}}
108. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-oa4-cygnus.aspx|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches OA-4 Cygnus to International Space Station |date=6 December 2015|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=6 December 2015}}
109. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-gps-iif12.aspx|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches GPS IIF-12 Satellite for U.S. Air Force |date=5 February 2016|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=5 February 2016}}
110. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-oa-6.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+7%2c745+Pounds+of+Cargo+to+International+Space+Station|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches 7,745 Pounds of Cargo to International Space Station |date=22 March 2016|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=28 March 2016}}
111. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-muos5-satellite.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+MUOS-5+Satellite+for+the+U.S+Air+Force+and+U.S.+Navy&archived=True&Category=all&Page=1|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches MUOS-5 Satellite for the U.S Air Force and U.S. Navy |date=24 June 2016|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=9 August 2016}}
112. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-nrol61.aspx|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches NROL-61 Payload for the National Reconnaissance Office |date=July 28, 2016|publisher=United Launch Alliance}}
113. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-osiris-rex.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+OSIRIS-REx+Spacecraft+for+NASA|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft for NASA |date=8 September 2016|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=10 September 2016}}
114. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-worldview4.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+WorldView-4+for+DigitalGlobe|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches WorldView-4 for DigitalGlobe |date=11 November 2016|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=11 November 2016}}
115. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-goesr-satellite.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+GOES-R+Satellite+for+NASA+and+NOAA|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches GOES-R Satellite for NASA and NOAA |date=19 November 2016|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=20 November 2016}}
116. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-echostar-xix.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+EchoStar+XIX+Satellite+|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches EchoStar XIX Satellite |date=18 December 2016|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=23 December 2016}}
117. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-sbirs-geo-flight-3.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+SBIRS+GEO+Flight+3+Satellite+to+Orbit+for+U.S.+Air+Force|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches SBIRS GEO Flight 3 Satellite to Orbit for U.S. Air Force |date=20 January 2017|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=21 January 2017}}
118. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-nrol79.aspx|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches NROL-79 Payload for the National Reconnaissance Office|website=Ulalaunch.com|accessdate=2017-08-11}}
119. ^{{cite news|last1=Klotz|first1=Irene|title=Atlas V Rocket Launches Private Cygnus Cargo Ship to Space Station|url=http://www.space.com/36499-atlas-v-rocket-launches-cygnus-cargo-ship-oa7.html|accessdate=18 April 2017|publisher=Space.com|date=18 April 2017}}
120. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-nasas-tdrsm.aspx|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches NASA’s TDRS-M Satellite|website=Ulalaunch.com|accessdate=18 August 2017}}
121. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-nrol42.aspx|title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+NROL-42+Mission+for+the+National+Reconnaissance+Office |date=24 September 2017|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=24 September 2017}}
122. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/10/ula-atlas-v-nrol-52-launch-cape-canaveral/ |title=Atlas V finally launches with NROL-52 |work=NASASpaceFlight.com |first=William |last=Graham |date=October 15, 2017 |access-date=October 15, 2017}}
123. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-sbirs-geo-flight-4.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+SBIRS+GEO+Flight+4+Mission+for+the+U.S.+Air+Force |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches SBIRS GEO Flight 4 Mission for the U.S. Air Force |work=United Launch Alliance |date=January 20, 2018 |access-date=January 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120182134/http://www.ulalaunch.com/ula-successfully-launches-sbirs-geo-flight-4.aspx?title=United+Launch+Alliance+Successfully+Launches+SBIRS+GEO+Flight+4+Mission+for+the+U.S.+Air+Force |archive-date=2018-01-20 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
124. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/missions-details/2018/03/02/united-launch-alliance-successfully-launches-goes-s-weather-satellite-for-nasa-and-noaa |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches GOES-S Weather Satellite for NASA and NOAA |work=United Launch Alliance |date=March 1, 2018 |access-date=March 1, 2018}}
125. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ulalaunch.com/about/news/2018/04/15/united-launch-alliance-successfully-launches-afspc-11-mission-for-the-u.s.-air-force |title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches AFSPC-11 Mission for the U.S. Air Force |date=15 April 2018|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=15 April 2018}}
126. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ulalaunch.com/about/news/2018/05/05/united-launch-alliance-successfully-launches-west-coast-s-first-interplanetary-mission-for-nasa|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches West Coast’s First Interplanetary Mission for NASA|date=5 May 2018|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=5 May 2018}}
127. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ulalaunch.com/about/news/2018/10/17/united-launch-alliance-successfully-launches-aehf-4-mission|title=United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches AEHF-4 Mission|date=17 October 2018|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=17 October 2018}}
128. ^https://ml-fd.caf-fac.ca/en/2018/11/21999
129. ^{{Cite web|title = Atlas 5 rocket sends Cygnus in hot pursuit of space station {{!}} Spaceflight Now|url = http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/12/06/atlas-5-rocket-sends-cygnus-in-hot-pursuit-of-space-station/|accessdate = 2015-12-07|first = Justin|last = Ray}}
130. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheet/Display/tabid/224Article/104539/x-37b-orbital-vehicle.apsx|title=About Us|website=Af.mil|accessdate=11 August 2017}}
131. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/01/when-a-rocket-blows-up-space-insurers-pay-for-it.html |title=When a rocket blows up, space insurers pay for it |last=Fahey |first=Mark |date=2016-09-01 |website=Cnbc.com |access-date=2016-12-07}}
132. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.losangeles.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123059386 |title=Air Force Issues Second Update Regarding Atlas V Centaur Upper Stage Anomaly Review |publisher=U.S. Air Force |date=2 July 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223105812/http://www.losangeles.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123059386 |archivedate=2014-02-23 }}
133. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/floridatoday/access/1723299381.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+2%2C+2007&author=PATRICK+PETERSON&pub=Florida+Today&edition=&startpage=A.3&desc=Faulty+valve+pushes+back+Atlas+5+launch |title=Faulty valve pushes back Atlas 5 launch |publisher=Florida Today |first=Patrick |last=Peterson |date=September 2, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025230355/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/floridatoday/access/1723299381.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&date=Sep+2%2C+2007&author=PATRICK+PETERSON&pub=Florida+Today&edition=&startpage=A.3&desc=Faulty+valve+pushes+back+Atlas+5+launch |archivedate=2012-10-25 |deadurl=yes }}
134. ^{{cite press |date=June 15, 2007 |url=http://www.nro.gov/news/press/2007/2007-01.pdf |title=NRO satellite successfully launched aboard Atlas V |publisher=NRO|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217195710/http://www.nro.gov/news/press/2007/2007-01.pdf |archivedate=2013-02-17 }}
135. ^{{cite press release|date=June 18, 2007|url=http://www.nro.gov/news/press/2007/2007-02.pdf |title=NROL-30 launch update |publisher=NRO|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217191851/http://www.nro.gov/news/press/2007/2007-02.pdf|archivedate=2013-02-17}}
136. ^{{cite press |date=March 24, 2016 |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/03/24/atlas-5-rocket-forced-to-improvise-during-tuesdays-climb-to-orbit/ |title=Atlas 5 forced to improvise during Tuesday’s climb to orbit |publisher=SpaceflightNow|}}
137. ^{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/05/03/new-lineup-plan-spelled-out-for-upcoming-atlas-5-rocket-launches/|title=New lineup spelled out for upcoming Atlas 5 rocket launches from the Cape – Spaceflight Now|last=Ray|first=Justin|access-date=2016-05-07}}
138. ^{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/defense/ula-ceo-calls-2018-availability-date-ar-1-engine-ridiculous |title= ULA CEO Calls 2018 Availability Date For AR1 Engine ‘Ridiculous’ |author= Amy Butler |date= 15 April 2015 |publisher= Aviation Week }}
139. ^{{cite news |url= http://spacenews.com/aerojet-led-team-seeks-atlas-5-production-rights/ |title= Aerojet on Team Seeking Atlas 5 Production Rights |date= 12 May 2015 |author= Mike Gruss |publisher= Space News }}
140. ^{{cite web|title=Atlas V Product Card|author=United Launch Alliance |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/Products_AtlasV.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330140202/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/Products_AtlasV.shtml|archivedate=2014-03-30}}
141. ^{{cite book| url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG503.pdf| format=PDF| title=National Security Space Launch Report| publisher=RAND Corporation| year=2006| page=29| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023080432/https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG503.pdf| archivedate=2012-10-23}}
142. ^{{cite book| url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG503.pdf| format=PDF| title=National Security Space Launch Report| publisher=RAND Corporation| year=2006| page=xxi| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023080432/https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG503.pdf| archivedate=2012-10-23}}
143. ^¹HSF Final Report: Seeking a Human Spaceflight Program Worthy of a Great Nation, October 2009, Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee, graphic on p. 64, retrieved 2011-02-07.
144. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/product_sheet/GXProductCard.pdf|title=GX Launch Vehicle|publisher=United Launch Alliance|accessdate=2009-05-07}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
145. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3716870|title=Japan scraps GX rocket development project|publisher=iStockAnalyst|date=2009-12-16|accessdate=2009-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306095016/http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3716870|archivedate=2014-03-06}}
146. ^{{cite news |url= http://spacenews.com/ulas-next-rocket-to-be-named-vulcan/ |publisher= Space News |title= ULA’s Next Rocket To Be Named Vulcan |date= 13 April 2015 |author= Mike Gruss }}
147. ^¹{{cite news |last1=Ferster|first1=Warren |title=ULA To Invest in Blue Origin Engine as RD-180 Replacement |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/41901ula-to-invest-in-blue-origin-engine-as-rd-180-replacement |date=2014-09-17 |work=Space News |accessdate=2014-09-19}}
148. ^¹{{cite news |url= http://spacenews.com/ulas-vulcan-rocket-to-be-rolled-out-in-stages/ |publisher= Space News |title= ULA’s Vulcan Rocket To be Rolled out in Stages |date= 13 April 2015 |author= Mike Gruss }}
149. ^{{cite news |first=Amy |last=Butler |url=http://aviationweek.com/space/industry-team-hopes-resurrect-atlas-v-post-rd-180 |title=Industry Team Hopes To Resurrect Atlas V Post RD-180 |work=Aviation Week & Space Technology |date=11 May 2015 |accessdate=12 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512205445/http://aviationweek.com/space/industry-team-hopes-resurrect-atlas-v-post-rd-180 |archive-date=12 May 2015 |deadurl=no}}