| 词条 | Belvoir Fortress |
| 释义 |
|name = |native_name = |alternate_name = |image = File:Kokhav-Hayarden BelVoir V.JPG |alt = |caption = The remains of Belvoir Castle. Note the two circuits of defensive wall, one inside the other (Concentric castle) |map_type = Israel |map_alt = |map_caption = |map_size = |relief = |coordinates = {{coord|32|35|44|N|35|31|17|E|display=inline}} |grid_position = |location = {{flag|Israel}} |region = Northern District |type = |part_of = |length = |width = |area = |diameter = |circumference = |volume = |height = |builder = |material = |built = |abandoned = |epochs = |cultures = |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = |archaeologists = |condition = Ruin |ownership = |management = |public_access = |designation1 = |other_designation = |website = |notes = }}Belvoir Fortress ({{lang-he|כוכב הירדן}}, Kochav HaYarden "Star of the Jordan"; {{lang-ar|كوكب الهوا}}, Kawkab al-Hawa "Star of the Wind") is a Crusader fortress in northern Israel, on a hill {{convert|20|km}} south of the Sea of Galilee. Gilbert of Assailly, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, began construction of the castle in 1168. The restored fortress is located in Belvoir National Park. It is the best-preserved Crusader fortress in Israel.[1] HistoryRoman periodThe Hebrew name, Kochav Hayarden, meaning Star of the Jordan, preserves the name of Kochava – a Jewish village which existed nearby during the Roman and Byzantine periods.{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}} Crusader periodThe Knights Hospitaller purchased the site from Velos, a French nobleman, in 1168. Standing {{convert|500|m}} above the Jordan River Valley, the plateau commanded the route from Gilead into the Kingdom of Jerusalem and a nearby river crossing.[2] To the north is the Sea of Galilee and west are hills. The site of Belvoir Castle dominated the surrounding area, and in the words of Abu Shama the castle is "set admidst the stars like an eagle's nest and abode of the moon".[3] As soon as the Knights Hospitaller purchased the land they began construction of Belvoir Castle. While Gilbert of Assailly was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller the order gained around thirteen new castles, among which Belvoir was the most important.[4] The fortress of Belvoir served as a major obstacle to the Muslim goal of invading the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem from the east. It withstood an attack by Muslim forces in 1180. During the campaign of 1182, the Battle of Belvoir Castle was fought nearby between King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Saladin. Following Saladin's victory over the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin, Belvoir was besieged. The siege lasted a year and a half, until the defenders surrendered on 5 January 1189. An Arab governor occupied it until 1219 when the Ayyubid ruler in Damascus had slighted. In 1241 Belvoir was ceded to the Franks, who controlled it until 1263.[5] Ottoman and British Mandate periodsDuring the Ottoman period it became an Arab village, Kawkab al-Hawa, whose inhabitants fled during the 1947-48 civil war after a military assault by Yishuv forces.[5] IsraelThe Arab buildings on the site were demolished by the Israeli authorities between 1963 and 1968.[5] Commenting on the renovation of the Crusader remains, Meron Benvenisti considers this removal of intervening Arab structures at the Belvoir site as one of the best examples of 'the eradication of all traces of an entire civilisation from the landscape' in Israel.[6] ArchitectureAfter the end of the Second World War, the study of Crusader castles experienced a lull. Syria, for instance, declared independence in 1946 and had little money to spare for archaeology. In Israel, the study of Crusader castles developed under Joshua Prawer. Its most significant discovery was made at Belvoir. Between 1963 and 1968 the Israel Department of Antiquities carried out excavations at the castle. Before the investigations, it had been assumed that Belvoir was a simple castle, with just a single enclosure. Excavations in the 1960s demonstrated the complex nature of early military architecture in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[7] Belvoir's design bore similarities to that of a Roman castrum: the inner enclosure was rectangular with towers at the corners, and large gatehouse in the middle of one wall, in this case the west.[8] Belvoir is an early example of the concentric castle plan, which was widely used in later crusader castles. The castle was highly symmetric, with a rectangular outer wall, reinforced with square towers at the corners and on each side, surrounding a square inner enclosure with four corner towers and one on the west wall. According to historian H. J. A. Sire, the principle of concentric design used at Belvoir "was to influence castle design for the next several centuries."[4] Vaults on the inner side of both walls provided storage and protection during bombardments. The castle was surrounded by a moat {{convert|20|m}} wide and {{convert|12|m}} deep.[1] See also
References
1. ^1 [https://web.archive.org/web/20141221180852/http://old.parks.org.il/BuildaGate5/general2/data_card.php?Cat=~20~~223023325~Card12~&ru=&SiteName=parks&Clt=&Bur=614100786 National Parks Authority of Israel] 2. ^{{citation |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early%20History%20-%20Archaeology/Belvoir%20-%20A%20Crusader%20Fortress%20Overlooking%20the%20Jord |title=Belvoir: A Crusader Fortress Overlooking the Jordan Valley |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=17 November 1999 |accessdate=2011-11-25}} 3. ^{{harvnb|Kennedy|1994|p=59}} 4. ^1 {{harvnb|Sire|1994|p=17}} 5. ^1 2 Colum Hourihane (ed.),The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture, Oxford University Press, Vol. 2, 2012 p.298 6. ^Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948,University of California Press, 2002 p.303. 7. ^{{harvnb|Kennedy|1994|p=8}} 8. ^{{harvnb|Platt|1982|p=46}}
External links{{Commons category|Belvoir Fortress}}
12 : Archaeological sites in Israel|National parks of Israel|Forts in Israel|Protected areas of Northern District (Israel)|Castles in Israel|Buildings and structures in Northern District (Israel)|Castles and fortifications of the Kingdom of Jerusalem|Castles and fortifications of the Knights Hospitaller|1168 establishments in Asia|Principality of Galilee|1160s establishments in the Kingdom of Jerusalem|13th-century disestablishments in the Kingdom of Jerusalem |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。