| 词条 | Battle of Cape St. George |
| 释义 |
|conflict = Battle of Cape St. George | image = USS Charles Ausburne (DD-570).jpg | image_size = 300 |caption = U.S. destroyer {{USS|Charles Ausburne|DD-570|2}} operating in the Solomon Islands around 1943. |partof = the Pacific Theater of World War II |date = 25 November 1943 |place = Near Buka Island, north of Bougainville |result = U.S. victory |combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1912}} |combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}} |commander1 = {{flagicon|United States Navy}} Arleigh Burke |commander2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|naval}} Kiyoto Kagawa{{KIA}} |units1 = Destroyer Squadron 23 |units2 = Destroyer Division 31 |strength1 = 5 destroyers |strength2 = 5 destroyers |casualties1 = None |casualties2 = 3 destroyers sunk, 1 destroyer damaged, 647 killed{{#tag:ref|Nevitt says all hands (228 men) were lost on Onami and all but 28 were lost Makinami (total lost 200 men),[1][2] and, along with Morison, says that there were 278 survivors from Yugiri.[1] Morison says there were 300 troops on Yugiri, which along with a normal complement of 197 means about 497 were on board during this engagement. Subtracting 278 from 497 equals 219 killed on Yugiri. |group=Note}} }}{{Campaignbox Solomons}} The Battle of Cape St. George was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on 25 November 1943, between Cape St. George, New Ireland, and Buka Island (now part of the North Solomons Province in Papua New Guinea). It was the last engagement of surface ships in the Solomon Islands campaign. During the engagement, a force of five US Navy destroyers led by Captain Arleigh Burke interdicted a similar sized Japanese force that was withdrawing from Buka towards Rabaul, having landed reinforcements on the island. In the ensuing fight, three Japanese destroyers were sunk and one was damaged, with no losses amongst the US force. BackgroundThe Americans had landed troops from the 3rd Marine Division around Torokina on Bougainville on 1 November 1943.[2] Judging the landings a ruse, and that the real Allied objective were the airfields around Buka to the north of Bougainville, the Japanese delayed launching a concerted counterattack on Cape Torokina, and instead determined to reinforce Buka.[3] As a result, 920 Japanese Army troops were embarked on the destroyers {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Amagiri|1930|2}}, {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Yūgiri|1930|2}} and {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Uzuki|1925|2}} under the command of Captain Katsumori Yamashiro and were sent to reinforce the garrison, escorted by the destroyers {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Ōnami|1942|2}} and {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Makinami|1941|2}} under the command of Captain Kiyoto Kagawa. The convoy was spotted by reconnaissance aircraft,[4][5] and the United States Navy sent Captain Arleigh Burke's Destroyer Squadron 23, composed of Destroyer Division 45 ({{USS|Charles Ausburne|DD-570|2}}, {{USS|Claxton|DD-571|2}}, and {{USS|Dyson|DD-572|2}}), under Burke's direct command, and Destroyer Division 46 ({{USS|Converse|DD-509|2}} and {{USS|Spence|DD-512|2}}), under Commander Bernard Austin to intercept it. Meanwhile, nine PT boats under Commander Henry Farrow moved into the Buka Passage to engage the Japanese if Burke's force was unable to make contact.[6] BattleThe Japanese battle plan divided their force into two columns,[7] with the three transport destroyers trailing the two escort destroyers.[8] The American battle plan also divided their force into two columns using tactics devised by Burke and first employed successfully by Commander Frederick Moosbrugger at the Battle of Vella Gulf the previous August. One column would make a torpedo attack while the other took up a supporting position ready to open gunfire as soon as the first column's torpedo attack struck home.[9] The Japanese destroyers landed the 920 troops and supplies and embarked 700 Navy aviation personnel being withdrawn as Allied bombing had rendered the airfield at Buka non-operational.[5][10] The Japanese force was returning to Rabaul when Farrow's PT boats spotted four of the Japanese ships on their radar just after midnight; however, the PT boats mistook the Japanese vessels for friendly forces and hove to further ashore. Two of the Japanese ships subsequently attacked the PT boats, firing on them and attempting to ram PT-318. They failed to score any hits, though, while one of the PT boats, PT-64, fired a torpedo which missed its target.[11] Afterwards, the Japanese destroyers steamed west towards Cape St. George.[15] Around 01:41, Kagawa's two screening destroyers were picked up by radar by Burke's destroyers, which had moved into position between Cape St. George and Buka,[15] with Dyson making contact first.[5][9] Poor visibility prevented the Japanese from spotting the American ships in turn. Burke elected to use his own division for the torpedo attack. Superior radar allowed the American ships to approach within {{convert|5500|yd|m}} and launch their torpedoes at about 01:55 before the Japanese sighted them. Onami was hit by several torpedoes and sank immediately with all hands, including Kagawa. Makinami was hit by one torpedo and disabled.[12] Burke's force established radar contact with the rest of the Japanese force at {{convert|13000|yd|m}} soon after launching their torpedoes and turned to pursue; Yamashiro's three transport destroyers fled north, pursued by Burke's division, while Converse and Spence from Austin's division finished off the disabled Makinami with torpedoes and gunfire. Burke's three destroyers steadily gained on the three heavily laden Japanese destroyers, opening fire around 02:22, scoring several hits. Uzuki was hit by one dud shell and escaped without significant damage. Amagiri escaped untouched. Around 02:25, the Japanese ships split up and fled in different directions. Burke chose to pursue Yugiri with his entire force and sank her at about 03:28 after a fierce engagement.[13] AftermathBy 03:45, the Burke and Austin's divisions linked up, continuing to push north to pursue the withdrawing Japanese ships.[5] Burke subsequently called off the attempt at 04:04, low on fuel and ammunition, and needing to withdraw before daylight, when Japanese aircraft would likely begin operations to search for them. In the event, the only aircraft the US ships spotted once daylight came were friendly AirSols P-38 Lightnings.[14] The battle represented a significant victory for the Americans and was later described as an "almost perfect action" and Burke was awarded a Navy Cross.[7] It was the final surface engagement of the Solomon Islands campaign,[5] and the last such action in the wider Pacific for nine months.[15] Although the Japanese were able to land their troops, and withdraw their supporting personnel, they lost three destroyers sunk and one damaged, without inflicting any losses on the American force.[16] Amongst the Japanese crews, a total of 647 were killed.[1][2] A total of 278 survivors were rescued from Yugiri by the submarine I-177.[1] NamesakeThe U.S. Navy Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser {{USS|Cape St. George|CG-71}}, in commission since 1993, was named for this battle.[17] Notes
1. ^1 Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks, p. 353. 2. ^Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 296. 3. ^Costello, The Pacific War 1941–1945, p. 425. 4. ^Costello, The Pacific War 1941–1945, p. 426. 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.microworks.net/pacific/battles/cape_stgeorge.htm |author=O'Hara, Vincent |title=Battle of Cape St. George: November 25, 1943 |accessdate=19 August 2017}} 6. ^Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, pp. 353–354. 7. ^1 Tuohy, America's Fighting Admirals, p. 239. 8. ^Jones, Destroyer Squadron 23: Combat Exploits of Arleigh Burke's Gallant Force, pp. 248–249. 9. ^1 Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 355. 10. ^Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 353. 11. ^Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 354. 12. ^Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 356. 13. ^Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, pp. 356–357. 14. ^Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 358. 15. ^Costello, The Pacific War 1941–1945, p. 427. 16. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_cape_saint_george.html |title=Battle of Cape Saint George, 25 November 1943 |author=Rickard, J. |work=History of War |accessdate=19 August 2017}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/cg71/Pages/namesake.aspx#.WZfpmVHhXIU |title= USS Cape St George: Named for a battle fought in the South Pacific off the island of New Ireland |publisher=United States Navy |accessdate=19 August 2017}} 18. ^1 2 {{cite web |author=Nevitt, Allyn D |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028005920/http://www.combinedfleet.com/makina_t.htm |archivedate=28 October 2006 |url=http://www.combinedfleet.com/makina_t.htm |title=IJN Makinami: Tabular Record of Movement |work= Long Lancers |accessdate=19 August 2017 }} 19. ^1 2 {{cite web |author=Nevitt, Allyn D |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222001120/http://www.combinedfleet.com/onami_t.htm |archivedate=22 February 2006 |url=http://www.combinedfleet.com:80/onami_t.htm |title=IJN Onami: Tabular Record of Movement |work=Long Lancers |accessdate=19 August 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
}} References
External links{{Commons|Battle of Cape St. George}}
|title=Order of battle: Battle of Cape St. George, 25 November 1942 |work= |accessdate=19 August 2017}}{{coord missing|Papua New Guinea}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} 12 : Conflicts in 1943|Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II|Autonomous Region of Bougainville|1943 in Papua New Guinea|1943 in the Solomon Islands|Territory of New Guinea|Battles and operations of World War II involving Papua New Guinea|Battles and operations of World War II involving the Solomon Islands|Naval battles of World War II involving Japan|Naval battles of World War II involving the United States|November 1943 events|Japan–United States military relations |
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