| 词条 | Bde Maka Ska |
| 释义 |
| name = Bde Maka Ska | native_name = {{native name|dak|Bdé Makhá Ská}}[1] | other_name=Lake Calhoun | image = BoatsLakeCalhounOct2017cropped.jpg | caption = Boats on the lake in 2017 | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = Minneapolis, Minnesota | coords = {{coord|44|56|30|N|93|18|45|W|region:US-MN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = United States | length = | width = | area = {{convert|401|acre|km2}} | depth ={{convert|82|ft|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|87|ft|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = }} Bde Maka Ska ({{IPAc-en|b|ə|'|d|eI|_|m|@|'|k|ɑː|_|s|k|ɑː}},[2] also known as Lake Calhoun, its former official name) is the largest lake in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and part of the city's Chain of Lakes. Surrounded by city park land and circled by bike and walking trails, it is popular for many outdoor activities. The lake has an area of {{convert|401|acre|km2}} and a maximum depth of {{convert|87|ft|m}}. Lake and surrounding areaThe lake is part of the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway, connecting with Lake of the Isles on the northeast, Cedar Lake on the northwest, and Lake Harriet on the south. The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board trail system has a {{convert|3.4|mi|km|adj=on}} trail around the lake for bicyclists and skaters and a {{convert|3.2|mi|km|adj=on}} trail around it for pedestrians. Both of these trails connect to the larger trail system via connections to Lake of the Isles and Lake Harriet. In addition, the Midtown Greenway Trail is located just north of the lake and Lake Street. The lake itself is popular for canoeing, kayaking, and windsurfing, and it has three swimming beaches. The three beaches are North Beach on the north side of the lake, 32nd Beach on the east, and Thomas Beach on the south. There is Bde Maka Ska Park and surrounding park land offers parking, picnicking, volleyball, and athletic fields. It is also home of sailing, hosting the Calhoun Yacht Club, the Minneapolis Sailing Center, as well as local high school teams and the University of St. Thomas Sailing Team. From 1829-1839, it was the site of the Bdewákhathuŋwaŋ Dakota agricultural village known as Ḣeyate Otuŋwe.[3] A plaque on the east side of the lake commemorates the mission station built by Samuel and Gideon Pond where they created the first alphabet for the Dakota language[4] at Cloudman's Village.[3] On the west side is The Bakken, an old mansion with medicinal gardens and a library and museum devoted to medical electricity and the history of electromagnetism.[5] The Como-Harriet Streetcar Line operates between the lake and Lake Harriet. NameThe Dakota originally called the lake Mde Maka Ska (modern spelling {{lang|dak|Bdé Makhá Ská}};[1] English approximation: Be-DAY Mah-KAH-Ska)[6] meaning Lake White Earth,[7] or Lake White Bank,[8] a name that probably was given by the Ioway who inhabited the area until the 16th century. Another Dakota name for the lake may have been Mde Med'oza, which was the name initially adopted by settlers, either as Lake Medoza or in translation as Loon Lake.[9] The Dakota also described it as Heyate Mde, meaning the set back lake.[10] The United States Secretary of War, John C. Calhoun, sent the Army to survey the area that would surround Fort Snelling in 1817. Calhoun had also authorized the construction of Fort Snelling, one of the earliest American settlements in the state. The surveyors named the water body "Lake Calhoun" in his honor,[11] and the Fort Snelling Military Reservation survey map of Lt. James L. Thompson in 1839 shows that name for the lake.[12] Calhoun's legacy as a slaveowner and pro-slavery politician led critics to question whether he was the best person to be honored. In 2011 the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board visited the issue. Their legal counsel concluded that the board could not legally change the name, as state law gives that power to the Commissioner of Natural Resources, and then only in the first 40 years after the name was designated. Following the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, a fresh drive to change the name started via an online petition. The Park Board indicated it would look into whether they could change the lake's name through state action,[13][14] and in fall 2015 added the Dakota name to signage below the official name.[1] In March 2016, an advisory group decided by majority vote to urge the Minnesota Park and Recreation Board to restore the lake's former name.[15] There was also a proposal to rename the lake for Senator Paul Wellstone, who is buried in nearby Lakewood Cemetery.[16] In 2017, the Minneapolis Park Board voted unanimously to recommend changing the lake's name back to Bde Maka Ska[17] and the Hennepin County commissioners agreed.[18] In January 2018, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) made Bde Maka Ska the official name in Minnesota.[19][20] To change it at the federal level, the state submitted materials to the U.S. Board on Geographic Names,[21] which approved the change in June 2018.[22][23][2] Park signs around the lake use only the name Bde Maka Ska.[24][25] FishThe lake contains black crappie, bluegill, bowfin, common carp, hybrid sunfish, largemouth bass, northern pike, pumpkinseed, tiger muskellunge, walleye, white sucker, and yellow perch. Some fish consumption guideline restrictions have been placed on the lake's bluegill, crappie, largemouth bass, northern pike, walleye, and white sucker due to mercury and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid contamination.[26] In 1991, the then-Minnesota state record tiger muskellunge at 33 pounds 8 ounces was caught in the lake.[27] The Minneapolis Park and Recreation website lists the lake as one of the best in the city for ice fishing walleye, northern pike, and crappies.[28] Zebra mussels, an aquatic invasive species, were found in the lake in 2018.[29]See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/10/14/bdemakaska-lake-calhoun |title=How to say Lake Calhoun's Dakota name: 'Bde Maka Ska' |last1=Greene |first1=Britta |last2= |first2= |date=December 4, 2015 |work=MPR News |publisher=Minnesota Public Radio |access-date=December 4, 2015 |quote="The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board added "Bde Maka Ska" to signs around Lake Calhoun"|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207093028/http://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/10/14/bdemakaska-lake-calhoun|archivedate=December 7, 2015}} 2. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/feds-now-recognize-lake-calhoun-as-bde-maka-ska/488290241/|title=Feds now recognize Lake Calhoun as Bde Maka Ska|work=Minneapolis Star Tribune|access-date=2018-08-24|last=Harlow|first=Tim|date = July 16, 2018}} 3. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Beane|first1=Katherine|title=Bde Maka Ska / Lake Calhoun, Minneapolis|editor-last1=Westerman|editor-first1=Gwen|editor-last2=White|editor-first2=Bruce|encyclopedia=Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota|date=2012|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press|location=Saint Paul, MN|isbn=978-0-87351-869-7}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://ponddakota.org/the-story/history-of-the-dakota-mission |title=History of the Dakota Mission |author= |date=2017 |publisher=Pond Dakota Historical Society}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=https://thebakken.org/about/ |title=ABOUT THE BAKKEN |last=Sanders |first=Michael |date=2017 |website=The Bakken Museum}} 6. ^{{cite news |last=Eldred|first=Sheila |date=June 23, 2016 |title=Renaming Lake Calhoun: Native American activist Syd Beane explains the Minneapolis lake's name change |url=http://www.minnesotamonthly.com/Lifestyle/People-Profiles/Renaming-Lake-Calhoun/ |work=Minnesota Monthly|quote=You learn how to pronounce it: Be-DAY Mah-KAH-Ska.}} 7. ^{{cite web| last1 =Cairn| first1 =Rich |last2=Cairn|first2= Susan| title =History of Minnehaha Creek Watershed| page =19| publisher =Minnehaha Creek Watershed District| year =2003| url =http://www.minnehahacreek.org/pdf/MinnehahaHistory.pdf| accessdate =August 6, 2009 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730055408/http://www.minnehahacreek.org/pdf/MinnehahaHistory.pdf |archive-date=July 30, 2009}} 8. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Lake Maka Ska has a nice historical ring to it |url=http://www.startribune.com/lake-maka-ska-has-a-nice-historical-ring-to-it/451966003/ |work=Star Tribune |location=Minneapolis |date=October 20, 2017}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/dakota-name-for-calhoun-probably-originated-with-predecessor-tribe/332130922/|title=Dakota name for Calhoun probably originated with predecessor tribe|newspaper=Star Tribune|first=Steve|last=Brandt|date=October 12, 2015}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Myrbo|first1=Amy|last2=Murphy|first2=Marylee|last3=Stanley|first3=Valerie|editor1-last=Miller|editor1-first=James D.|editor2-last=Hudak|editor2-first=George J.|editor3-last=Wittkop|editor3-first=Chad|editor4-last=McLaughlin|editor4-first=Patrick I.|chapter=The Minneapolis Chain of Lakes by bicycle: Glacial history, human modifications, and paleolimnology of an urban natural environment|series=GSA Field Guides|date=2011|volume=24|pages=425–437|doi=10.1130/2011.0024(20)|isbn=978-0-8137-0024-3|title=Archean to Anthropocene: Field Guides to the Geology of the Mid-Continent of North America|publisher=The Geological Society of America|location=Boulder, Colorado|quote=Lake Calhoun, first known by Native Americans as Lake Medoza ("Lake of the Loons"), Mde Maka Ska ("Lake of the White Earth"), or Heyate Mde ("Lake Set Back from the River")...}} 11. ^{{cite book | last=Keating |first=William H.|year=1824 |title=Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, &c., &c. : performed in the year 1823, by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, secretary of war, under the command of Stephen H. Long, major U.S.T.E.| page=303 |publisher= H.C. Carey & I. Lea |location=Philadelphia|url=https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofexped01keat#page/302/mode/2up |oclc=77170807}} 12. ^{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Frederick L. |year=2009 |title=Richfield: Minnesota's Oldest Suburb |location=Richfield, Minnesota |publisher=Richfield Historical Society Press |page=2 |isbn=9781605856360}} 13. ^{{cite news|last1=Brandt|first1=Steve|title=Lake Calhoun name change gets another look in Minneapolis|url=http://www.startribune.com/lake-calhoun-name-change-gets-another-look-in-minneapolis/309249161/|work=Star Tribune|date=June 23, 2015}} 14. ^{{cite news|last1=Brandt|first1=Steve|title=Minneapolis Park Board gives fresh look at renaming Lake Calhoun after South Carolina shootings|url=http://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-park-board-gives-fresh-look-at-renaming-lake-calhoun-after-south-carolina-shootings/309393471/|work=Star Tribune|date=June 24, 2015}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/lakes-panel-urges-restoring-bde-maka-ska-name-for-lake-calhoun/365054931/ |title=Lakes panel urges restoring Bde Maka Ska name for Lake Calhoun |author=Steve Brandt |date=March 24, 2016 |publisher=StarTribune}} 16. ^{{cite news|last=Thomas |first=Dylan |title=New petition seeks to rename Lake Calhoun for Wellstone |url=http://www.southwestjournal.com/news/civic-beat/2017/10/new-petition-seeks-to-rename-lake-calhoun-for-wellstone/ |work=Southwest Journal |date=October 11, 2017}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://strib.mn/2p5Afio |title=Minneapolis Park Board votes to change Lake Calhoun name to Bde Maka Ska |author=Faiza Mahamud |date=May 3, 2017 |publisher=StarTribune}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.southwestjournal.com/news/2017/11/bde-maka-ska-recommended-by-county-board/ |title=Bde Maka Ska recommended by County Board |author=Nate Gotlieb |date=November 22, 2017 |website=Southwest Journal |publisher=Minnesota Premier Publications |quote=The Hennepin County Board on Nov. 21 voted to recommend changing the name of Lake Calhoun to Bde Maka Ska, which means "Lake White Earth" in Dakota.}} 19. ^{{cite web|work=Names of Geographic Features Order|author=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|title=Re: The Proposed Renaming of Lake Calhoun, Minnesota Public Water No. 27-31 in Hennepin County, Minnesota to Bde Maka Ska|date=January 18, 2018 | url=http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/waters/surfacewater_section/hydrographics/dnr-geographic-features_calhoun.pdf}} 20. ^{{cite news|last=Chanen |first=David |date=January 19, 2018|title=The state officially changes Lake Calhoun to Bde Maka Ska|url=http://www.startribune.com/the-state-dnr-approve-changing-lake-calhoun-to-bde-maka-ska/469990923/ |work=Star Tribune |location=Minneapolis |quote=It's official, at least in Minnesota: Lake Calhoun, the biggest lake in Minneapolis, will now go by its original Dakota name, Bde Maka Ska.}} 21. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.dnr.state.mn.us/2018/01/18/state-of-minnesota-approves-lake-calhoun-name-change-to-bde-maka-ska/|title=State of Minnesota approves Lake Calhoun name change to Bde Maka Ska|author=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources|date=January 18, 2018|work=News Release|access-date=January 27, 2018|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=Feature Detail Report for: Bde Maka Ska|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:640736|website=Geographic Names Information System|publisher=United States Geological Survey|accessdate=July 15, 2018|date=July 15, 2018}} 23. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/07/15/federal-government-now-recognizes-minneapolis-lake-as-bde-maka-ska|author=Staff|title=Federal government now recognizes Minneapolis lake as Bde Maka Ska|work=MPR News|publisher=Minnesota Public Radio|date=July 15, 2018|accessdate=July 16, 2018}} 24. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/news/2018/01/29/2743/lake_calhoun_officially_recognized_as_bde_maka_ska |title=Lake Calhoun officially recognized as Bde Maka Ska |author= |date=January 29, 2018 |website=Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board |quote=Bde Maka Ska is now the official name of the lake previously known as Lake Calhoun, following county and state approval of a request to change the lake name.}} 25. ^{{cite news |last=Du |first=Susan |date=January 30, 2018 |title=It's final: Lake Calhoun is now Bde Maka Ska, named in honor of original Minnesotans |url=http://www.citypages.com/news/its-final-lake-calhoun-is-now-bde-maka-ska-named-in-honor-of-original-minnesotans/471685794 |work=City Pages |location=Minneapolis |quote=Minneapolis Parks and Rec has torn down the old Lake Calhoun signs and drilled in new ones bearing Bde Maka Ska.}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=Lake information report: Minnesota DNR|work=MN DNR|publisher=MN DNR|date=2005-07-25|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/lakefind/showreport.html?downum=27003100}} 27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesotasportsmanmag.com/fishing/muskies-pike-fishing/MN_0705_02/index2.html#cont |title=Taking On The Metro's Tiger Muskies |author=Ron Hustvedt Jr. |publisher=Primedia Enthusiast Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026213009/http://www.minnesotasportsmanmag.com/fishing/muskies-pike-fishing/MN_0705_02/index2.html |archive-date=2005-10-26}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/activities__events/winter_activities/ice_fishing/ |title=Ice Fishing |author= |date=2017 |publisher=Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board}} 29. ^{{cite news |author= |title=DNR says invasive zebra mussels found in Minneapolis’ Bde Maka Ska |url=https://www.twincities.com/2018/10/08/dnr-says-invasive-zebra-mussels-found-in-minneapolis-bde-maka-ska/ |work=Pioneer Press |location=St. Paul, Minnesota |date=October 8, 2018}} External links{{Commons category|Bde Maka Ska}}
3 : Lakes of Minneapolis|Parks in Minneapolis|Places named for John C. Calhoun |
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