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William Sydney Churchill (1860-1918) was a British Gendarmerie officer who served in Egypt, Crete, and Turkey during the Ottoman Empire.

Early life and background

He was born in Constantinople in 1860^[1] the son of Alfred Black Churchill (1826–1870), and Evelyn (née de Balzac) (1837-1875).

He grew up in a multilingual family. His British grandfather William Nosworthy Churchill moved to Turkey aged 19 where he learnt the Turkish language and founded the Ceride-i Havadis newspaper. His mother and grandmother were both French.

In his later life a report by the Intelligence Department of the War Office described him as ’quite Levantine in speech manners and disposition, about 42 years old and married. He spoke English, French and Greek fluently, Italian well and Turkish moderately.’^[2] The report mentioned that Churchill had never been to England, and did not state his nationality.^[2] It also stated that he was ‘active and serious,’ but that ‘on several occasions in the last year displayed plenty of pluck and coolness when in danger, but he is wanting in discretion.’ ^[3] A British surgeon who knew him very well described him as ‘half an Englishman and more Turk than a Turk.’^[1]^[4]

Career

In 1879-80 he served as an interpreter in the Cyprus Pioneers before being ‘discharged for indiscretions, not of a serious nature’ after which he returned to Constantinople.^[2]

A few years later he went to Egypt where he served in the Egyptian Gendarmerie, and remained from five to seven years, rising to the rank of Captain, before returning to Constantinople.^[2]

In February 1897 he went to Crete where he was appointed as a Captain in the ‘New Gendarmerie’ and subsequently transferred to the replacement all Cretan Gendarmerie and promoted to the rank of Major. He was the senior officer in the Gendarmerie operating in the British controlled sector of the island, based in Candia, modern day Iraklion or Heraklion, under control of the Ottoman Governor General.^[2]

Two illustrations in the Illustrated London News of 20 March 1897 show Churchill acting as an interpreter in the suppression of the Gendarmerie mutiny.^[2]

Intercommunal violence prevailed between Christians and Muslims and in Candia province all 36 mosques were destroyed^[5] In eastern Crete at least a thousand Muslims were murdered – around a quarter of the population, and the survivors moved to Candia where they were a resentful minority in a besieged population of 52,000 refugees living within the city walls under difficult conditions. Eighteen months later, in August 1898, the Western Powers, through the Council of Admirals, recognised the insurrectionary Christian Administration as the sole local authority in Crete. They then ordered the dismissal of the Cretan Muslims in the Dime or tax office and replaced them by Christians, which provoked an uprising.^[5] The British Vice-Consul, Lysimachus Calechorino,^[6] was also a moneylender and the Calechorino family were among the largest purchasers of Muslim land,^[6] and his unpopularity was in no small part the cause of the insurrection on 6 September 1898 when armed Muslim irregular groups attacked the British security force in Candia and began attacking the Christian population.^[4] Churchill and his mainly Cretan Muslim gendarmes were heavily outnumbered and unable to quell the insurrection, during which the British Vice-Consul and his family were killed, also 14 British military personnel, and about 500–800 Christian inhabitants are estimated to have been massacred.^[4] The British government sought to find someone responsible for the Candia massacre and tried to use Churchill as a scapegoat even though his gendarmes were heavily outnumbered and the Ottoman military forces took no action to prevent the rioting and indeed some were involved in it,^[2]^[4] and it was later revealed that the local Ottoman ruler, Ethem Bey, was himself involved in the outbreak of the violence.^[4]^[7] No action was taken against Churchill and he left Crete.^[2]

Churchill remained in Ottoman service and promoted to Colonel in 1907 while working as a council member in the Gendarmerie Directorate (Jandarma Dairesi Azasý),^[2] and then Deputy Commander.^[8]

He died in Constantinople on 30 July 1918 aged 57 and is buried in the Carré St Joseph Catholic Cemetery of Feriköy, Istanbul.

References

1. ^¹The Cretan Troubles. Press, Volume Lv, Issue 10197, 19 November 1898
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸[https://www.academia.edu/34914929/The_Candia_massacre_1898_William_Sidney_Churchill_and_the_search_for_a_scapegoat..docx The Candia Massacre 1898; William Sidney Churchill and the search for a scapegoat. Mick McTiernan, Independent Researcher]
3. ^ ‘Antecedents of Major Churchill of the Cretan Gendarmerie, from information supplied by Major Bor, R.M.A.’ Compiled by Staff Captain Forester Walker. I.D.W.O. 19 September 1898. National Archive ADM 116/93 Vol.2.
4. ^¹²³⁴A Naval Scrapbook, Reginald H. Bacon, London c.1925
5. ^¹[https://www.academia.edu/3823908/Violence_and_Religion_in_19th_Century_Crete_from_David_Shankland_ed._Hasluck_Volume_4 Violence and Religion in 19th Century Crete, David Barchard, Hasluck Volume 4, ed David Shankland]
6. ^¹[https://www.academia.edu/5774612/Velđ_Pasha_and_Consul_Ongley_A_Diplomatic_Relationship_That_Got_Too_Close Velð Pasha and Consul Ongley - An Anglo-Ottoman Diplomatic Relationship That Got Too Close, David Barchard]
7. ^ [https://brill.com/view/title/13984 International Humanitarian Law: Origins, Challenges, Prospects (3 Vols) , R. John Pritchard. BRILL 2015. ISBN 978-90-47-44282-0. p23]
8. ^Birten Çelik, Middle East Technical University, Ankara

Early life and background

Career

References

Further reading