| 词条 | Chicago Boys |
| 释义 |
The Chicago Boys were a group of Chilean economists prominent around the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of whom trained at the Department of Economics of the University of Chicago under Milton Friedman and Arnold Harberger, or at its affiliate in the economics department at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Upon their return to Latin America they adopted positions in numerous South American governments including the Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90). As economic advisors, many of them reached high positions within those.[1] The Heritage Foundation credits them with transforming Chile into Latin America's best performing economy and one of the world's most business-friendly jurisdictions.[2] However, critics point to drastic increases in unemployment that can be attributed to policies implemented on their advice to fight inflation. Some (such as Nobel laureate Amartya Sen) have argued that these policies were deliberately intended to serve the interests of American corporations at the expense of Latin American populations.[3][4][5] Peter Kornbluh states that in the case of Chile, American attempts to destabilize the Chilean economy ceased once the Chicago Boys had gained political influence; this may have been the true underlying cause of the subsequent increase in economic growth.[6][7] HistoryThe term "Chicago Boys" has been used at least as early as the 1980s[8] to describe Latin American economists who studied or identified with the libertarian economic theories then taught at the University of Chicago, even though some of them earned degrees at Harvard or MIT (see below). They advocated widespread deregulation, privatization, and other free market policies for closely controlled economies. The Chicago Boys rose to prominence as leaders of the early reforms initiated in Chile during General Augusto Pinochet's rule.[8] Milton and Rose Friedman used the term "Chicago Boys" in their memoir: "In 1975, when inflation still raged and a world recession triggered a depression in Chile, General Pinochet turned to the "Chicago Boys"; he appointed several of them to powerful positions in the government.[9] The training program was the result of the "Chile Project" organized in the 1950s by the U.S. State Department, through the Point Four program, the first US program for international economic development.{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} It was funded by the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation aimed at influencing Chilean economic thinking. The University of Chicago's Department of Economics set up scholarship programs with Chile's Catholic University. About one hundred select students between 1957 and 1970 received training, first in an apprenticeship program in Chile and then in post-graduate work in Chicago. The project was uneventful until the early 1970s. The Chicago Boys' ideas remained on the fringes of Chilean economic and political thought, even after a group of them prepared a 189-page "Program for Economic Development" called El ladrillo ("the brick").[10] It was presented in 1969 as part of Jorge Alessandri's unsuccessful presidential candidacy. Alessandri rejected El ladrillo, but it was revisited after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état on 11 September 1973 brought Augusto Pinochet to power, and it became the basis of the new regime's economic policy. Even though the Chile Project ended, the training connection between Chile and the University of Chicago continues. One of the numerous networking organizations for alumni, including the Chicago Boys, is the "Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business" (LATAM). The term continues to be used in popular culture, business magazines, press and media. There is now a Chilean film titled Chicago Boys.[11][12] Notable Chicago BoysChileSome of they are or were:
Elsewhere in Latin AmericaAlthough the largest and most influential group of so-called Chicago Boys was Chilean in origin, there were many Latin American graduates from the University of Chicago around the same period. These economists continued to shape the economies of their respective countries, and include people like Mexico's Sócrates Rizzo, Francisco Gil Díaz, Fernando Sanchez Ugarte, Carlos Isoard y Viesca, Argentina's Domingo Cavallo, Adolfo Diz, Roque Fernández, Carlos Alfredo Rodríguez, Fernando de Santibañes and Ricardo Lopez Murphy, as well as others in Brazil (Paulo Guedes), Peru, Colombia, Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Panama. See also
References1. ^Naomi Klein, 2007, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/chile |title=Chile, Index of Economic Freedom |author= Heritage Foundation|publisher= |date=2015 |accessdate=}} 3. ^Kris Vanden Berg, 2012, Nixon’s Foreign Policy in Chile: Economic Securities over Human Rights 4. ^https://libcom.org/library/chile-anatomy-of-an-economic-miracle 5. ^http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8.htm 6. ^http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2013/9/10/the_pinochet_file_how_us_politicians_banks_corporations_aided_chilean_coup_dictatorship 7. ^http://www.democracynow.org/2013/9/10/40_years_after_chiles_9_11 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.hoover.org/research/what-latin-america-owes-chicago-boys |title=What Latin America Owes to the "Chicago Boys"|author= Gary S. Becker|publisher= Hoover Digest. Stanford University|date=1997-10-30 |accessdate=2012-11-14}} 9. ^Two Lucky People: Memoirs. Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman. University of Chicago Press, 1998. p. 398. 10. ^El Ladrillo. Bases de la política económica del gobierno militar chileno.Santiago: CEP 2nd edition1992 11. ^https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4123562/ 12. ^https://www.chicagobooth.edu/programs/full-time/student-experience/beyond-classroom/groups/labg 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/24 |title=Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile |accessdate=2014-01-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092930/http://www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/24 |archivedate=December 22, 2015 }} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/23 |title=Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile |accessdate=2014-01-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117172315/http://www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/23 |archivedate=November 17, 2010 }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/41 |title=Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile |accessdate=2014-01-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117172551/http://www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/41 |archivedate=November 17, 2010 }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/2 |title=Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile |accessdate=2014-01-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222023803/http://www.labgbooth.org/conference/speakers/2 |archivedate=February 22, 2014 }} Further reading
External links
6 : 1970s in Chile|1980s in Chile|Economic history of Chile|Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)|University of Chicago alumni|Neoliberalism |
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